Topics

• Chemical Reactions & Chemical Equations

• REACTION:
A change due to some reason or cause.

REACTION ----------- 1) Physical change

2) Chemical change

PHYSICAL CHANGE:

A change in which a substance changes from one physical state to another,but no substances with
different composition are formed.
Examples of physical changes are boiling, melting, freezing.
 CHEMICAL CHANGE OR CHEMICAL REACTION:

It is a process in which new substance with new properties are formed. During chemical reaction
rearrangement of atoms takes place between reacting substance and a form a new substance having
entirely different properties.
Examples of chemical changes are burning, cooking, rusting

2Mg(s)+O2(g)→2MgO(s)

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS :

Symbolic representation of chemical reaction

A chemical equation links together the substance which react (reactants) with the new substances that
are formed (products).

Zinc + Hydrochloric acid ⎯⎯→ Zinc chloride + Hydrogen

(Reactants) (Products)

Zn + 2HCl ⎯⎯→ ZnCl2 + H2

A Chemical reaction can be summarized by chemical equation.

(a) Types of Chemical Equations :

(i) Word equations: A word equation links together the names of the reactants with those of the
products. For example, the word equation, when magnesium ribbon burns in oxygen to form a white powder
of magnesium oxide, may be written as follows-

Magnesium + Oxygen ⎯⎯→ Magnesium oxide

(Reactants) (Product)

Similarly, the word equation for the chemical reaction between granulated zinc and hydrochloric acid may
be written as -
Zinc + Sulphuric acid → Zinc sulphate + Hydrogen
 In a word equation
● The reactants are written on the left hand side with a plus sign (+) between them.
● The products are written on the right hand side with a plus sign (+) between them.

● An arrow (→) separates the reactants from the products.

● The direction of the arrow head points towards the product.

Although word equations are quite useful, yet they don’t give the true picture of the
chemical reactions.

(ii) Symbol equation: A brief representation of a chemical reaction in terms of symbols and
formulae of the substance involved is known as a symbol equation.
In a symbol equation, the symbols and formulae of the elements and compounds are written instead of their
word names.

For e.g. Burning of magnesium in oxygen to form magnesium oxide may be written as
follows:
Mg + O2 ⎯⎯→ MgO

Symbol equations are always written from the word equation.

(c) Writing State Symbols:

The chemical equations or symbol equations which we have
enlisted don’t mention the physical states of the reactant and
product species involved in the reaction. In order to make the
equation more informative, the physical state are also
mentioned with the help of certain specific symbols known as
state symbols. These symbols are
(s) for solid state
(l) for liquid state

(g) for gaseous state

(aq) for aqueous solution i.e., solution prepared in water

Sometimes a gas if evolved in a reaction is shown by the symbol ()

Similarly the precipitate, if formed during the reaction, is indicated by the symbol pointing downwards ().
The abbreviation ‘ppt’ is also use to represent the precipitate, if formed.

(i) 2Na(s) + 2H2O (A) → 2NaOH (aq) + H2(g) or H2 ()

(ii) Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) → CaCO3 () + H2O (A)

(iii) AgNo3(aq) + NaCI(aq) → AgCI () + NaNO3 (aq)

(a) Characteristics of a Chemical Reaction:
▪ The conversion of reactant into product is observed by some features those features are known as
characteristics of chemical reaction.

In all chemical reactions, the transformation from reactants to products is

accompanied by various characteristics, which are

(i) Evolution of gas: Some chemical reactions are characterized by evolution of a gas.

• When zinc metal is treated with dilute sulphuric acid, hydrogen gas is evolved. The hydrogen gas
burns with a pop sound.
Zn (s) + H2SO4 (dilute) → ZnSO4 (aq) + H2(g)

• When washing soda is treated with hydrochloric acid, it gives off colourless gas with lots of
effervescence.
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCI → 2NaCI(aq) + H2O(I) + CO2(g)

(ii) Change of colour: Certain chemical reactions are characterized by the change in colour of
reacting substance.

