International Journal of Research in Engineering and Innovation Vol-7, Issue-2 (2023), 78-84

International Journal of Research in Engineering and Innovation

(IJREI)
journal home page: http://www.ijrei.com
ISSN (Online): 2456-6934

REVIEW ARTICLE

Solar powered operated grass cutter with herbicide spreader

Bipul Upadhyay , Prateek Kumar, Rohit Vashishth, Alok Kumar, Aman Kumar,
Gaurav Kumar, Mukesh Kumar

Mechanical Engineering Department, Vidya College of Engineering, Meerut, India

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Article Information Abstract

Received: 07 Feb 2023 This research paper presents the design and development of a solar-powered electric
Revised: 27 April 2023 grass cutter and water sprayer. The aim of the project is to provide a sustainable solution
Accepted: 14 May 2023 for lawn maintenance and irrigation, while reducing carbon emissions and operating
Available online: 18 May 2023 costs. The system is composed of a solar panel, a battery bank, an electric motor, a cutting
_____________________________ blade, and a water pump. The solar panel the battery during the day, which powers the
electric motor for grass cutting and the water pump attached with the water tank for
Keywords: pesticide. The results show that the system is efficient, reliable, and cost-effective,
providing a sustainable solution for lawn maintenance and irrigation. The project has
Solar power potential for further improvement and application in the field of sustainable agriculture
Herbicide spreader and urban green spaces. ©2023 ijrei.com. All rights reserved

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1. Introduction as, Firstly, they emit harmful pollutants such as carbon

monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds,
Lawns and gardens are an integral part of our urban and which contribute to air pollution and respiratory illnesses.
suburban landscapes, and their maintenance is essential for Secondly, gas-powered lawn equipment is noisy, which can be
aesthetic, environmental, and health reasons. However, disruptive to residential neighborhoods and wildlife. Thirdly,
traditional lawn maintenance methods involve the use of gas- the cost of fuel and maintenance for gas-powered equipment
powered mowers and herbicide spreaders, which contribute to can be expensive over time, which can deter homeowners and
carbon emissions, air and noise pollution, and health hazards. lawn care professionals from investing in sustainable
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in sustainable alternatives. In recent years, there have been several innovative
lawn care practices that reduce environmental impacts and designs and developments in solar-powered lawn maintenance
promote ecological benefits. One of the key solutions for equipment. One such design is the solar-powered electric grass
sustainable lawn maintenance is the use of solar-powered cutter and herbicide spreader. One such alternative is solar
electric grass cutters and herbicide spreaders. These systems energy This system uses solar energy to power an electric
use renewable energy from the sun to power electric motors motor that operates a cutting blade for grass cutting and a
that operate cutting blades and herbicide sprayers. Solar- herbicide sprayer for weed control. The solar panel charges a
powered lawn maintenance equipment is efficient, cost- battery during the day, which provides power for the electric
effective, and environmentally friendly, as it eliminates the motor and herbicide sprayer. The solar-powered electric grass
need for fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. cutter and herbicide spreader has several advantages over
The fuel operated grass cutter is harmful in many ways such traditional gas-powered equipment. Firstly, it eliminates the

Corresponding author: Gaurav Kumar

Email Address: [email protected]
https://doi.org/10.36037/IJREI.2023.7204 78
 B. Upadhyay et al., / International journal of research in engineering and innovation (IJREI), vol 7, issue 2 (2023), 78-84.

