PHYSICAL SCIENCE

Grade Level: Grade 11

SLA No. 3
Subject Code/Number: CORE09

Subject Description: Evolution of our understanding of matter, motion, electricity, magnetism, light, and the universe
from ancient times to the present; applications of physics and chemistry concepts in contexts such as atmospheric
phenomena, cosmology, astronomy, vision, medical instrumentation, space technology, drugs, sources of energy,
pollution and recycling, fitness and health, and cosmetics.

Time Frame: Week 3

I. Introduction
1. Introduce the specific learning objectives
2. Orient the students on the knowledge and skills that they need to acquire or develop in preparation for the
task.

A. Learning Competency
 Describe the general types of intermolecular forces.
 Explain the effect of intermolecular forces on the properties of substances.

B. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Describe the general types of intermolecular forces.
2. Give the type of intermolecular forces in the properties of substances.
3. Explain the effect of intermolecular forces on the properties of substances.

II. Learning Content

Unlocking of Terms:
 Intermolecular Forces- The forces which mediate interaction between atoms, including forces of
attraction or repulsion which act between atoms and other types of neighboring particles, e.g. atoms or
ions.
 Intramolecular forces -Is any force that binds together the atoms making up a molecule or compound,
not to be confused with intermolecular forces, which are the forces present between molecules.
 Ion-ion interaction -Are an attractive force between ions with opposite charges. They are also referred
to as ionic bonds and are the forces that hold together ionic compounds. Like charges repel each other
and opposite charges attract.
 Van der Waals forces -are weak electrostatic forces that attract neutral molecules to one another.
Particles in liquid or air vibrate and move constantly.
 Dipole-dipole interaction -occur when the partial charges formed within one molecule are attracted to
an opposite partial charge in a nearby molecule. Polar molecules align so that the positive end of one
molecule interacts with the negative end of another molecule.
 Hydrogen bond -is a partial intermolecular bonding interaction between a lone pair on an electron rich
atom, particularly the second-row elements nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine, and the antibonding
molecular orbital of a bond between hydrogen and a more electronegative atom or group.
 Dispersion forces or London forces -the weakest intermolecular force. It is a temporary
attractive force that results when the electrons in two adjacent atoms occupy positions that make the
atoms form temporary dipoles. This force is sometimes called an induced dipole-induced dipole
attraction.
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Grade Level: Grade 11

 Induced dipole -is a weak attraction that results when a polar molecule induces a dipole in an atom or in
a nonpolar molecule by disturbing the arrangement of electrons in the nonpolar species.
 Surface Tension –it is the tendency of liquid surfaces to shrink into the minimum surface area
possible. It allows insects (e.g. water striders), usually denser than water, to float and slide on a
water surface.
 Adhesion - is the tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another.
 Cohesion -is the action or property of like molecules sticking together, being mutually attractive.
 Concave meniscus -is what you normally will see, occurs when the molecules of the liquid are attracted
to those of the container. This occurs with water and a glass tube.
 Convex meniscus - occurs when the molecules have a stronger attraction to each other than to the
container, as with mercury and glass.
 Viscosity - resistance of a fluid (liquid or gas) to a change in shape, or movement of neighboring portions
relative to one another.
 Boiling point - is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the pressure
surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into a vapor.
 Melting point -is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid.
 Joule - It is equal to the energy transferred to an object when a force of one newton acts on that object
in the direction of the force's motion through a distance of one meter.
 Mole - is the unit of amount in chemistry. It provides a bridge between the atom and the macroscopic
amounts of material that we work with in the laboratory.

Types of Intermolecular Forces

1. Ion-ion interaction
2. Dipole-dipole interaction
3. Hydrogen bonding
4. Dispersion forces also known as London forces in honor of Fritz London.