• When red lead oxide is heated strongly it forms yellow coloured lead monoxide and gives off
oxygen gas.
2Pb3O4 (s) ⎯⎯ ⎯→
he at
6PbO(s) + O2(g)
Lead oxide Lead monoxide
(Red) (Yellow)

• When copper carbonate (green) is heated strongly it leaves behind a black residue.
heat
CuCO3 (s) ⎯⎯ ⎯→ CuO(s) + CO2 (g)
Copper
carbonate Copper oxide Carbon dioxide
(Green) (Black)

• 2Pb(NO3)2(s) ⎯⎯ ⎯→
he at 2 PbO(s) + 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g)
Lead (II) nitrate Lead (II) oxide Nitrogen dioxide
(White) (Yellow) (Brown)

• C12H22O11 (s) ⎯⎯ ⎯→
he at
12C(s) + 11H2O
White sugar Carbon Black Water

(iii) Formation of precipitate : Some chemical reactions are characterized by the formation of
Precipitate (an insoluble substance), when the solutions of the
soluble chemical compounds are mixed together.

When silver nitrate solution is mixed with a solution of sodium chloride.

AgNO3 (aq) + NaCI (aq) ⎯⎯→ NaNO3 (aq) + AgCI (s)

Silver nitrate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Silver chloride
(Colourless) (Colourless) (Colourless) (White precipitate)
 A dirty green precipitate of ferrous hydroxide is formed, when a solution of ferrous sulphate is
Mixed with sodium hydroxide solution.
FeSO4 (aq) + 2NaOH(aq) ⎯⎯→ Na2SO4 (aq) + Fe(OH)2 (aq)
Ferrous sulphate sodium hydroxide Sodium sulpahte Ferrous hydroxide
(Light green) (Colourless) (Colourless) (Dirty green precipitate)

BacI2 (aq) + dill H2SO4 ⎯⎯→ BaSO4 (s) + 2HCI (aq)

Barium chloride Barium sulphate
(White precipitate)

(iv) Energy changes: all chemical reactions proceed either with the absorption or release of energy.

On the basis of energy changes, there are two types of reactions:

(A) Endothermic reaction : A chemical reaction which is accompanied by the absorption of

heat energy is called an endothermic reaction.
Heat
● C (s) + 2S (s) ⎯⎯⎯→ CS2 (A)

● Light energy is essential for biochemical reaction, photosynthesis, by which green plants prepare
their food from carbon dioxide & water.

(B) Exothermic reaction : A chemical reaction which is accompanied by the release of heat
energy is called exothermic reaction.
When magnesium wire is heated from its tip in a bunsen flame, it catches fire and burns with a
dazzling white flame with release of heat and light energy.
Heat
2Mg (s) + O2 (g) ⎯⎯⎯→ 2MgO (s) + Energy

● When quick lie (calcium oxide) is placed in water, the water becomes very hot and sometimes
starts boiling. It is because of release of heat energy during the reaction.

CaO (s) + H2O ⎯⎯→ Ca(OH)2 (aq) + Heat energy

Calciumoxide Water Calcium hydroxide

(v) Change of state: Some chemical reactions are characterized by a change in state i.e. solid, liquid
or gas.

●Two volumes of hydrogen gas react with one volume of oxygen gas to from water.
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (l)

or when electric current is passed through water it splits into its elements.

2H2O (l) ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯→

Electric current
2H2(g) +O2 (g)

● NH3 (g) + HCI (g) ⎯⎯→ NH4CI (s)

Ammonia Hydrochloric acid Ammonium Chloride

2.1 TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS:

(a) Addition Reactions:

Those reaction in which two or more substance combine to form a single substance. It may be brought

about by the application of heat, light electricity or pressure.

For eg. H2 + CI2 → 2HCI

Addition reactions may be formed in the following conditions –

(i) When two or more elements combine to form a new compound.

Synthesis reaction : It is a type of addition reaction in which a new substance is formed by the union of its
component elements.

For eg. N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 (Haber’s Process)

Ammonia is synthesized from its components, nitrogen and hydrogen, so it is a synthetic reaction.

All synthesis reaction are addition reactions but all addition reactions are not
synthesis reactions.
Other Example of synthesis reactions are -
● 2H2 + O2 ⎯⎯→ 2H2O
● 2Mg + O2⎯⎯→2MgO
● 2Na + CI2 ⎯⎯→ 2NaCI

(ii) When two or more compounds combine to from a new compound.

For eg.
● NH3 + HCI ⎯⎯→ NH4CI
● CaO + CO2 ⎯⎯→ CaCO3

CH2 − Br
● CH2 = CH2 + Br2 ⎯⎯→ |
CH2 − Br

(iii) When and element and a compound combine to from a new compound.
For eg.
● 2CO + O2⎯⎯→ 2CO2
● 2CO2 + O2 ⎯⎯→ 2CO3

Only single substance is formed as a product in the addition reactions.

