Eur. Phys. J.

C (2023) 83:395
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11456-4

Regular Article - Theoretical Physics

Traversable wormholes supported by dark matter and monopoles

with semiclassical effects
Farook Rahaman1,a , Bidisha Samanta1,b , Nayan Sarkar2,c , Biplab Raychaudhuri3,d , Banashree Sen4,e
1 Department of Mathematics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India
2 Department of Mathematics, Karimpur Pannadevi College, Karimpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741152, India
3 Department of Physics, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
4 Department of Applied Mathematics, MAKAUT, Haringhata, Nadia, West Bengal 741249, India

Received: 4 November 2022 / Accepted: 2 April 2023 / Published online: 11 May 2023
© The Author(s) 2023

Abstract We present a new traversable wormhole expli- Einstein and Rosen endorsed the concept of spacetime
cation of Einstein’s field equations supported by the pro- deformation through a geometrical approach as elementary
file of Einasto Dark Matter densities (Einasto in Trudy Inst particles like electrons are governed by a geometrical struc-
Astrofiz Alma-Ata 51:87, 1965; PTarO 36:414, 1968; Astron ture now known as Einstein Rosen Bridge (ERB). The ERB
Nachr 291:97, 1969) and global monopole charges along was indicated to be unstable [3–8] for the topological defects
with semiclassical effects in the local universe as the galac- mainly by global monopoles, which could be a part of galax-
tic halo. The Einasto DM density profile produces a suitable ies with spiral arms having dark matter. Traversable worm-
shape function that meets all the requirements for present- holes have previously been extensively studied by Ellis [7,8]
ing the wormhole geometries. The Null Energy Condition and Bronnikov [9] and several others. Clement [10] obtained
(NEC) is violated by the obtained solution with different a class of wormhole solutions in higher dimensional gravita-
redshift functions i.e. the Einasto profile representing DM tion theory coupled to a repulsive type scalar field. But inter-
candidate within the wormholes gives the fuel to sustain est in wormhole solutions of GR inflated after the remark-
these wormhole structures in the galactic halo. Moreover, able work of Morris and Thorne [11]. Wormholes with thin
the reported wormhole geometries are getting asymptotically shells were developed by Visser [12]. Energy momentum
flat and non-flat depending only on the choices of redshift tensors of exotic matter explain the phenomenon i.e. the cos-
function whereas all the wormhole structures are maintain- mos complies with certain energy rules, and in this context,
ing their balance of equilibrium under the action of different we can sense that the sustainability of wormholes plays a
forces. major source of concern. The geometry of traversable worm-
hole in particular necessitates the presence of a material of
an exotic kind at the throat of the wormhole (to maintain
1 Introduction the spacetime area open). The empirical study for the repre-
sentation of wormhole throat has been inspected in terms
Wormholes describe an incredible spacetime structure of of the graphical system in the present article. Species of
joining two separate parts of the same world or universes. exotic matter such as this do not obey the laws of physics,
Einstein field equations perform like the pillar towards the such as the null energy condition (NEC) and the average
concept of wormholes and were first exploited by Flamm [1]. energy condition(ANEC) [12]. It is hypothesised that such
Later, a new twist was added by Einstein and Rosen [2] in stuff exists within the setting of quantum field theory in terms
this regard. of vacuum polarization. This vacuum polarization effect of
quantum fields plays a noteworthy role in the background of
a e-mail: [email protected] monopole geometry and, as a result, it can noticeably modify
b e-mail: [email protected]
the metric responsible for the spacetime near it. In a pioneer-
c e-mail: [email protected] (corresponding author)
ing work, Hiscock [13,14] investigated the analysis of the
d e-mail: backreaction of Energy–momentum tensor of vacuum based
[email protected]
e e-mail: on a space-time metric perturbed by linear terms. The stress-
[email protected]

