World War 1

M.A.N.I.A(Factors That Lead To War)

Militarism Glorifying military power, promoting the build-up of

military power, and keeping a standing army always
prepared for war

Alliances An agreement between two or more states for their

mutual benefit

Nationalism A feeling of devotion to and pride in one’s country;

the belief that people should be loyal mainly to their
nation. To the people they share a culture and history
with rather than to a king or empire

Imperialism A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate

other countries politically, economically, and socially

Assassination The main cause of WW1 was the assassination of Archduke

Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie

Chain of Events

June 28, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand & his wife were assassinated
in Sarajevo

July 23, 1914 Austria sent Serbia an ultimatum

July 28, 1914 Austria declares war on Serbia

July 30, 1914 Russia orders full mobilization of its forces

August 1, 1914 Germany declares war on France

August 3, 1914 Germany invades Belgium

August 4, 1914 Britain joins for Belgian neutrality

August 6, 1914 Austria declares war on Russia

Opposing Sides

The Allies The Central Powers

September 5, 1914 1914

Great Britain Germany
France Austria-Hungary
Russia

April 26, 1915 October 29, 1914

Italy Ottoman Empire

April 6, 1917 October 14, 1915

United States of America Bulgaria

The Two Fronts

Western Front Eastern Front

- Northern France - German and Russian borders

 - Schlieffen Plan(Germany) - Russians and Serbs fought against Germans
● Attack France in the west and Autro-Hungarians
● Battle with Russia in the East - In March 1918, Russia signed a treaty with
● Failed because Russia moved faster Germany making the latter victorious in
than expected Eastern Europe

Trench Warfare
- Attacks, counterattacks, and defending from the trenches dug into the ground
- “No man’s land” unoccupied land that no one went into because of the danger of being attacked by the
enemy

The Involvement of Other Countries

Italy With the Allied forces. In the fall of 1917 German

and Austrian forces broke through the Italian lines
at Caporetto taking 275,000 prisoners forcing the
Italian army to retreat

Japan British ally. Took over the German spheres of

influence on the Shantung Peninsula in China and
other Pacific islands

The Ottoman Empire Prevented Allied aid from reaching Russian ports by
planting mines in the Dardanelles. 1915, troops from
Britain, France, New Zealand, and Australia landed in
Gallipoli as a way of reaching Constantinople and
gaining control of the Dardanelles. Allied forces
withdrew due to heavy losses.

Africa British and French troops took control of German

colonies of Togoland and Cameroon

The United States of America In 1914, president Woodrow Wilson announced a policy
of neutrality for the United States.
In 1917, Arthur Zimmermann, a German foreign
secretary tried to make an alliance with Mexico
claiming that Texas and southwest America will be
returned
In April 1917, the US declared war on Germany

Effects of The War

- Many hoped it would be the “end of all wars”
- 8.5 million combatants died
- ±21 million were wounded
- $228 billion were lost
- 10 million civilians died
- The millions that survived lost their livelihoods and properties

Total Troops Mobilized

- Allied Forces: 42 million
- Central Powers: 23 million

Battlefield Deaths of Major Combatants

Germany 1.8 million

Russia 1.7 million

France 1.3 million

Austria-Hungary 1.2 million

 British Empire 908,000

Italy 650,000

Ottoman Empire 325,000

United States of America 116,000

With heavy casualties from both sides manpower became a great concern; Germany, France, Russia, and The Ottoman
Empire sent most of their male population into battle which impacted their human resources.

The Collapse of Four Empires

- Ottoman Empire
- Russian Empire
- Austro-Hungarian Empire
- German Empire

Legacies of The War

Establishment of International Organizations The League of Nations was established gave way for
people to realize that nations can form strong
organization for protection this later led to the
United Nations

Engagement of Women in the Workplace Due to the lack of human resources millions of women
entered the workforce; the survival of societies was
dependent on a thriving economy

Advancements of Technology Nations devoted themselves to developing technologies

that would help them cope. It encouraged people to
become innovative that later helped the economy

Independence of Nations Europe

- Austria-Hungary divided
● Austria
● Hungary
● Czechoslovakia
● Yugoslavia
● Poland
● Lithuania
● Latvia
● Estonia
(the later 3 were due to the revolutions in Russia
and were granted independence after WW2)
Africa
- UK, France, Belgium, and South Africa
controlled former German colonies
Asia
- Germany lost control over Shandong
- Colonies in the Pacific(Samoa and New
Guinea) were given to the British Empire(UK,
NZ & Australia)