(b) Decomposition Reaction :
It is breaking up of a substance into simpler compounds and it may be brought about by the application of

heat, light, electricity etc.

(i) A decomposition reaction brought by heat is known as thermal decomposition.

For eg.
● CaCO ⎯ → CaO + CO2

3

● 2Pb (NO3)2 ⎯⎯→ 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2

(ii) Decomposition performed by electricity is known as electrolysis.

For eg.
● 2H O 
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯→
Electricity
2H2 +O2
2
Electricity
● 2NaCI ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 2Na+ CI2

2AI2O3 ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯→
Electricity
 4 AI + 3O2

(iii) A decomposition reaction brought by light is known as photolytic decomposition.

For eg.
Ligh
tt
● 2AgBr ⎯ ⎯→ 2Ag + Br2
Ligh
tt
● 2AgCI ⎯ ⎯
→ 2Ag + CI2

(iv) Decomposition reaction in which a compound decomposes into its elements is known
as analysis reaction.
For eg.

● 2HgO ⎯⎯→ 2Hg + O2

● 2HI ⎯⎯→ H2  + I2

All analysis reactions are decomposition reactions, but all decomposition reactions are not analysis
reactions.

Decomposition reaction is just opposite of the addition reaction.

All Decomposition reactions are endothermic.

(c) Displacement Reactions :
It involves displacement of one of the constituents of a compound by another substance and may be
regarded as a displacement reaction.

Reactivity series of metals:

For eg.

(i) Zinc displaces hydrogen from sulphuric acid.

Zn (s) + dill. H2SO4 (aq) ⎯⎯→ ZnSO4 (aq) + H2 

(ii) Iron displaces copper from a copper sulphate solution.

Fe (s) + CuSO4(aq) ⎯⎯→ FeSO4 (aq) + Cu

In general a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element

from the soluble solution of its salt.

All Displacement reactions are REDOX Reaction.

 (d) Double Displacement :
It is mutual exchange of the radicals of two compounds taking part in the reaction and results in the
formation of two new compounds.

● NaCI (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) ⎯⎯→AgCI  + NaNO3 (aq)

● BaCI2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) ⎯⎯→ BaSO4  + 2NaCI (aq)

Acid base neutralization reactions and ppt reactions are double displacement
reactions.

OBJECTIVE

1. Chemical reaction 2Na + CI2 ⎯⎯→ 2 NaCI is an example of -

(A) Combination reaction (B) decomposition reaction
(C) displacement reaction (D) double displacement reaction

2. Which of the following equations is representing combination of two elements?

(A) CaO + CO2 ⎯⎯→ CaCO3 (B) 4 Na + O2 ⎯⎯→ 2Na2 O
(C) SO2 + 1/2 O2 ⎯⎯→ SO3 (D) 2Na + 2H2O ⎯⎯→ 2NaOH + H2

3. Which of the following equations is not an example of single displacement reaction?

(A) 2AI + Fe 2O3 ⎯⎯→ AI2O3 + 23Fe (B) Ca + CO2 ⎯⎯→CaCI2
(C) 2KI + CI2 ⎯⎯→ 2KCI + I2 (D) 2Na + 2H2O ⎯⎯→2NaOH + H2

4. Which of the following is/are a decomposition reaction(s)?

(A) 2HgO ⎯⎯ ⎯→ 2Hg + O2
Heat
(B) CaCO 3 ⎯⎯ ⎯→ CaO + CO2
Heat

(C) 2H2O ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯→ H 2 + O2

Ele ctrolysis
(D) All of these

5. Match the following -

Column A Column B
Types of chemical reaction Chemical equations

(a) Combination reaction (i) CaCO3 ⎯⎯→ CaO + CO2

(b) Decomposition reaction (ii) 2H 2O ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯→

Electricity
2H2 + O2

(c) Displacement reaction (iii) CaO + CO2 ⎯⎯→ CaCO3

(d) Analysis reaction (iv) Fe + CuSO4 (aq.) ⎯⎯→ FeSo4 (aq) + Cu

(A) a(ii), B(i), C9iv), d(iii) (B) a(i), b(ii), c(iii), d(iv)
(C) a(iii), b(i), c(iv), d(ii) (D) a(iii), b(i), c(iii), d(iv)

