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Separation Process Principles - Chemical and Biochemical Operations, 3rd Edition

The document provides example problems for differential distillation and batch rectification. It includes 12 example problems covering topics like determining compositions after distillation, calculating number of stages needed, and plotting reflux ratio versus composition. Equilibrium data is provided for reference in solving some of the problems.
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© © All Rights Reserved
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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
263 views

Separation Process Principles - Chemical and Biochemical Operations, 3rd Edition

The document provides example problems for differential distillation and batch rectification. It includes 12 example problems covering topics like determining compositions after distillation, calculating number of stages needed, and plotting reflux ratio versus composition. Equilibrium data is provided for reference in solving some of the problems.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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C13 09/29/2010 Page 495

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Exercises 495

13.2. Differential distillation. 13.10. Batch rectification at constant reflux ratio.


A mixture of 40 mol% isopropanol in water is distilled at 1 atm by Repeat Exercise 13.3 assuming the operation is carried out in a
differential distillation until 70 mol% of the charge has been vaporized three-stage column with L=V ¼ 0.6.
(equilibrium data are given in Exercise 7.33). What is the composition
of the liquid residue in the still-pot and of the collected distillate? 13.11. Batch rectification at constant reflux ratio.
One kmol of an equimolar mixture of benzene and toluene is fed
13.3. Differential distillation.
to a batch still containing three equivalent stages (including the
A 30 mol% feed of benzene in toluene is to be distilled in a batch
boiler). The liquid reflux is at its bubble point, and L=D ¼ 4. What
differential-distillation operation. A product having an average com-
is the average composition and amount of product when the instan-
position of 45 mol% benzene is to be produced. Calculate the
taneous product composition is 55 mol% benzene? Neglect holdup,
amount of residue, assuming a ¼ 2.5 and W0 ¼ 100.
and assume a ¼ 2.5.
13.4. Differential distillation.
A charge of 250 lb of 70 mol% benzene and 30 mol% toluene is 13.12. Differential distillation and batch rectification.
subjected to differential distillation at 1 atm. Determine the compo- The fermentation of corn produces a mixture of 3.3 mol% ethyl
sitions of the distillate and residue after 1=3 of the feed has been alcohol in water. If this mixture is distilled at 1 atm by a differen-
distilled. Assume Raoult’s and Dalton’s laws. tial distillation, calculate and plot the instantaneous-vapor compo-
13.5. Differential distillation. sition as a function of mol% of batch distilled. If reflux with three
A mixture containing 60 mol% benzene and 40 mol% toluene is theoretical stages (including the boiler) is used, what is the maxi-
subjected to differential distillation at 1 atm, under three different mum purity of ethyl alcohol that can be produced by batch
conditions: rectification?
Equilibrium data are given in Exercise 7.29.
1. Until the distillate contains 70 mol% benzene
2. Until 40 mol% of the feed is evaporated 13.13. Batch rectification at constant composition.
An acetone–ethanol mixture of 0.5 mole fraction acetone is to be
3. Until 60 mol% of the original benzene leaves in the vapor
separated by batch distillation at 101 kPa.
Using a ¼ 2.43, determine for each of the three cases: (a) number of Vapor–liquid equilibrium data at 101 kPa are as follows:
moles in the distillate for 100 mol of feed; (b) compositions of distil-
late and residue.
Mole Fraction Acetone
13.6. Differential distillation.
Fifteen mol% phenol in water is to be differential-batch-distilled y 0.16 0.25 0.42 0.51 0.60 0.67 0.72 0.79 0.87 0.93
at 260 torr. What fraction of the batch is in the still-pot when the x 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
total distillate contains 98 mol% water? What is the residue
concentration?
Vapor–liquid data at 260 torr [Ind. Eng. Chem., 17, 199 (1925)]: (a) Assuming an L=D of 1.5 times the minimum, how many stages
x, wt% (H2O): should this column have if the desired composition of the distillate
is 0.90 mole fraction acetone when the residue contains 0.1 mole
1:54 4:95 6:87 7:73 19:63 28:44 39:73 82:99 fraction acetone?
89:95 93:38 95:74 (b) Assume the column has eight stages and the reflux rate is varied
y, wt% (H2O): continuously so that the top product is maintained constant at
0.9 mole fraction acetone. Make a plot of the reflux ratio versus
41:10 79:72 82:79 84:45 89:91 91:05 91:15 91:86
the still-pot composition and the amount of liquid left in the
92:77 94:19 95:64 still-pot.
(c) Assume the same distillation is carried out at constant reflux
13.7. Differential distillation with added feed.
ratio (and varying product composition). It is desired to have a resi-
A still-pot is charged with 25 mol of benzene and toluene con-
due containing 0.1 and an (average) product containing 0.9 mole
taining 35 mol% benzene. Feed of the same composition is supplied
fraction acetone. Calculate the total vapor generated. Which method
at a rate of 7 mol/h, and the heating rate is adjusted so that the liquid
of operation is more energy-intensive? Suggest operating policies
level in the still-pot remains constant. If a ¼ 2.5, how long will it be
other than constant reflux ratio and constant distillate compositions
before the distillate composition falls to 0.45 mol% benzene?
that lead to equipment or operating cost savings.
13.8. Differential distillation with continuous feed.
A system consisting of a still-pot and a total condenser is used to
13.14. Batch rectification at constant composition.
separate A and B from a trace of nonvolatile material. The still-pot
Two thousand gallons of 70 wt% ethanol in water having a spe-
initially contains 20 lbmol of feed of 30 mol% A. Feed of the same
cific gravity of 0.871 is to be separated at 1 atm in a batch rectifier
composition is supplied to the still-pot at the rate of 10 lbmol/h, and
operating at a constant distillate composition of 85 mol% ethanol
the heat input is adjusted so that the total moles of liquid in the
with a constant molar vapor boilup rate to obtain a residual waste-
reboiler remain constant at 20. No residue is withdrawn from the
water containing 3 wt% ethanol. If the task is to be completed in
still-pot. Calculate the time required for the composition of the over-
24 h, allowing 4 h for charging, start-up, shutdown, and cleaning,
head product to fall to 40 mol% A. Assume a ¼ 2.50.
determine: (a) the number of theoretical stages; (b) the reflux ratio
when the ethanol in the still-pot is 25 mol%; (c) the instantaneous
Section 13.2 distillate rate in lbmol/h when the concentration of ethanol in the
13.9. Batch rectification at constant reflux ratio. still-pot is 15 mol%; (d) the lbmol of distillate product; and
Repeat Exercise 13.2 for the case of batch distillation carried out (e) the lbmol of residual wastewater. Vapor–liquid equilibrium data
in a two-stage column with L=V ¼ 0.9. are given in Exercise 7.29.

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