need for fossil fuels, which reduces greenhouse gas emissions downsides. A blade is a component of a machine, weapon, or
and air pollution. Secondly, it is quiet and efficient, which tool that features an edge created for cutting, thrusting,
reduces noise pollution and disturbance to wildlife. Thirdly, it scraping, or chopping surfaces or materials [2]. In the past, the
is cost-effective, as it eliminates the need for fuel and reduces process of cutting grass involved manual labor with the
maintenance costs over time. Finally, it promotes ecological utilization of hand-held devices such as scissors, which
benefits by reducing the use of harmful herbicides and necessitated more human effort and additional time to
pesticides. So, aim of this project is to make a new grass cutting accomplish the task, often resulting in uneven outcomes.
device has been developed which is powered by electricity and Powered machines that run on fuel tend to increase air
includes several components such as a plate, a 12 Volt D.C. pollution and noise levels while demanding regular
battery, a motor, cutting blades, a 12 Volt D.C. pump, a water maintenance [3]. A solar-powered grass cutter, on the other
tank, and wheels. The modified grass cutter features a rotor that hand, utilizes sliding blades to cut grass at an even length. Its
is fixed between bearings and attached to the frame of the design is straightforward, comprising a DC motor, a switch for
cutter. The motor is also attached to the rotor and fixed onto managing the motor, and a battery that charges via a solar panel
the grass cutter frame. To ensure efficient operation, a plate is [4]. Solar energy refers to radiant light and heat generated by
fixed on the top part of the grass cutter to absorb direct sunlight the sun and captured utilizing a wide range of ever-developing
and is directly connected to the motor. The motor can be technologies. A solar electric array generates electricity from
rotated in either a clockwise or anticlockwise direction, sunlight with no components that move or wear out.
depending on the wiring or the specific requirement. Furthermore, a solar pump efficiently harnesses direct current
Additionally, this device can also be used as a pesticide sprayer from the array while accommodating variations in energy
as it comes with a 12 Volt pump and a sprayer option. production throughout the day. The solar panel generates solar
energy, which is stored in a battery, and then converted into
2. Literature review electrical energy. The blade, which is connected to the DC
motor, can cut all kinds of grass and distribute pesticides on
It includes, the data of the published journal papers related to crops.
our projects. We have described the work of respective
authorities published in their books. This papers are related to 2.3 Multipurpose pesticides sprayer pump
our project topic, which have help us to learn various process,
methods and design factors used in respective work. A pump is a mechanical device that facilitates the movement
Converging all the ideas and methods used in journal papers, of fluids by consuming energy to execute mechanical work and
we refined the data required for our project work. propel the fluid [5]. Certain pesticide sprayer pumps are a
combination of knapsack and battery-operated mechanisms,
2.1 Design & fabrication of multi nozzle spray pump which enhance their efficiency. This particular model is a
trolley-operated system, enabling the spraying of pesticides in
The populace of India is growing with each passing day, any direction and at any height around the crops, thereby
necessitating a modernization of the agricultural sector to meet reducing maximum effort required for spraying. It is used for
the increasing demand for food. However, the use of chemical various activities such as weeding and plugging. The purpose
fertilizers has led to a decrease in soil fertility, prompting of this paper is to suggest a model of a manually operated,
farmers to shift towards organic farming [1]. This approach not multi-nozzle pesticide sprayer pump that can perform spraying
only solves the problem of back pain, which arises from at the maximum rate in the shortest possible time. The scope
carrying a sprayer on one's back and shoulder, but also and objective are to decrease operational costs by utilizing new
provides a convenient adjustment mechanism for crops, mechanisms, enhance reliability under different working
preventing excessive use of pesticides and reducing pollution. conditions, reduce the cost of the machine, decrease labor costs
Moreover, this sprayer is more cost-effective than the by advancing the spraying method, design a machine that can
conventional spraying pumps available in the market, as it does perform both operations of spraying and weeding, spray
not require direct fuel or maintenance costs. It is an upgraded maximum area in minimum time, facilitate proper adjustments
version of the manually operated sprayer and weeder, specially with respect to crop size and height, attach multiple nozzles
designed for small land farmers. This machine saves both time and trolleys, and incorporate other instruments such as pilling,
and money when compared to traditional spraying and hilling, and plowing. Additionally, this eco-friendly system
weeding methods. Since it does not require any fuel or power, uses a spray guard to minimize the negative impact of
the maintenance cost is also minimal. spraying. The equipment is specifically designed for farmers
with small farming land, approximately 5-6 acres, who can
2.2 Solar powered grass cutter and herbicide sprayer benefit from its low cost. The equipment is particularly suitable
for weeding moist soil, as the weed cutter can easily penetrate
In previous times, conventional lawn upkeep equipment was and dig out the soil, resulting in more efficient weeding.
the primary preference for householders and lawn care experts. Furthermore, the equipment performs better on smooth or less
Nevertheless, this equipment that are run by gas, including uneven surfaces and crops having similar height and spacing
mowers and herbicide spreaders, come with several between them.