6. Which of the following reactions is/are a double displacement reactions(s)?

 (i) AgNO3 + NaBr ⎯⎯→ NaNO3 + AgBr
(ii) BaCI2 + H2SO4 ⎯⎯→ BaSO4 + 2HCI
(iii) As4O4 + 3H2S ⎯⎯→As2S3 + 3H2 O
(iv) NaOH + HCI ⎯⎯→NaCI + H O 2
(A) (i) & (ii) (B) only (iii) (C) only (iv) (D) (i) to (iv) all

7. AgNo3 (a) + NACI (Aq) ⎯⎯→ AgCI (s) + NaNO3 (Aq)

Above reaction is a -
(A) precipitation reaction (B) Double displacement reaction
(C) combination reaction (D) (A) and (B) both

8. H2SO4 + 2NaOH ⎯⎯→ Na2SO4 + 2H2O

Above equation is a
(i) neutralization reaction (ii) double displacement reaction)
(iii) decomposition reaction (iv) addition reaction
(A) (i) to (iv) all (B) (i) and (ii)
(C) (i) and (iii) (D) (ii) and (iv)

9. Zn + H2SO4 (dil) ⎯⎯→ ZnSO4 + H2 

Above equation is a=
(A) Decomposition (B) Single displacement reaction
(C) Combination reaction (D) Synthesis reaction

10. The reaction in which two compounds exchange their ions to form two new compounds is-
(A) a displacement reaction (B) a decomposition reaction
(C) an addition reaction (D) a double displacement reaction
 OXIDATION NUMBER OR OXIDATION STATE
The charge present on an atom in a given compound is called its oxidation no. or state.
Or
the charge produced on atom due to difference is electronegativity with surrounding atom.

Electro negativity order [F>O>Cl>N>S>C>H]

• Oxidation No may be whole no., negative, fractional or zero.

Rules for calculation of ON

(i) The ON of an atom its native state is always zero.

Eg; O2, H2, N2, Na, Fe, P4, S8, diamond, graphite.

(ii) The ON of hydrogen is always +1 (Except in metal hydride where it is–1).

Eg; NaH, CaH2, CH4, NH3,

(iii) The ON of an element in ionic form is equal to its charge.

Eg; Na+1, O–2, Cl–1.

(iv) The ON of IA [Li, Na,K,Rb,Cs ] elements is always +1 and IIA [Be,Mg,Ca,Sr,Ba ] is always +2.

(v) The ON of halogen is always –1 (Except in inter halogen compound).

E.g. ClF3, IF7.
 (vi) ON of oxygen is –2 in all compounds except in peroxide and superoxide.

H2O2
H
Peroxide bond
O
H2O2
O
H KO2 ----

OF2 O2F2

(vii) For complex ions the algebric sum of ON of all the atoms Is equal to the net charge on the ion.

Eg . [Fe(CN)6]–3 x–6=–3
x=+3
.
(viii) Radicals are considered as single unit and the charge present on them are considered as their
Oxidation number (ON).

− − − −2 −2
Eg. OH , CN , NC , CO3 , C2O4 → Oxalate
(ix) In case of neutral molecule the algebric sum of the oxidation number of all the atoms is zero.

Eg. CO, NO

(x) ON of metal carbonyl and metal amalgam is zero.

O  O
Eg.
 N i ( CO ) 6 
, N aHg
 
Q. Find the ON of the under lined atom
(i) KMnO4 (ii) N 2O3 (iii) Cr2O7−2 (iv) K 4  Fe ( CN 6 )
(v) HClO3 (vi) H2SO4 (vii) Ni(CO)4 (viii) Fe3O4
(ix) CrO5 (x) CaOCl2.

Calculation of Oxidation Number (Based on structure)

CrO5

ON OF Cr in CrO5 is +6.
CaOCl2

Average ON of Cl is zero.
ON of Cl in bleaching powder is +1 & -1.
H2SO5 (Caro’s acid).

If the central atom exceeds its valency.Then there is peroxide bond

& the maximum valency of central atom is its oxidation state.