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energy tensor of every massless conformal collection within spacetime metric along with the definition [25,26,28–31]. In
the spacetime of a stationary particle, the free quantum fields this article or paper we will observe the monopole effect as
exist although spherically symmetric global monopole1 can a topological defect through the passage of Einasto Density
be obtained upto an unknown numerical constant. Correc- profile model [32–34], an anisotropic fluid minimally con-
tion of the metric system to the first order for exteriors of nected to a triplet of scalar fields in the 1+3 gravity theory.
such a monopole can be obtained by perturbatively solving In the setting of an extensive dark matter halos, the
the semiclassical linearised Einstein equations. The projec- Einasto profile outperforms other solitary two-parameter
tion values of vacuum stress energy tensors in quantum fields models such as the Navarro, Frenk, and White (NFW) [35].
can be visualised as equal quantity to the Einstein tensor in One issue with this profile is that the surface mass density
the reference frame of gravitational quantum theory based on is non-analytical for general Einasto index values. However,
semiclassical principles [15]. Hiscock [13] specifically stud- the Einasto halo model has so far shown the best fit [36] for
ied the quantum effects caused by the monopole background the observed rotating curve and may therefore be regarded a
in the matter fields for the scalar field. The exact solution of new standard model for wormhole, DM halos. The Einasto
the space-time outside of a global monopole’s core exist in the model also fits the surface brightness of elliptical galaxies
semi-classical approach. The findings demonstrate that grav- quite well.
itational vacuum polarisation effects may drastically change
the value of the monopole core mass on symmetry breaking
scales close to the Planck energy. 2 Einstein’s field equations
In the second part we discuss the steadiness of the worm-
hole solutions. Field approximation solution [15] in terms of In this section, we shall propound the Einstein field equations
semiclassical gravitational effects of global monopole leads with global monopole charge and semiclassical effects. To
to the exact solution. This solution has an intriguing property do so, we consider a (3 + 1) dimensional action without a
that, under some circumstances, it corresponds to a worm- cosmological constant as
hole in spacetime with a particular throat radius. Space-   
time of a global monopole with semi-classical effects, which √ 
S= −g L + d 4 x + Sm (1)
exerts no gravitational force, creates a wormhole geome- 16π
try in spacetime. This result is in agreement with Hiscock
monopole (weak field approximations). Based on the worm- Here and in the following, we adopt the geometrical unit i.e.
hole spacetime geometry, the linear perturbation approach G = c = 1, both dimensionless.
is one method for checking stability assessments through- For a self-coupling scalar triplet φ a the Lagrangian density
out the wormhole throat introduced by Visser and Poisson is given as [37]
[16]. Wormholes have been studied from a variety of per- λ 1  ij
spectives, such as thin-shell wormholes [16], Traversable L = − (φ 2 − η2 )2 − g ∂i φ a ∂ j φ a (2)
4 2 a
Wormhole by Teo [17], wormholes with phantom energy
[18], a Lorentzian wormhole that is traversable and has a cos-
Here, λ is the self-interaction term, η is the scale of a gauge-
mological constant [19], wormholes in Eddington-inspired
symmetry breaking and a = 1, 2, 3. The field configuration
Born–Infeld [20–22], wormholes in f(R, T) gravity [23],
with monopole is given as
wormholes from cosmic strings gravity etc. But Topological
defects2 are an interesting part of cosmic strings which can be η
explained with a similar prediction for the existence by phase φa = f (r )x a (3)
r
transition mechanism of particle physics in the early uni-
where x a = (r sin θ cos φ, r sin θ sin φ, r cos θ ) such that
verse [24]. The spherically symmetric phenomenon known  a 2
ax x =r .
2
as the global monopole by the scalar field triplet that is self-
coupling Ïa is one specific example of a topological defect. Now, to proceed for finding the wormhole solutions we
Numerous articles have explored the global monopole for the consider the Morris–Thorne traversable wormhole space-
time [11] as
1 Monopoles are an example of stable topological defects along with  
the fact symmetry breaking field has its random orientations at φ a in 2φ(r ) b(r ) −1 2 2
different directions in group space on large scales. ds = e
2
dt − 1 −
2
dr −r (dθ 2 +sin 2 θ dφ 2 ).
r
2 Topological defects on cosmological phenomena occur at such an (4)
ultrahigh-energy situations that they are deemed impractical to be cre-
ated through experiments as these defects were created during the uni-
verse’s formation. Notwithstanding, it has theoretical implications in Here, φ(r ) and b(r ) are called the redshift function and
significant energy expenditure. shape function, respectively. To construct the traversable

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wormholes, the redshift function φ(r ) and shape function It is known that the Lagrangian is conformally invariant in
b(r ) need to satisfy the following conditions: (i) φ(r ) should classical theory and as a result, we have the vanishing trace
not contain any event horizon i.e. it is finite everywhere after of the energy stress tensor. However, in the case of quantized
the wormhole throat r = rth , where b(rth ) = rth and (ii) theory, it achieves a trace through renormalization. This trace
b(r )/r < 1 and b (r ) < 1 (Flare-out condition) for r > rth . irregularity is a geometrical scalar that contains derivatives
Now, the Lagrangian density in terms of f (r ) can be writ- of the metric tensor.
ten as The anomaly due to the trace of the vacuum stress energy
  for a conformally coupled massless free field is specified as
η2 f 2 λη4 2 b(r ) η2 ( f  )2 [13]
L=− − ( f − 1) 2
− 1 −
r2 4 r 2 1
Tνμ = aCi jkl C i jkl + b(Ri j R i j
(5) 2880π 2 
1 2
− R ) + c R + d R 2
(8)
Further, for the field f (r ), the Euler-Lagrange equation 3
gives Here a, b, c, and d are constants depending upon the con-
     