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2.4 Solar based grass cutter machine 3.1 DC motors

The grass cutting principle involves imparting high-speed An electric motor that converts direct current electrical energy
rotational motion to the blade, which aids in cutting the grass into mechanical energy is well known as DC Motor. It consists
with precision and smoothness. For the upkeep and of a rotor, a stator, and a commutator that provides the motor
enhancement of the aesthetics of lawns and gardens, grass with the ability to change the direction of the current flow. A
cutting machines serve as a highly efficient option. A lawn motor driver is an electronic device that controls the speed and
mower, equipped with revolving blades, helps people direction of a motor by regulating the current flow. It can be
effortlessly maintain their lawns and gardens, ensuring even used to drive DC motors and is essential for applications where
lengths of grass. In modern times, there are numerous options precise control of motor speed and direction is required.
available, ranging from the most basic push-along mowers to In a solar power operated grass cutter, a DC motor and motor
the highly advanced electric grass cutting machines. As per the driver commands the blade speed and direction. Motor,
World Energy Report, conventional fossil fuels such as oil powered by the solar panel which generates direct current from
(36%), natural gas (21%), and coal (23%) account for the sun's energy. The motor driver receives input from a
approximately 80% of the energy we use. However, it is widely controller and adjusts the motor's speed and direction
known that these sources are finite and will eventually be accordingly. This enables the grass cutter to operate efficiently
depleted. Therefore, it is crucial to explore alternative energy and effectively while using renewable energy sources.
sources to avoid an energy crisis in the near future.
Incorporating solar energy into the functioning of grass cutting
machines can help mitigate this issue [6]. The use of solar
energy as a source of power to drive a lawn mower is
increasingly necessary due to the rising cost of fuel and the
harmful emissions generated by the combustion of these fuels,
which pollute the environment. This project outlines a design
methodology for a solar-powered grass cutter, which operates
based on the Law of Conservation of Energy. The grass cutter
has solar panels arranged at an angle of 45 degrees to receive
high-intensity solar radiation easily, which the panels then
convert into electrical energy [7].

3. Working
Figure 1: DC Motor
Direct conversion of solar radiation into electricity is made
possible by utilizing photovoltaic (PV) cells, which function as 3.2 Operation of DC Motor
semiconductor devices. When the solar cell is exposed to
sunlight, it absorbs a portion of the energy and transforms it In modem industrial applications, the DC motor you will find
into electrical energy. This electrical energy is then stored in a operates very similarly to the simple DC motor mentioned
lead-acid battery. The battery is connected to a 12V DC motor, earlier in this chapter. An electrical diagram of a simple DC
which then converts the electrical energy into mechanical motor is shown in the figure [8]. The DC motor in a solar
energy. The solar-powered agro sprayer comprises three power operated grass cutter is powered by the direct current
primary components, namely the solar panel unit, battery generated by the solar panel. When a voltage is applied to the
storage unit, and solar-powered pump. In the solar agro sprayer motor's terminals, it generates an attractive field that interacts
pump, the two-stroke petrol engine has been substituted with a with the magnetic influence of its environment can be detected
combination of a storage battery and solar pump. To recharge stator. This interaction causes the rotor to rotate, which in turn
the storage battery, a solar panel arrangement is placed at the drives the blade of the grass cutter. By adjusting the voltage
top of the unit. To allow the maximum amount of solar applied to the motor, the speed of the blade can be controlled.
radiation to fall on the panels, the solar panels are arranged at The motor driver regulates the voltage and current flowing to
a 45-degree angle to the vertical. This permits the unit to the motor, ensuring that it operates efficiently and avoids
receive the maximum amount of solar energy from the sun damage. The combination of the DC motor and the motor
while it is in use in the field. The output of the panel is linked driver enables the grass cutter to operate effectively using
in parallel with a 12V storage battery to store the electrical renewable solar energy.
energy generated by the panel. The 12V solar panel is then
linked to the 12V battery. The operation of the solar pump is 3.3 Solar Panel
controlled by a switch and regulator. The stored electrical
energy is converted into mechanical energy by rotating the Photovoltaic cells, also known as solar cells, are electronic
motor, eliminating the need for traditional fuels such as devices that convert the energy of photons from sunlight into
gasoline for mechanical operations.