N a2 S4 O6 [Sodium tetra thionate]

Average ON of S is 2.5.
ON of S in Na2S4O6 is 5,0,0 & 5.
Brown Ring Complex

 Fe ( H 2O )5 NO  SO4 NO-nitrosyl ion (+1)

x+0+1=+2 x=1 Fe=+1

Range of oxidation Number.

n–8 to n
n=group no.
eg;
Oxygen=6–8 to 6 = –2 to 6
Carbon = 4–8 to 4= –4 to 4
Nitrogen = 5–8 to 5 =–3 to 5
1) In the reaction 2 Na2 S2O3 + I 2 → 2 NaI + Na2 S4O6
Change in oxidation no. of S is

2) Find the increasing order of oxidation no. of S in following

S8 , S2O8-2, S2O3-2, S4O6-2

3) One mole of A2H3 gives n mole electron and form new compound in which new oxidation of A is –1/2, find
the value of n.
(a) 3, (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 1

A2 H 3 + Ne − → ( A2 H 3 )
+n

1
2x − + 3 = n
2
n=2
3.1 OXIDATION AND REDUCTION:

(a) Oxidation:

Oxidation is a chemical reaction in which a substance gains oxygen or loses hydrogen. Since oxygen is an
electronegative element and hydrogen is an electropositive element, so, oxidation is defined as a reaction in
which a substance gains and electronegative radical or loses and electropositive radical.

(i) A reaction in which a substance gains oxygen is known as oxidation.

For eg.

● S + O2 ⎯⎯→ SO4

● 2SO2 + O2 ⎯⎯→ 2SO3

● 2Ca + O2 ⎯⎯→ 2CaO

● Pbs + 2O2 ⎯⎯→ PbSO4

4

(ii) Removal of a hydrogen atom.

For eg.
● 2HCI ⎯⎯→ CI2 + H2

Zn + H2SO4 ⎯⎯→ ZnSO4 + H2

●

(iii) Removal or loss of electron

For e.g.
2Na → 2Na+ + 2e-

(iv) Increment in oxidation no. Or oxidation state

( b) Reduction:
It is a chemical reaction in which there is a gain of hydrogen or any electropositive radical or a loss of
oxygen or electronegative radical.

(i) Gain of hydrogen.

For eg.
● CI2 + H2S ⎯⎯→ 2HCI + S

● O2 + 2H2 ⎯⎯→ 2H2O

● C2H4 + H2 ⎯⎯→ C2H6

(ii) Loss of oxygen atom.

For eg.

● CuO + H2 ⎯⎯→ Cu + H2 O

● ZnO + C ⎯⎯→ Zn + CO

(iii) Addition or gain of electron.

For eg.
O + 2e- → O2-
(iv) Decreament in oxidation no or oxidation state.

REDOX REACTIONS :
reactions in which oxidation and reduction take place simultaneously are known as redox reactions.

Reduction

CuO + H2 Cu + H2O

Oxidation

Disproportionation redox: A reaction in which reduction and oxidation takes place of

elements with some oxidation number within a molecule is called Disproportionation redox.
 Oxidant or Oxidizing agent- Substance which oxidises others
and itself gets reduced is known
as oxidant.

Reductant or Reducing agent- Substance which reduces others and itself

gets oxidised is known as reductant.

Oxidation no. of oxidant in given reaction

is always decreases that of reductant always increases.

Example of oxidant and reductant

Oxidant Reductant
[e–
(i) acceptor] [e– donor]
(ii) all electro negative element All electropositive element
[F, Cl, Br,I] [S and d block elements]
(iii) All metallic and non-metallic oxide All metallic and non metallic hydride
[Al2O3,CO2] [LiH, NaH, CH4, NH3]
(iv) Compounds in which central atom has Compounds in which central atom has minimum
maximum ON ON
[KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, FeCl3, SnCl4] [MnCl2, Cr2O3, SnCl2, FeCl2]
 ON
Min Max
Mn +2 +7
Zn 0 +2
Cr +3 +6
Hg +1 +2
 Balancing of Chemical Reaction

(i) Hit and trial method

(ii) Ion electron method:

Steps for balancing

(a) Elements showing change in oxidation no. is balanced first.

(b) Then all elements (except O2 and H2) are balanced.

(c) O2 is balanced with addition of H2O and H2 is balanced with addition

of H+. charge is balanced with addition of e– on opposite side.

(d) To convert acidic medium into basic medium equal no of OH– as that of
H+ are added on both sides.