b(r ) b(r ) − r b (r ) 2 b(r ) cerning conformal scalar field. The remaining symbols are
1− f  + + 1 − f the standard notations in Riemannian geometry.
r 2r 2 r r
  Now the vacuum expectation values of stress-energy ten-
2
− 2 + λη2 ( f 2 − 1) f = 0 (6) sors of the quantum fields take part as contribute to the
r
energy–momentum tensor components in the Einstein field
The energy–momentum tensor is obtained from Eq. (2) as equations. Hiscock[13] studied the quantum effects due to
monopole background in the matter fields. He has found the
vacuum expectation value of the stress-energy tensor of a
1 gi j λ 2
T̄i j = ∂i φ a ∂ j φ a − gi j g μν ∂μ φ a ∂ν φ a − (φ − η2 )2 (7) conformally coupled massless scalar field of the space-time
2 4 as
h̄
The above Eq. (7) gives the following results T i j = 4 diag[B, (A + B), (A + B), (A + B)] (9)
r
 2   
2 f b ( f  )2 λη2 2 where
T̄t = −η
t
+ 1− + ( f − 1) ,
2
r2 r 2 4 1
 2    A= n sc + 3n sp + 12n vd
f b ( f  )2 λη2 2 1440π 2
T̄rr = −η2 2 − 1 − + ( f − 1)2 ,
r r 2 4 × 12n vξ (2α 2 + 1)/(3α 2 − 1) (1 − α 2 )(3α 2 − 1)−4
   2 
¯φ b (f ) λη2 2
T̄θθ = Tφ = −η2 1 − + ( f − 1)2 . (10)
r 2 4
Here, n sc , n sp , n vd n vξ represent the number of scalars, two-
Due to the complicated form of Eq. (6), we consider component spinor, dimensionally regularized vector and con-
f (r ) → 1 outside the wormhole to solve the Eq. (6) cerning zeta function regularized vector fields, respectively.
and, therefore, the corresponding components of energy– Similar to A, B is a dimensionless constant depending on η
momentum read as and the number and spin of the concerning component fields
and h̄ ≈ 2.612 × 10−66 cm2 .
η2 φ
T̄tt = T̄rr  − , T̄θθ = T̄φ  0. In this study, we consider an anisotropic matter distribu-
r2 tion. The components of the energy–momentum tensor for
anisotropic matter fluid are given as follows
The Einstein field equations are written as
(0)
T ji = −ρ(r ), Pr (r ), Pθ (r ), Pφ (r ) .
1
Gi j = Ri j − gi j R = 8π Ti j ,
2 The Einstein tensor components for the metric (4) are
where Ti j is the total energy–momentum tensor of the dark b (r )
G tt = − ,
matter fluid and global monopole with the quantum effects r2   
due to monopole background in matter fields. The Einstein b(r ) b(r )
Gr = − 3 + 2 1 −
r
,
field equations can be expressed as r r r
 
b(r )
(0)
Ti j = Ti j + T̄i j + T̄i j  G θθ = 1 − 
+ (  )2
r

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Fig. 1 (Left) The density function ρ(r ) is plotted corresponding to ρ0 = 0.005 and r0 = 2 kpc and (Right) the shape function b(r ) is plotted
corresponding to L = 2, ρ0 = 0.005, r0 = 2 kpc, rth = 1 kpc, B = 0.01 and h = 1

b r − b b r − b 
− 
− 2 + , 4 and 5, respectively. Figure 1 (left) ensures that the density
2r (r − b) 2r (r − b) r profile is positive and decreasing in nature, which makes the
φ
G φ = G θθ . sense of matter density. Here, we make an assumption that the
matter density of the wormhole is the profile density of the
Therefore, the Einstein field equations with the Global Einasto. So, on using the density profile (14) in the Eq. (11)
Monopole Charge and Semiclassical effects can be written and the condition b(rth ) = rth , we obtain the following shape
as function
 
1 b (r ) 8π η2 8π B h̄ 8π
ρ(r ) = − 2 + , (11) b(r ) = B h̄ L + Lr 2 η2 − ρ0 r 4 e2/L g(r )
8π r2 r r4 Lr
   
1 b(r ) 1 2φ  (r ) 1
Pr (r ) = 1− + + 2
L rth (1 − 8π η2 ) − 8π B h̄
8π r r2 r Lrth