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electrical energy. A solar panel comprises of three essential affordable, often appearing blue due to the manufacturing
components. Firstly, a material known as a semiconductor process.
generates electron-hole pairs through the absorption of solar  Meanwhile, thin film solar panels have a photovoltaic
energy. Secondly, there is a zone that contains a drift field material layer on a flexible substrate, making them less
responsible for the separation of charges. Lastly, front and efficient but more adaptable for various uses due to their
back electrodes are used to collect charges [9]. lightweight and flexibility.
 Building-Integrated Photovoltaic or BIPV panels can
Rotation of loop serve as both energy generators and building materials
when incorporated into the design of a building, such as
windows or roofs.
 Finally, concentrated solar panels utilize lenses or mirrors
to focus sunlight onto a smaller area, producing more
electricity per unit of surface area.
Brush Brush
Ultimately, the choice of solar panel will depend on cost,
efficiency, space availability, and intended use, with each type
having its own advantages and disadvantages.
Split spring commutator
DC power supply 3.4 Solar Energy

Solar energy refers to the energy that is harnessed from the

sun's radiation. It is a renewable and abundant source of energy
Figure 2: Operation of A DC Motor
that can be converted into electricity or used directly for
Electrons are collected by a network of electrodes and heating or lighting purposes (as shown in below –fig 4.1b)
conductive wires, which can be used to power devices or stored There are two main ways to harness solar energy:
in batteries for later use. Photovoltaic cells have become a Photovoltaic (PV) technology: Photovoltaic (PV) technology
popular technology for producing clean, renewable energy, is a form of renewable energy that transforms solar energy into
with applications ranging from powering small electronic electrical power. The fundamental component of a PV system
devices to providing electricity for entire communities. A is the PV cell, which can be arranged into arrays or panels. The
schematic diagram of solar panel and its working mechanism electrical output of a PV device can be utilized to operate small
is shown below. loads like DC motors and lighting systems without the need for
additional components. This is made possible by the voltage
and current produced at the terminals of the PV device. [10].
These cells are typically combined into solar panels and arrays
to provide power for homes, businesses, and other
applications. Solar thermal technology: This technology
harnesses the energy from sun to heat water or air, which is
used for many applications. Solar thermal systems can be used
for residential, commercial, and industrial purposes.
Solar power is an eco-friendly and sustainable form of energy
that offers numerous benefits over traditional energy sources
like oil, coal, and natural gas. It generates no harmful air
pollutants or greenhouse gas emissions, making it a clean
option for the environment. Additionally, once the installation
is complete, solar energy has exceptionally low operational
costs. As awareness of the necessity to reduce carbon footprint
Figure 3: Solar panel and transition to more sustainable energy sources increases
worldwide, the use of solar energy is rapidly expanding.
Solar panels have the ability to convert sunlight into electricity
through a process called the photovoltaic effect. There are 3.5 Irrigation
different kinds of solar panels that offer unique features and
benefits. The agriculture sector's heavy water consumption, accounting
 The most efficient but expensive type is the for 85% of available freshwater resources worldwide,
monocrystalline solar panel, which is made from a single necessitates the development of more efficient irrigation
silicon crystal and has a uniform black appearance. technologies. This need is particularly urgent due to population
 On the other hand, polycrystalline solar panels, made from growth and increasing food demand. Manual irrigation
multiple silicon crystals, are less efficient but more methods based on soil water measurement have given way to