Revolution and Nationalism

Nationalism - One’s deep devotion, and loyalty to a particular country, especially one’s country of origin.
Could be due to identity or political sovereignty and power.
Types of Nationalism

Civic Nationalism Shared civic and political values

Ethnic Nationalism Common language, culture, and ethnic ancestry

Disruptive Nationalism Aspiration for national independence

Aggressive Nationalism Aggression between two countries that could lead to

conflict or war

Contemporary Nationalism Nationalist events after WW2

Effects of Nationalism

Russia Alexander III

- Revolutions
- Unified Russian Culture
● Promoted Russian the language
● Forbade other languages
- Pogroms
● Organized violence against Jews
Nicholas II
- Russo-Japanese War
- WW1
● Led to the revolution that
overthrew the Romanovs in 1977
-Russia turned Communist-
Karl Marx
- German philosopher
- Political & Economic ideas influenced
revolutionary leaders to seek reforms
- “The dictatorship of the proletariat”
- Workers should overthrow the czars and rule
the country
Vladimir Ilych Ulyanov(Lenin)
- “Peace, Land, and Bread”
- Leader of the Bolsheviks
- Planned to revive their economy; promote a
state-controlled economy
- New Economic Policy(NEP)
- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR)
- Bolsheviks Party → Communist
Party(influenced the constitution)
- “Dictatorship of the proletariat” →
“dictatorship of the Communist Party”
Joseph Stalin
- “Man of Steel”
- Became head of the Communist Party after
Lenin's death
- “Great Purge”
● Ordered the execution of those who
threatened his power
- Agricultural revolution happened
● A lot of farmers were forced to
give up their lands to the state
● Landowners and kulaks(wealthy
farmers) fought hard for their
earned properties which only
resulted in the death of 5-10
million farmers and landowners
- Women’s involvement in the economy
● Women were encouraged to study and
were allowed to take math and
science related courses
● 195, 75% of soviet doctors were
 women
● Motherhood became an important duty
● They believed that women will
provide their nation future
generations of valuable citizens

China China was forced to open its ports for foreign trade.
- This controlled the economy and political
decisions
- People believed that they needed to
modernize to counter Westerners
Sun Yixian
- Fought alongside the kuomintang(Nationalist
party) into overthrowing the last emperor of
the Qing Dynasty

During WW1 China supported the Allies

- They expected that the Allies through the
treaty of Versailles would give back their
territories but it was given to Japan
instead
- Fueling the desire to push for reforms and
political transformation awakening their
sense of nationalism
May Fourth Movement
- A protest against the decision established
in the treaty
Mao Zedong
- Founders of the Chinese Communist Party
● Used Russia as an inspiration
- “Greatest revolutionary leader”
- Helped build the CCP due to the Nationalists
Party’s failure

India - A movement for their independence was under

way in the late 1800’s but it was postponed
due to WW1.
- With the promise of greater self-rule, India
provided resources and troops to Britain,
however when the war ended Britain only
granted greater self rule domestically
leaving GB in control of foreign policy and
national security
- The Indian National Congress and Muslim
League united for awhile
Rowlatt Act
- An act allowing government(GB) to put
protesters behind bars for two years without
trial
Amritsar Massacre
- A peaceful protest against the Rowlatt act
turned wrong due to the killings that
occurred
Mohandas Gandhi
- Leader of Indian revolution
- Promoted civil disobedience as a way of
protest
- Forced GB to grant limited self rule
- Opened doors for the beginning of political
transformations in India

Turkey After WW1 The Ottoman Empire gave up its territories

except Turkey
- Greece wanted to take a chance and colonize
it
 - With the help of BG they almost took control
of the Turkish territory
Mustafa Kemal
- Commander of the Turkish Army
- Led the army into defeating the Greeks and
the British
- Turkey became the first republic in
Southwest Asia
- Respected different religions and crafted
laws outside of Muslim beliefs
- Adopted and integrated European practices
- Allowed women suffrage and participation in
politics
- Spurred economic growth through his
industrialization programs

Persia Great britain tried to control Persia but the people

ended up defending their country
Reza Shah Pahlavi
- Modernized the country
- Persia → Iran

Saudi Arabia Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud

- Member of a powerful Arabian family
- Successfully unified Arabia in 1902
- Named Saudi Arabia after his family
- Advocated a strong adherence to Islamic
traditions
- Modernized but was limited to what was
acceptable to Islamic beliefs

Years of Crisis

The Great Depression

The United States The “roaring twenties”