1 8π η 2 8π(A + B)h̄ +8πρ0 rth e g(rth )
4 2/L
(15)
− 2+ 2 − , (12)
r r r4
   
1 b(r ) b(r ) where
φ  (r ) + 1 − φ  (r )
2
Pt (r ) = 1−
8π r r 
     L 
1 b(r ) b (r )  1 b(r ) −3 + L 2 r
+ − φ (r ) + 1− φ  (r ) g(r ) = E , . (16)
2 r2 r r r L L r0
 
1 b(r ) b (r ) 8π(A + B)h̄
+ 2
− + . (13)
2r r r r4 E[m, x] being the exponential integral function defined as
where  stands for d
dr .  1 x
E[m, x] = e− z z m−2 dz; x > 0. (17)
0
3 Wormhole formation
In order to maintain the wormhole structure, the shape
In this section, we are going to find the wormhole solution function (15) needs to satisfy the conditions mentioned in
of Einstein’s field equations supported by the Einasto DM Sect. 2. It is clear from Fig. 1 (right) that the shape func-
density profile in the galactic halo. The Einasto DM density tion obtained here is positive and monotonically increasing
profile is given as [38–40] in nature after the wormhole throat rth = 1 kpc. Moreover,
Fig. 2 indicates that b(r )/r < 1 (the figure in the left) and
 L 
− L2 r
−1
db(r )/dr < 1 after the wormhole throat rth = 1 kpc corre-
r0
ρ(r ) = ρ0 e (14) sponding to η = {0, 0.03, 0.06, 0.09} with L = 2, ρ0 = 0.005,
r0 = 2 kpc, B = 0.01, h̄ = 1. Therefore, shape function pre-
where ρ0 and r0 are the core density and core radius of the sented here is suitable to construct the wormhole structure in
galactic halo, respectively and L is a positive constant. the galactic halo by satisfying all the necessary conditions. It
The behaviour of the density profile (14) is demonstrated is noted that, the values of all parameters are increasing for
in Fig. 1 (left) for ρ0 = 0.005 and r0 = 1 kpc with L = 2, 3, increasing values of global monopole charge η.

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Fig. 2 (Left) The function b(r )/r and (Right) the function db(r )/dr are plotted corresponding to L = 2, ρ0 = 0.005, r0 = 2 kpc, rth =
1 kpc, B = 0.01 and h = 1

Fig. 3 (Left) NEC1 and (Right) NEC2 corresponding to C = 1.5 and α = 1 along with L = 2, ρ0 = 0.005, r0 = 2 kpc, rth = 1 kpc, B =
0.01 A = 0.0015 and h = 1, respectively

     
1 r 1 2 + 8Ah̄
4 Null energy condition Pr (r ) = − 8B h̄ 2 − + rr th − 8η
8r 4 rth π
2
In this section, we consider the matter content of the worm- ρ0 e L 3 3 g(r )
+ r g(r ) − rth th (18)
hole to check whether it violates the null energy condition Lr 3
(NEC) as the violation of NEC is an essential condition to
sustain the wormhole structure. According to GTR, the NEC The left panel of Fig. 3 shows that ρ(r ) + Pr (r ) < 0 after
reads as ρ(r ) + Pr (r ) ≥ 0, and hence the matter content of the wormhole throat rth = 1kpc corresponding to global
wormhole violates NEC if ρ(r ) + Pr (r ) < 0 for r > rth . monopole charge η = {0, 0.03, 0.06, 0.09} with C = 1.5,
In order to check the NEC, we need to compute the radial L = 2, ρ0 = 0.005, r0 = 2 kpc, B = 0.01, h̄ = 1. Therefore,
pressure Pr (r ) from Eq. (12) and to do so, here, we shall the matter content of wormhole i.e. the DM represented by the
consider different redshift functions φ(r ). Einasto density profile is good enough to hold the wormhole
structures in the galactic halo.
4.1 NEC1: redshift function φ(r ) = C
α
4.2 NEC2: redshift function φ(r ) = r
The function φ(r ) = C, constant is suitable as a redshift
function due to its regular behavior with respect to the radial The function φ(r ) = α/r [41], α being a non-zero constant,
coordinate r . It is noted that the function φ(r ) = C is called is also suitable as a redshift function, since it is regular for
the tidal force whenever C = 0 and, here, we will pro- r > 0 i.e. it avoids the event horizon after the wormhole
ceed with positive values of C. This redshift function and throat. For this redshift function, Eq. (12) gives the radial
the shape function given in Eq. (15) simultaneously produce pressure as
the explicit expression of radial pressure from Eq. (12) as