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automatic irrigation scheduling techniques. Autonomous 3.6 Centrifugal Energy Sprayer

irrigation machines consider plant evapotranspiration, which
depends on atmospheric parameters like humidity, wind speed, The Centrifugal Energy Sprayer utilizes a high-speed rotating
solar radiation, as well as crop-specific factors such as growth device, such as a disc, concave or convex plate, wire mesh
stage, plant density, soil properties, and pest presence. By cage, bucket, puncture strainer, or brush. At the center of this
integrating these factors, autonomous irrigation systems aim to device, the spray liquid is fed under low pressure, and as it exits
optimize water usage and improve irrigation efficiency. the periphery of the atomizer, it is further atomized by
Implementing autonomous irrigation technologies can help centrifugal force. The atomized liquid forms droplets that are
reduce water waste, conserve resources, and enhance crop then carried by the air stream generated either by the sprayer's
yields. By accurately tailoring irrigation based on real-time blower or by natural wind if the sprayer does not have a fan.
data, these systems ensure that plants receive the appropriate The centrifugal force helps to disperse the droplets in a wide
amount of water at the right time, promoting sustainable water pattern, ensuring effective coverage over a larger area. This
management in agriculture. type of sprayer is commonly used in agricultural applications
Various irrigation methods are explored with the objective of for crop protection, where the atomized liquid needs to be
developing a system that reduces resource usage and enhances evenly distributed over the plants. The centrifugal energy
efficiency [11]. The research highlights the use of devices such sprayer provides efficient and uniform application, allowing
as fertility meters and pH meters, which are deployed in the the spray to reach the target area effectively. By harnessing the
field to assess soil fertility by measuring the concentration of centrifugal force, this sprayer design provides a reliable and
key soil nutrients like potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen. To versatile solution for dispersing liquid sprays, contributing to
facilitate efficient irrigation, automatic plant irrigators are efficient and effective agricultural practices. The hydraulic
strategically positioned in the field using wireless technology, energy sprayer, the gaseous energy sprayer, the centrifugal
particularly for drip irrigation. This approach not only energy sprayer and the kinetic energy sprayer (Fig. 4).
promotes soil fertility but also ensures the optimal utilization
of water resources. By providing water directly to the roots of 3.7 Hydraulic energy sprayer
plants in controlled quantities, drip irrigation minimizes water
loss due to evaporation or runoff, thereby maximizing water In a Hydraulic Energy Sprayer, the material intended for
efficiency. By combining advanced sensor technology, spraying is pressurized to a range of 40-1000 psi (pounds per
wireless communication, and precision irrigation techniques, square inch) using one of two methods. The first method
the proposed system aims to optimize crop growth while involves directly pressurizing the material using a positive
minimizing resource waste. The integration of these displacement pump. Alternatively, a vacuum pump can be
technologies allows for real-time monitoring and adaptive employed to create a lower air pressure above the material in a
irrigation practices, ultimately resulting in improved crop sealed container, resulting in pressurization. The pressurized
productivity and sustainable water management. Savitha and material is then expelled through a spray nozzle. In this
UmaMaheshwari (2018) proposed an efficient and automated process, the pump supplies the energy required to transport the
irrigation system by utilizing remote sensors developed using material to the plant foliage. The spray nozzle allows for
Arduino technology. These sensors play a crucial role in controlled dispersion of the pressurized material, ensuring
increasing crop production by up to 40%. By incorporating effective coverage and distribution onto the plants. The
remote sensing capabilities, the system enables real-time Hydraulic Energy Sprayer provides a means to apply materials
monitoring and control of irrigation parameters [12]. such as pesticides, fertilizers, or other agricultural substances
Varatharajalu and Ramprabu (2018) also presented an to the desired plants or crops. The pressurized spraying
automated irrigation system. Their approach involved the mechanism facilitates efficient application, reducing waste and
development of different sensors for specific purposes. These ensuring the targeted plants receive the necessary substances
sensors included a soil moisture sensor for detecting soil for growth and protection.
moisture content, a temperature sensor for monitoring
temperature, a pressure regulator sensor for maintaining 3.8 Gaseous Energy Sprayer
optimal pressure levels, and a molecular sensor for promoting
improved crop growth [13]. Furthermore, the integration of In a Gaseous Energy Sprayer, the spraying process relies on a
digital cameras into the system allows for visual monitoring high-speed air stream generated by a blower. This air stream is
and analysis of crop conditions. The collected data from these directed through a pipe towards the end where the spray liquid
sensors and cameras are converted into digital signals, which is located. The liquid is allowed to flow through a diffuser plate
are then transmitted to a multiplexer via wireless networks like under the influence of gravity. To deliver the liquid or powder
Zigbee and hotspot. By combining sensor technology, wireless to the target area, it is introduced into the air stream. The high-
communication, and data analysis, these proposed systems aim speed air stream carries the liquid or powder particles along
to optimize irrigation practices and enhance crop productivity. with it, propelling them towards the intended target. This
The real-time monitoring and control capabilities provided by spraying method is commonly used for applications such as
these systems facilitate efficient water usage and ensure better dust control, pest control, or applying coatings. The high-speed
crop growth. air stream ensures effective distribution of the sprayed