Reduction half Oxidation half

+7 +2
M nO4 → Mn + 4 H 2O +3 −2 +4

+8H + C2 O4 → 2CO2 + 2e −
+5e– ………………..(i) ….(ii)

(i)×2+(ii)×5

2 MnO4− + 5C2O4−2 + 16 H + → 2 Mn +2 + 10CO2 + 8 H 2O

Cross check –2+16–10 → +4

+4
(iii) Oxidation no. method

(i) Calculate the change in oxidation no. and cross multiply in reactants
Side only.

(2) Balance all the atoms other than O2 and H2.

EFFECT OF OXIDATION REACTIONS IN EVERYDAY LIFE:

(a) Combustion Reactions:

A chemical reaction in which a substance burns or gets oxidised in the presence of

air or oxygen in called combustion reaction. For example, kerosene, coal, charcoal,
wood etc. burn in air and thus, undergo combustion. Methane (CH4) a major
constituent of natural gas undergoes combustion in excess of oxygen upon heating.

CH4 (g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O (l)

.C6H12O6(s) + 6O2 (g) 6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (A) + energy

(b) Respiration:

Fish takes up oxygen dissolved in water through their gills while plants take
up air through small pores (stomata) present in their leaves.

(c) Harmful Effects of Combustion :

Corrosion: - It is the process in which metal is eaten up gradually by

the action of air, moisture or a chemical on their surface.

4 Fe + 3O2 + 2 x.H 2O → 2Fe2O3 .xH 2O

Rust
Hydrated ferric oxide or Fe (III) oxide

2Cu + CO2 + O2 + H 2O → CuCO3 + Cu ( OH )2

Basic copper carbonate (green)
 Aluminium is highly reactive than iron but articles of Aluminium do not
show corrosion because it conbine with oxygen present in air and form
its oxide (Al2O3) Aluminium oxide. This layer act as a protective coating
on the surface, as a result aluminium articles are not corroded.

Prevention of rusting
(j) Coating of metal with oil, grase and paint

(ii) Coating of corrosive metal with non-corrosive metal

(iii) Electroplating

(iv) Galvanization /Chrome plating – Zinc/chromium

(v) Alloying

Rancidity : The condition produced by aerial oxidation of fats and oils in foods marked
by unpleasant smell and taste is called rancidity.

Prevention of rancidity

(i) Adding antioxidant to food (Reducing agent).

(ii) Packaging of food in nitrogen gas (Inert in nature).

(iii) Keeping foods in refrigerator.

(iv) Storing foods in air tight container.

(v) Storing foods away from sunlight.

OBJECTIVE

1. In the reaction Mg + CI2 → MgCI2

Chlorine may be regarded as -
(A) an oxidising agent (B) a reducing agent
(C) a catalyst (D) providing an inert medium

2. When the gases sulphur dioxide and hydrogen sulphide react, the reaction is
SO2 + 2H2S → 2H2O + 3S
Here hydrogen sulphide is acting as -
(A) an oxidising agent (B) a reducing agent
(C) a dehydrating agent (D) a catalyst

3. Which of the following statements is/are false for oxidation reaction?

(A) Gain or addition of electronegative radical
(B) Removal of hydrogen atom.
(C) Removal or loss of electropositive radical or element
(D) None of these

4. CiO + H2 → H2O + Cu, reaction is an example of -

(A) redox reaction (B) synthesis reaction
(B) neutralisation (D) analysis reaction

5. Which of the following is an example of oxidation reaction ?

(A) Sn+2 - 2e- → Sn+4 (B) Fe+3 + e- → Fe+2
(C) CI2 + 2e- → 2CI (D) None of these
6. In the process of burring of magnesium in air, magnesium undergoes -
(A) reduction (B) sublimation (C) oxidation (D) all of these

7. A substance which oxidises itself and reduces other is known as-

(A) an oxidising agent (B) a reducing agent (C) Both of these (D) None of these

8. Oxidation is a process which involves -

(A) addition of oxygen (B) removal of hydrogen
(C) loss of electrons (D) All are correct

9. In the reaction PbO + C → Pb + CO.

(A) PbO is oxidised
(B) C acts as oxidising agent.
(C) C acts as a reducing agent.
(D) This reaction does not represent a redox reaction.

10. A redox reaction is one in which

(A) both the substances are reduced.
(B) both the substances are oxidised.
(C) and acid is neutralised by the base.
(D) one substance is oxidised, which the other is reduced.