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1
Pr (r ) = L(8π B h̄(r (r − 2α) + 2rth (α − r )) The graphical demonstration of ρ(r ) + pr (r ) is shown in the
8π Lr 5 rth
right panel of Fig. 4, which confirms that it is negative after
+rth r (−8Ah̄π + (rth r − 2rth α + 2r α)(8π η2 − 1))) the wormhole throat rth = 1 kpc i.e. the NEC is completely
−8πρo rth e2/L r (r − 2α)(rth
3 g(r ) − r 3 g(r )) .
th (19) violated. Consequently, the wormhole containing DM con-
tent is widely supporting to sustain the wormhole structure.
The above radial pressure together with the matter density
profile (14) violates the NEC, clear from the right panel of
5 Amount of average null energy condition violating
Fig. 3. Indeed, the DM content of the wormhole gives the
matter
essential fuel to sustain the wormhole structure in the galactic
halo. Further, from the same right panel of Fig. 3, one can
According to the Visser et al. [46], the total amount of aver-
see that whenever global monopole charge η increases the
age null energy condition (ANEC) violating matter can be
level of violation of NEC decreases i.e. the increasing global
defined as
monopole charge η can reduce the probability of violation of
NEC.   ∞
I = {ρ(r ) + Pr (r )}dv = 2 4πr 2 [ρ(r ) + Pr (r )]dr
2
4.3 NEC3: redshift function φ  (r ) = v
rth
/r
(25)
The tangential galactic rotational velocity v (r ) in the equa-
where, dv = r 2 sin θ dr dθ dφ. Here, our aim is to check
torial is obtained in terms of the redshift function φ form the
the dependence of the wormhole containing total amount of
flat curve as [42,43]
ANEC violating matter on the global monopole charge η.
 Now, the dependence of the total amount of ANEC on η is
v (r ) = r φ  (r ) (20)
actually the dependence of the integrand I F = r 2 [ρ(r ) +
Pr (r )] on η near the wormhole’s throat. For each of our
Here, we shall consider the tangential galactic rotational
proposed wormhole solutions, the value of integrand I F at
velocity in the region of the DM as [44,45]
the wormhole throat is obtained as I F = −0.0408 + η2
corresponding to considered values of constant for each of
v (r ) = s(1 − e−μr ) + wr e−βr (21)
the cases. Interestingly, the result shows that the total amount
of ANEC violating matter depends on the global monopole
where s, w, μ and β are positive constants.
charge η and it can be minimized by minimizing values of η,
Upon using the above tangential galactic rotational veloc-
which is also clear from Fig. 4 (right).
ity in (20) one can find the following redshift function
φ(r ) = s 2 {ln(r ) + 2E[1, βr ] − E[1, 2βr ]}
 
w 2 e−2μr 1 6 Embedding surface and proper-radial distance of
+C1 − r+ wormhole
2μ 2μ
 −βr 
−μr 1 1e
−2swe − (22) Here, we are going to discuss two important features of the
μ (μ + β)
wormhole structure, namely the embedding surface and the
where C1 is an integration constant. The above redshift func- proper-radial distance of the wormhole.
tion given in Eq. (22) provides the following radial pressure
6.1 Embedding surface
1 1
Pr (r ) = 8π(r 2 η2 −h̄(A+B))+ {L(8π B h̄(r −rth )
8πr 4 Lrt h
We consider the two dimensional hypersurface H : θ =
+rrth (8π η2 (rth − r ))) − 8πρo rth r e2/L (rth
3 g(r )
th π/2, t = constant for the visualization of wormhole geome-
3 k(r ) try. Now, the line element at the considered hypersurface H
−r g(r ))}− {L(rth −r )(8π B h̄+rrth (1−8π η2 ))
Lμrth is given by
+8πρo r e2/L (rth
3 g(r ) − r 3 g(r ))} ,
th (23)  
b(r ) −1 2
2
ds H = 1− dr + r 2 dφ 2 (26)
r
where,
On account of the hypersurface H , the above metric can
k(r ) = 2we−2r (μ+β) {−2μsr er (μ+β) +μwe2μr (1+e2βr −2eβr ) be embedded into the following three dimensional Euclidean
−r e2βr (w(μr − 1) − 4μs)}. (24) space

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Fig. 4 (Left) NEC3 corresponding to D = 0.05, μ = β = 0.2, w = 0.1, s = 0.002, L = 2, ρ0 = 0.005, r0 = 2 kpc, rth = 1 kpc, B =
0.01 A = 0.0015 and h = 1. (Right) The total amount of ANEC violating matter at the wormhole throat is plotted with respect to the global
monopole charge η