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material, allowing for broad coverage and efficient application. sprayers, the following equation can be utilized:
The Gaseous Energy Sprayer offers a versatile and efficient
solution for delivering liquids or powders to specific areas, Sprayed amount
Spray Effectiveness = ×100 %
providing an effective means of achieving desired results in Applied amount

various industrial and agricultural applications

The "Sprayed Amount" refers to the actual amount of the spray
material that reaches the target area, while the "Applied
3.9 Kinetic Energy Sprayer
Amount" represents the intended amount of spray material
applied. By calculating the spray effectiveness using this
In the Kinetic Energy Sprayer, the spray liquid flows
equation, one can evaluate the efficiency and accuracy of the
downward by gravity to a vibrating or swaying spout, which
spray application, ensuring that the desired amount of spray
produces a coarse fan-like spray pattern. This type of sprayer
material is delivered to the target surface. This helps in
is specifically designed for the application of herbicides. To
optimizing the use of herbicides or other spraying substances
assess the spray effectiveness of any of the aforementioned
and achieving effective control or treatment.

Figure 4: Types of agricultural drones. Source: modern agriculture drones [14].

4. Crop Monitoring empowered farmers to make informed decisions based on real-

time data, leading to improved agricultural practices, increased
The advancement in sensors and imaging technology has productivity, and better resource management.
revolutionized farming practices by offering farmers new ways
to enhance crop yields and reduce crop damage (refer to Table 5. Conclusions
5). In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have
gained popularity for practical applications in agriculture. The solar-powered operated grass cutter with herbicide
Equipped with cutting-edge sensors and high-tech cameras, spreader offers several advantages in the field of agriculture
UAVs act as aerial assistants, providing farmers with valuable and lawn maintenance. By utilizing solar power as its energy
visual data and enabling them to implement optimal surveying, source, it provides a sustainable and environmentally-friendly
data acquisition, and analysis techniques. Although aerial solution, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and minimizing
surveys have been used in agriculture for some time, UAVs carbon emissions. The integration of a grass cutter and
have brought a new level of precision and flexibility to the herbicide spreader into a single system allows for efficient and
field. Unlike satellite-based systems, UAV flights are not effective weed control. The automated operation eliminates the
dependent on satellite positioning or specific weather need for manual labor and reduces human effort and time
conditions. Additionally, UAVs capture images from a required for mowing and applying herbicides. The use of
relatively low altitude of 400-500 feet, resulting in higher- advanced technologies such as remote sensors, imaging
quality and more precise data. This integration of advanced capabilities, and automated irrigation systems further enhances
sensors, imaging capabilities, and UAV technology has the performance and productivity of the grass cutter with

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Cite this article as: Bipul Upadhyay , Prateek Kumar, Rohit Vashishth, Alok Kumar, Aman Kumar, Gaurav kumar, Mukesh Kumar, Solar
powered operated grass cutter with herbicide spreader, International Journal of Research in Engineering and Innovation Vol-7, Issue-2 (2023),
78-84, https://doi.org/10.36037/IJREI.2023.7204.

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