C13 09/29/2010 Page 495

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Exercises 495

13.2. Differential distillation. 13.10. Batch rectification at constant reflux ratio.

A mixture of 40 mol% isopropanol in water is distilled at 1 atm by Repeat Exercise 13.3 assuming the operation is carried out in a
differential distillation until 70 mol% of the charge has been vaporized three-stage column with L=V ¼ 0.6.
(equilibrium data are given in Exercise 7.33). What is the composition
of the liquid residue in the still-pot and of the collected distillate? 13.11. Batch rectification at constant reflux ratio.
One kmol of an equimolar mixture of benzene and toluene is fed
13.3. Differential distillation.
to a batch still containing three equivalent stages (including the
A 30 mol% feed of benzene in toluene is to be distilled in a batch
boiler). The liquid reflux is at its bubble point, and L=D ¼ 4. What
differential-distillation operation. A product having an average com-
is the average composition and amount of product when the instan-
position of 45 mol% benzene is to be produced. Calculate the
taneous product composition is 55 mol% benzene? Neglect holdup,
amount of residue, assuming a ¼ 2.5 and W0 ¼ 100.
and assume a ¼ 2.5.
13.4. Differential distillation.
A charge of 250 lb of 70 mol% benzene and 30 mol% toluene is 13.12. Differential distillation and batch rectification.
subjected to differential distillation at 1 atm. Determine the compo- The fermentation of corn produces a mixture of 3.3 mol% ethyl
sitions of the distillate and residue after 1=3 of the feed has been alcohol in water. If this mixture is distilled at 1 atm by a differen-
distilled. Assume Raoult’s and Dalton’s laws. tial distillation, calculate and plot the instantaneous-vapor compo-
13.5. Differential distillation. sition as a function of mol% of batch distilled. If reflux with three
A mixture containing 60 mol% benzene and 40 mol% toluene is theoretical stages (including the boiler) is used, what is the maxi-
subjected to differential distillation at 1 atm, under three different mum purity of ethyl alcohol that can be produced by batch
conditions: rectification?
Equilibrium data are given in Exercise 7.29.
1. Until the distillate contains 70 mol% benzene
2. Until 40 mol% of the feed is evaporated 13.13. Batch rectification at constant composition.
An acetone–ethanol mixture of 0.5 mole fraction acetone is to be
3. Until 60 mol% of the original benzene leaves in the vapor
separated by batch distillation at 101 kPa.
Using a ¼ 2.43, determine for each of the three cases: (a) number of Vapor–liquid equilibrium data at 101 kPa are as follows:
moles in the distillate for 100 mol of feed; (b) compositions of distil-
late and residue.
Mole Fraction Acetone
13.6. Differential distillation.
Fifteen mol% phenol in water is to be differential-batch-distilled y 0.16 0.25 0.42 0.51 0.60 0.67 0.72 0.79 0.87 0.93
at 260 torr. What fraction of the batch is in the still-pot when the x 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
total distillate contains 98 mol% water? What is the residue
concentration?
Vapor–liquid data at 260 torr [Ind. Eng. Chem., 17, 199 (1925)]: (a) Assuming an L=D of 1.5 times the minimum, how many stages
x, wt% (H2O): should this column have if the desired composition of the distillate
is 0.90 mole fraction acetone when the residue contains 0.1 mole
1:54 4:95 6:87 7:73 19:63 28:44 39:73 82:99 fraction acetone?
89:95 93:38 95:74 (b) Assume the column has eight stages and the reflux rate is varied
y, wt% (H2O): continuously so that the top product is maintained constant at
0.9 mole fraction acetone. Make a plot of the reflux ratio versus
41:10 79:72 82:79 84:45 89:91 91:05 91:15 91:86
the still-pot composition and the amount of liquid left in the
92:77 94:19 95:64 still-pot.
(c) Assume the same distillation is carried out at constant reflux
13.7. Differential distillation with added feed.
ratio (and varying product composition). It is desired to have a resi-
A still-pot is charged with 25 mol of benzene and toluene con-
due containing 0.1 and an (average) product containing 0.9 mole
taining 35 mol% benzene. Feed of the same composition is supplied
fraction acetone. Calculate the total vapor generated. Which method
at a rate of 7 mol/h, and the heating rate is adjusted so that the liquid
of operation is more energy-intensive? Suggest operating policies
level in the still-pot remains constant. If a ¼ 2.5, how long will it be
other than constant reflux ratio and constant distillate compositions
before the distillate composition falls to 0.45 mol% benzene?
that lead to equipment or operating cost savings.
13.8. Differential distillation with continuous feed.
A system consisting of a still-pot and a total condenser is used to
13.14. Batch rectification at constant composition.
separate A and B from a trace of nonvolatile material. The still-pot
Two thousand gallons of 70 wt% ethanol in water having a spe-
initially contains 20 lbmol of feed of 30 mol% A. Feed of the same
cific gravity of 0.871 is to be separated at 1 atm in a batch rectifier
composition is supplied to the still-pot at the rate of 10 lbmol/h, and
operating at a constant distillate composition of 85 mol% ethanol
the heat input is adjusted so that the total moles of liquid in the
with a constant molar vapor boilup rate to obtain a residual waste-
reboiler remain constant at 20. No residue is withdrawn from the
water containing 3 wt% ethanol. If the task is to be completed in
still-pot. Calculate the time required for the composition of the over-
24 h, allowing 4 h for charging, start-up, shutdown, and cleaning,
head product to fall to 40 mol% A. Assume a ¼ 2.50.
determine: (a) the number of theoretical stages; (b) the reflux ratio
when the ethanol in the still-pot is 25 mol%; (c) the instantaneous
Section 13.2 distillate rate in lbmol/h when the concentration of ethanol in the
13.9. Batch rectification at constant reflux ratio. still-pot is 15 mol%; (d) the lbmol of distillate product; and
Repeat Exercise 13.2 for the case of batch distillation carried out (e) the lbmol of residual wastewater. Vapor–liquid equilibrium data
in a two-stage column with L=V ¼ 0.9. are given in Exercise 7.29.

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