Table 1 Numerical values of

r (kpc) z(r ) for η = 0 z(r ) for η = 0.03 z(r ) for η = 0.06 z(r ) for η = 0.09
the embedding surface z(r )
corresponding to the global 1.5 0.813926 0.820119 0.839339 0.873719
monopole charge η = {0, 0.03,
0.06, 0.09} with 2 1.46741 1.48036 1.52049 1.59218
ρ0 = 0.005, kpc, r0 = 3 2.47984 2.50649 2.58892 2.73559
2 kpc L = 2, B = 0.01, h̄ = 4 3.29975 3.34022 3.46506 3.68599
+
1, rth = 1.1 kpc
5 3.99019 4.04460 4.21181 4.42264
6 4.59034 4.65902 4.8693 5.23656
7 5.12684 5.21031 5.46481 5.90628
8 5.61629 5.71509 6.01517 6.53219

  2 
dz(r ) 6.2 Proper-radial distance
2
ds H = 1+ dr 2 + r 2 dφ 2 (27)
dr
The proper radial distance of wormhole is defined as
Comparing Eqs. (26) and (27) we get a differential equa-    1
tion of the embedding surface z(r ) as
r b(r ) − 2
L(r ) = ± 1− (30)
+ r
rth
 − 1
dz(r ) r 2
=± −1 (28) Here, we calculate the value of L(r ) using the numerical
dr b(r ) +
technique with the lower limit rth = 1.1 kpc and the obtained
results are provided in Table 2. Moreover, the diagram of the
Eventually, the above Eq. (28) gives the expression of embed-
proper radial distance L(r ) for our solution is shown in Fig. 8
ding surface z(r ) in the following integral form
(right).
 r  − 1
r 2
z(r ) = ± −1 (29)
+
rth b(r ) 7 Asymptotic flatness

+
where rth is the nearest distance after the wormhole throat. The asymptotic flatness of the wormhole structures is ensure
Now, we solve the above integration numerically due to the by (i) b(r )/r → 0 as r → ∞ and (ii) e2φ(r ) → 1
complicated form of our introduced shape function (15). It as r → ∞. Corresponding to the choice of L = 2,
+
is noted that the numerical technique is applied for rth = ρ0 = 0.005, r0 = 2 kpc, rth = 1 kpc, B = 0.01 and
1.1 kpc and the obtained results are given Table 1. Further, h = 1, we obtain b(r )/r = r1 [1.9 + 0.25/r − 25.13(1 −
the graphical demonstration of z(r ) is depicted in the left r )η2 − 0.17r 3 E −1/2, r 2 /4 and it tends to zero as r tends
panel of Fig. 5 which corresponds to η = {0, 0.09} with L = to infinity for any values of η, which is also clear from
2, ρ0 = 0.005, r0 = 2 kpc, rth = 1 kpc, B = 0.01 and the left panel of the Fig. 2. Now, e2φ(r ) → 1 whenever
h̄ = 1. Also, Fig. 8 shows the full visualization diagram of r → ∞ only for the second choice of redshift function.
the wormhole corresponding to only η = 0.09. Consequently, this redshift function generates the asymptot-

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Fig. 5 The embedding surface z(r ) (Left) and proper-radial distance L(r ) (Right) are plotted corresponding to L = 2, ρ0 = 0.005, r0 =
2 kpc, rth = 1 kpc, B = 0.01 and h̄ = 1

Table 2 Numerical values of

r (kpc) L(r ) for η = 0 L(r ) for η = 0.03 L(r ) for η = 0.06 L(r ) for η = 0.09
the proper-radial distance L(r )
corresponding to the global 1.5 0.909868 0.915399 0.93262 0.963616
monopole charge η = {0, 0.03,
0.06, 0.09} with 2 1.73327 1.74416 1.77812 1.83942
ρ0 = 0.005, kpc, r0 = 3 3.15721 3.17786 3.24235 3.35917
2 kpc L = 2, B = 0.01, h̄ = 4 4.45082 4.48027 4.57228 4.73913
+
1, rth = 1.1 kpc
5 5.66629 5.70371 5.82059 6.03248
6 6.8327 6.87752 7.0175 7.27112
7 7.96761 8.01949 8.18146 8.47473
8 9.08102 9.13972 9.32294 9.6545

 
ically flat wormhole. For the first and third choices of redshift 1 1e−β R
+2swe−μR −
functions φ(r ), e2φ(r ) does not tend to unity as r → ∞ and μ (μ + β)
hence these represent non-asymptotically flat wormholes. As −s 2 [ln(r ) + 2E[1, β R] − E[1, 2β R]] (33)
a result, the wormhole structures matched with the exter-
nal Schwarzschild solution. It is noted that in the case of Indeed, for these choices of C and C1 with b(R) = 2M
φ(r ) = C, when C = 0 it gives the asymptotically flat the respective non-asymptotically flat wormhole solutions
wormhole but in this context, we have chosen non-zero C. matched with the external Schwarzschild solution at some
The exterior Schwarzschild solution is given as r = R > rs . Further, these wormholes representing metric
reads as
     