- The US experienced decadence, optimism, and
prosperity
Devaluation of stocks
- The believed that shares(stocks) they have
invested in will continually increase in
value
- This created a capital for overproductions
- Companies lost profit and stock value
decreased
- Banks were hugely affected and life savings
were devalued
- Decimated businesses
- Millions were left unemployed
- The US withdrew all foreign assets from
recuperating economies of Austria and
Germany
- Greatly weakened the baking systems of
Austria and Germany which led to its
collapse

France Their economy was not anchored towards the stock

market
- The effects of the financial crisis was
minimal at first due to its low man power
- Large gold reserves balancing the value via
the “gold standard”
 - Had a predominantly agricultural economy
- Had small scale businesses
Leon Blum
- Seeked to increase workers’ wages
- Nationalize the economy
● The state will own all major
industries
Political Instability
- Conflict between the popular front led by
Leon Blum and the French government
- The government refused Leon Blum's policies
as it would bring disaster to a capitalist
economy
- Due to this investors were put off by the
volatility of the political climate and went
to other countries
- This led to the devaluation of the
franc(Frances’ old monetary system)

Great Britain Struggled to cope

- British goods for export were affected and
reduced
- Unemployment and poverty boomed as
industries went down
- The pound was devalued
- Their exported goods became cheaper thus
ensuring that they could be traded rather
than being wasted

Germany “War guilt clause”

- Stipulated in the Treaty of Versailles
emphasized that germany being the sole
perpetrator mus unconditionally pay France,
Belgium, and other European countries with
reparations
Germany could not pay the reparations
- France and Belgium occupied the Ruhr Valley
● Germany’s coal and steel producing
heartland
- This caused an economic shock
- Unemployment, economic inactivity, and
continued printing of money without
“value” by the Weimar Republic led to
hyperinflation
- All classes were affected by the
hyperinflation
- Entire life savings were wiped out and it
created mass disillusion, discontent, and
hatred towards the Weimar republic

World War 2

Factors That Led to World War 2

Treaty of Versailles An agreement between Germany and the Allied Powers to

end WW1
- Was a punishment for the Germans
- Mandated reparations; the Allied powers
enforced Germans to “accept
responsibility”
- Germany lost some of their important
territories
 - Led to Germany’s economic shut down

Economic Depression Countries’ economies were in a state of turmoil

- Businesses were closed
- Many were unemployed
- Resulted in political instability and
worldwide chaos

Rise of Fascism A political belief that focuses on the extreme

nationalism and dictatorship of one leader with only
one party
- Caused by the economic chaos
- Led dictators to establish strong fascist
governments
- These leaders were determined to expand
their territories by looking for new land to
conquer
Benito Mussolini(Italy)
- The worlds’ first fascist leader
- Invaded Ethiopia and Albania
Adolf Hitler(Germany)
- Was influenced by Mussolini
- Ended the democracy in Germany
- Took absolute power over the government

Germany’s Militarism Nazi party rose to power

- Hitler offered hope in restoring their
economy and national pride
- Military expandment was done secretly
- Became an ally of Italy
- Disregarded the League of Nations and the
Treaty of Versailles
- Took over Austria and Czechoslovakia

Failure of Appeasement The British and French started to acknowledge the

lapses of the Treaty of Versailles
- Accepted Hitler’s actions of expanding
territories as reasonable and justifiable
Prompted Britain to adopt Policy of Appeasement
- Agreeing to the demands of another nation in
order to avoid conflict
- Britain and France approved the annexation
of the Germans to Czechoslovakia
- Germany agreed to not occupy Czechoslovakia
as a whole
- March 1939, Germany took over Czechoslovakia
- September 1, 1939, Poland was invaded by
Germany
- Britain and France waged war against Germany

Failure of the League of Nations 1919, the League of Nations was created as an
international organization with the goal of keeping
world peace
- It failed as it had no capacity of
preventing military aggression and invasion
● Mussolini’s annexation of Ethiopia
● Japan’s annexation of Manchuria,
China

Japan’s Militarism The economic depression made Japan lose trust in

their leaders
- Made their army look for solutions for their
economic problems
- Emperor Hirohito became the symbolic leader
- Japan supported military leaders such as
 Hideki Tojo
Japan industrialized quickly
- The Japanese needed more raw materials
- Impelled them to invade Manchuria in China
● Region rich in minerals and
resources
- Japan occupied China and Korea
● China asked for help from the
league of nations
- Japan started to conquer other areas of SEA
● US started to grow concerned for
their territories
- The US military was a threat to their
expansion so Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in
Hawaii on December 1941