Ion-ion interaction
Ion-ion interaction exists between oppositely charged ions. It occurs between ionic compounds. Most
ion-ion interaction is strong and compounds which have them have high melting and boiling points.
Ions of like charges repel while opposite charges attract. The compound orients itself in such a way as to
minimize repulsion. The strength of ion-ion interaction is inversely proportional to the square of distance
between the ions. This is the strongest intermolecular force.
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Grade Level: Grade 11

Dipole-dipole interaction
Occurs between polar molecules. This is due to the partial positive pole and the partial negative pole of
the molecule. Average dipole-dipole interaction is relatively weak, around 4kJ/ mol. This interaction is effective
over a very short range. The strength of dipole-dipole interaction is inversely proportional to distance raised to
the fourth power (d4).
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Grade Level: Grade 11

Hydrogen Bond
Hydrogen bond is a very strong dipole-dipole interaction. Hydrogen bond occurs in polar molecules
containing H and any one of the highly electronegative elements, in particular F, O, N. Hydrogen tends to be
strongly positive due to the strong tendencies of F, O, or N to attract the electron towards it. The highly
electronegative elements make hydrogen strongly positive. Hydrogen bonding is responsible for the unusually
high boiling point and melting point of water as compared to compounds of similar molecular weight and
geometry. Typically, H-bond is in the range of 15-20 kJ/mol.
The ability of water to form hydrogen bonds relates to its ability to be a universal solvent. Due to its
polarity, it is able to dissolve (or interact) with ionic compounds and polar molecules. Hydrogen bonding is also
very important to life in general as the H-bond prevents water from quickly evaporating into the atmosphere. In
freezing temperature, the H-bond causes the water molecules to form a crystal lattice thereby increasing its
volume. This is why ice floats on water. This prevents the water beneath from cooling down further as the ice
sheet acts a protective layer. This allows marine creatures to survive in cold weather. H-bonding in water is also
important in the hydration of organic molecules and in the formation of peptide bonds within proteins.

Dispersion Forces or London Forces

Dispersion force is present in all molecules. It is the only force present in nonpolar molecules. It is very
weak and acts in very small distances. It is formed due to the attraction between the positively charged nucleus
of an atom with the negatively charged electron cloud of a nearby atom. This interaction creates an induced
dipole. The strength of dispersion forces is inversely proportional to distance raised to the 7th power (d7).
Without dispersion forces
substances would not be able to
condense to liquid and solid phase.
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Grade Level: Grade 11

III. Self-Learning Activities

Fact Sheet

Amazing Water Point out how amazing it is that water is made from two gases that are flammable but
together they make a substance that can put out fire. These two elements bonded together allow life on earth
to exist. The ability of water to form hydrogen bonds presents many interesting properties which are useful for
life.

Each group which is composed of 2-3 members will create a fact sheet or a poster showing what they have
researched on.

Topics:
1. Water and the earth. How is water stored on earth? (polar ice, underground, sea water, atmosphere). How
much water does the earth have? How does water shape land?
2. Water and the human body. How does a human being’s water content change throughout his life? (fetal
stage, at birth, adulthood). How much water do we consume in our lifetime?
3. The triple point of water (for advanced learners)
4. Water and agriculture
5. Why is water called the universal solvent?
6. Water and electricity production
7. Water and religion/ myths
8. The different shapes of water (solid, liquid, ice, snow)
9. Water and its high specific heat capacity
10. Water and its availability to all

IV. Assessment

Written Quiz. Identify the most probable intermolecular force of attraction in the following:
1. KCl ----KCl
2. NH3——NH3
3. Na2S——Na2S
4. HF——HF
5. MgS——MgS
6. CH3OH——CH3OH
7. H2——H2
8. CuO——CuO
9. SbH3——SbH3
10. CO2——CO2

V. Extension of Learning
Follow-up Assessment: Describe the relationship of the following properties with intermolecular forces of
attraction. Choose only two properties.

a. Boiling point / evaporation

PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Grade Level: Grade 11

b. Surface tension
c. Capillary action
d. Convex and concave meniscus
e. Viscosity

VI. REFERENCES

 Whitten, K. W., Davis, R. E., Peck, M. L., & Stanley, G. G., (2005). General Chemistry 7th ed. Singapore:
Thomson/ Brooks/ Cole.;

 Atkins, P. W. Chemical Bonding. (2016). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved February 20, 2016 from
http:// www.britannica.com/science/chemical-bonding/Intermolecularforces;

 Berstein, R., Carpi, A., (2015). Properties of Liquids In Visionlearning. Retrieved February 20, 2016 from
http:// www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Chemistry/1//222/reading.