2M 2M −1 2 b(r ) −1 2
ds = − 1 −
2
dt + 1 −
2
dr ds = −e
2 2 (r ) 2
dt + 1 − dr
r r r
+r 2 (dθ 2 + sin2 θ dφ 2 ), (31) +r 2 (dθ 2 + sin2 θ dφ 2 ), for r < R (34)

where M denotes the wormhole mass. and

   
Comparing the wormhole metric (4) with the external b(R) b(R) −1 2
Schwarzschild solution (31) at some r = R > rs (rs is ds = − 1 −
2
dt + 1 −
2
dr
r r
the Schwarzschild radius) we get b(R) = 2M and φ(R) =
1 +r 2 (dθ 2 + sin2 θ dφ 2 ), for r ≥ R. (35)
2 ln(1−2M/R). Therefore, for first and third choices of red-
shift functions, we obtain the following values of constants

1 8 Equilibrium analysis
C= ln(1 − 2M/R) (32)
2
  Any astrophysical object stays in an equilibrium position
1 w 2 e−2μR 1
C1 = ln(1 − 2M/R) + R+ under the action of different forces by satisfying the gener-
2 2μ 2μ
alized Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff (TOV) equation. The

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Fig. 6 (Left) The different forces are plotted corresponding to the redshift function of NEC1 and (Right) the different forces are plotted corre-
sponding to the redshift function of NEC2

generalized TOV equation in wormhole spacetime can be

written as
1 dPr (r )
− [Mg (r ){ρ(r ) + Pr (r )}]φ(r )(1 − b(r )/r ) −
r dr
2
+ (Pt (r ) − Pr (r )) = 0, (36)
r
where Mg (r ) represents the effective gravitational mass that
spread from the wormhole throat to some radius r . Also, on
using the T olman-W hittaker formula and the Einstein field
equations, Mg (r ) is derived as

Mg (r ) = r φ  (r )[φ(r )(1 − b(r )/r )]−1 . (37)

Fig. 7 The different forces are plotted corresponding to redshift func-
tion of NEC3
where prime denotes differentiation with respect to r . Insert-
ing this value of Mg (r ) in Eq. (36), the TOV equation reads
as

dPr (r ) 2
−φ  (r ){ρ(r ) + Pr (r )} − + {Pt (r ) − Pr (r )} = 0.
dr r
(38)
i.e. Fg (r ) + Fh (r ) + Fa (r ) = 0, (39)

Here, Fg (r ) = −φ  (r ){ρ(r ) + Pr (r )}, Fh (r ) = − d Pdrr (r ) and

Fa (r ) = r2 [Pt (r ) − Pr (r )], are called gravitational, hydro- Fig. 8 The embedding diagram of wormhole corresponding to η =
static and anisotropic forces, respectively. Now, to analyze 0.09
the equilibrium condition, the graphical demonstrations of
three different forces for respective wormholes are depicted
in Figs. 6 and 7. In the case of redshift function φ(r ) = C, 9 Discussions and conclusion
Fg (r ) is zero and hence the wormhole solution achieves the
equilibrium position under the action Fh (r ) and Fa (r ) (see It is true that the study of wormhole geometry created an
Fig. 6 (left)). However, corresponding to the redshift func- enthusiastic stir among theoretical researchers over the last
tions φ(r ) = α/r and obtained from the flat rotational curve few years. As a result, the wormholes are found in the galac-
the wormhole solutions stay in equilibrium position under the tic halo region supported by the NFW, URF, and Isother-
simultaneous action of Fg (r ), Fh (r ) and Fa (r ), clear from mal DM density profiles. In this article, for the first time,
Figs. 6 (right) and 7. Also, Fig. 7 shows that Fg (r ) is very we have introduced the wormhole structures in the galactic
small in these cases, so, here, the anisotropic force plays an halo supported by the Einasto DM density profile and global
important to achieve the equilibrium position. monopole charge with semiclassical effects.