The Holocaust

Holocaust ‘Sacrificing by Fire’

- The murder and persecution of an estimated
six million Jews supported by the German
Nazi

The Beginning of the Holocaust January 1933, the Nazi party rose into power
- They introduced a new social order that the
Aryans(Germans) were the “superior race”
- Made the other races the “inferior races”
● Notably the Jews
● Roma(Gypsies)
● The disabled
● Slavic people

Kristallnacht(Night of Broken Glass) November 9, 1938; Jewish homes, businesses,

synagogues in all parts of Germany were raided by the
Nazis
- Killed an estimated 100 Jews
- 3000 Jewish males were held in concentration
camps
- Jews were banned from taking public
transportation and entering public buildings
- Jews were prohibited from running and owning
businesses and were encouraged to live
outside of germany
By the end of 1939 a growing number of Jews found
refuge in other countries
- However the nations closed their borders to
accept more Jewish immigrants after
admitting thousands of Jewish refugees
● France
● Britain
● US
Hitker initiated another plan
- He designed designated cities from their
newly conquered territories in Eastern
Europe for thenJews to line in
- In the cities the Jews will be concentrated
and isolated in ghettos
- Living in the poor inhumane conditions with
Nazis sealing off exits with sight security
in hopes that the Jews would die of hunger
or from diseases

The “Final Solution” Unsatisfied with the outcomes of the Jews living in
ghettos, Hitler created another plan
- Genocide
 ● Physical annihilation of the Jewish
people
● Backed up by his idea of
eliminating “inferior races” to
“protect” the Aryan race
Reinhard Heydrich
- Head of the SS(Security Service)
- The plan was given to him
- Established the Einsatzgruppen, the group
that will carry out the plan
- The group started mobilizing across Germany
and Eastern Europe to hunt down Jews of all
ages and sex to place them in concentration
camps while others were shot to death and
some were taken in as slaves

The Final Stage Death camps with gas chambers were created to kill
thousands of Jews each day
- Largest death camp was built in Auschwitz,
Poland
- ⅓ of the Jews arriving at Auschwitz were
sent to labor camps
● They were asked to work or starve
to death
- ⅔ experienced the gas chamber death
- Other Jewish inmates went through
excruciating medical experimentations by
German doctors

The Great Acceleration

The Four Industrial Revolutions

The First Industrial Revolution Started in Britain

1760-1840 - Textile manufacturing shifted from hand-made
“Mechanization Using Water and Steam” to mechanized
- Textiles were produced using specialized
machines in factories

Groups of workers protested

- Attacked factories
- Destroying machines
Increase in the standard if living
- Transportation, communication,and banking
improved
- Other industries related to coal, iron, and
textile flourished

The Second Industrial Revolution Birth of assembly lines, mass production, and new
1870-1914 innovations
“Mass Production Using Electricity” - Invention of steel, petroleum, and
electricity
● Led to the introduction of
airplanes and automobiles
- Iron was replaced by steel
● Used to the construction of
railroads, ships, and other
industrial machines
- Power stations, power generators, and the
telephone were born
● The light bulb was greatly improved
 Was positive and beneficial
- Improvements in wealth brought by the
several inventions
● Telephone
● Typewriter
● Refrigerator
● Washing machine
● Diesel engine
- The first electric cars and electric
railroad were built
- The first radio wave transmission across the
Atlantic ocean happened

The Third Industrial Revolution Digital Revolution

1950-1970 - Mechanical and analog electronic
“Automation Using Digital Electronics and technologies were replaced by digital
Information Technology” electronics

- Digital mobile phone

- Internet
- Automated teller machines
- Cellular phones
- CD-ROM
- Digital camera
- Industrial robots
- Electronic bulletin boards
- Video game
Privacy and piracy became a concern

Fourth Industrial Revolution Emerging technology breakthroughs

Ongoing - Artificial intelligence
“Innovation Based on Fusion of Physical, Digital, - Internet of Things
and Biological” - Autonomous vehicles
- Nanotechnology
- Robotics
- Biotechnology
- Materials science
- Energy storage
- Quantum computing

- Drones
- Self-driving cars
- Virtual assistants
- Software that translates, invests, analyze,
and identify
- Social media
- Better service
Companies with great vision continuously thought of
ways or strategies to improve their businesses

Environmental issues such as the following were caused by emerging industries

- Climate change
- Global warming