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The Einasto DM density profile creates a suitable redshift rium position under the simultaneous action of Fg (r ), Fh (r )
function to represent wormhole-like geometry: The obtained and Fa (r ), which is clear from Figs. 6 (right) and 7. It is noted
redshift function is positive and increasing in behavior, clear that the forces are dependent on the global monopole charge
from Fig. 1 (right) and it is less than the radial coordinate r η for fixed values of semiclassical effects A = 0.01 and
after the wormhole throat (see the Fig. 2 (left)) corresponding B = 0.015, clear from Figs. 6 and 7. The anisotropic force
to global monopole charge η = {0, 0.03, 0.06, 0.09} along increases, the hydrostatic force decreases, and the gravita-
with L = 2, ρ0 = 0.005, r0 = 2 kpc, rth = 1 kpc, h̄ = 1 tional force becomes zero in the first case and decreases for
and the semiclassical effect B = 0.01, and also, the reported the second two cases for increasing values of η.
shape function satisfies the flare-out condition (see the Fig. 2 To make it a more compatible proposal of wormhole solu-
(right)). It is noted that for fixed values of semiclassical effect tions in the galactic halo, we are going to compare our model
B = 0.01, the shape function and its essential conditions are with the results in Refs. [26,27]. In the study of Sarkar et
increasing for increasing value of η. al. [26], the wormhole structures are found in the bulge of
The anisotropic DM content within the wormholes gives the Milky Way galaxy situated on the MacMillan DM den-
the appropriate environment to sustain the wormhole struc- sity profile with global monopole charge η. They have found
tures by violating the NEC: The NEC has checked for three that the global monopole charge η has a crucial effect on the
redshift functions φ = C, α/r and obtained from the flat violation of NEC and on the asymptotic flatness of the worm-
rotational curve. For each of the three redshift functions, the hole structures. Also, they have shown that the total amount
NEC is violated, which is clear from Figs. 3 and 4 (right). In of averaged NEC violating matter depends on η. Das et al.
the violation of NEC, the global monopole charge η plays an [27] studied the wormhole geometries in the halo and bulge
important role with the fixed values of semiclassical effects of the Milky Way Galaxy by considering pseudo-isothermal,
A = 0.0015 and B = 0.01, the chance of violation of NEC NFW and Universal Rotational Curve (URC) DM density
decreases for increasing values of η (see the Figs. 3 and 4 profiles along with global monopole charge. In their study,
(right)). Moreover, the total amount of ANEC violating mat- they investigated the effect of global monopole charge in the
ter in the wormhole can be minimized by minimizing the presented solutions. In this article, we present the wormhole-
value of η (see Fig. 4 (right)). like geometries in the local universe as the galactic halo
Two important features of wormhole namely, embedding supported by the Einasto DM density profile and global
surface z(r ) and proper radial distance L(r ) are analyzed monopole charge with semiclassical effects. Here, we can
for our reported solutions. We have estimated the numeri- see that for fixed values of semiclassical effects A = 0.01,
cal values of z(r ) and L(r ) using the numerical technique B = 0.015, there are crucial effects of global monopole
corresponding to η = {0, 0.03, 0.06, 0.09} with L = 2, charge as mentioned above in the presented solutions.
+
ρ0 = 0.005, r0 = 2 kpc, rth = 1.1 kpc, h̄ = 1 and the semi- Finally, all the successful results of our proposed solu-
classical effect B = 0.01, given in Tables 1 and 2, respec- tions ensure that the wormhole geometries supported by the
tively. The graphical behaviors of z(r ) and l(r ) are shown in Einasto DM density profile and global monopole charge with
Fig. 5 only for η = 0 and 0.09, and also, the full visualiza- semiclassical effects exist in the galactic halo. Therefore, the
tion 4D diagram of wormhole only for η = 0.09 is shown in scientific community may get inspiration from this study to
Fig. 8. do fruitful further research work in the future.
The asymptotic flatness of our wormhole solutions is dis-
cussed: Only for the redshift function φ(r ) = α/r the solu- Acknowledgements Farook Rahaman would like to thank the author-
ities of the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics,
tions represent asymptotically flat wormhole spacetime and Pune, India for providing the research facilities. BR likes to thank Inter-
this result is not dependent on the global monopole charge University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune, India for their
η. Further, the wormhole geometries corresponding to the hospitality during his visits under their Visiting Associateship program.
first and third choices of redshift functions are not asymptot- We are very thankful to the reviewers for their valuable suggestions.
ically flat as both these cases e2φ(r ) do not tend to 1 whenever Data Availability Statement This manuscript has no associated data or
r → ∞. Consequently, these asymptotically non-flat worm- the data will not be deposited. [Authors’ comment: This is a theoretical
hole geometries are matched with the external Schwarzschild work which proposes a theoretical model of Traversable wormholes.
solutions at some r = R > the Schwarzschild radius. No experimental data is used.]
We have also analyzed the equilibrium for the reported Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attri-
wormhole solutions: The gravitational force Fg (r ) becomes bution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation,
zero for the redshift function φ(r ) = C. Therefore, the distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you
wormhole solutions, in this case, are in the equilibrium posi- give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, pro-
vide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes
tion under the action Fh (r ) and Fa (r ) (see Fig. 6 (left)). How- were made. The images or other third party material in this article
ever, for the redshift functions φ(r ) = α/r and obtained from are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indi-
flat rotational curve the wormhole solutions stay in equilib- cated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not

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arXiv:1604.02857

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