TMATTER hAVE S

Faaluses Clasical vmechamicss

CLassical mechanics fotls to exploin
pheoer ndia Post

photoelakric ejfect
Whe atomic Spectra blackbady radiotion,
w o v e & pastide
heat selids and
Cempton ebece, speciyic
notuoie otom
&xplarotion
Hydrogen otom nuleus ase
asard-the hysuogen
- lle
eddt
esoone
ne reuoB ving
direction and hene aaceleoat
cceleio ng
ng
censtanty chongi
changing
mechanics an accelesoting chasged
to clasical
Accdinrg electromagnetic
rodioti en
ond
enet
paticle should
honca Leke ene9y Leße l enoR9y
would eventuolly
electronR
Hence, the nucleus. Bt
we
hse
k new that
kneuw
csash into the
and
tha cose.
this is not

roddiation roys
Cit) Black body nechanics,
eloctTomagnctic
closical any coowelongth.
Accsding to C
caan ho
h aw
ue

from a bloakbod
odated
not toue. the freqpe
This ig actuolly is dapendent c e n ette
edd
oowelength u ë ae
Asthe
AS vange
cnd
cendthe
the
a
aa

toaue

ognetic know a3
photers
Photens.
t h e elactvo odiotion knouwn os
discrete packets
copacity solids predicien h
prediction ha
o t
the
Speihic heo
Loc the
e c to
to
3R.
Ciit equipaski tien eneng
energy
s
seoi
idd
elomenkg
elementg
be 3R.
should be
should
kelo mele o doran,
doran_
classjcal mele
kelo
heot pes in tthe
he o -temp.
llou-ternp.
tne petijc
t n e Specijic completely
Completely
this Aediction
folled
follsd
t h o n 3R at Louo temp.
Cut aoe Louwen
Plondk, Einsten
all mctals Einstein
Heot copacitieg o asumpukin
as
expesLmestg
quantizotion io the expeiae
in
d y using the
the the trenda
the trends
so
S n
en

e0 thot 3olleus
ved aon
dosu vedd
dasi n

b
eKT
(tV) Fine strudtue g Spechral Lines
mechaniu Boh wsed hydoqen eletre
In clas icol but he els
enplain the afomic emision Specdv u m
ploun the oth thinge. nawsow Wnes
Sesus
censistg
-alomic specsa
be undesustood
the en9y 9
Can
This3 ebseuwaion

d to ouisCrete yolues
con6ine aliscrste omorly
discrte onmorig
atoms
he
emited ob sonbed
absonbed onty in
6mly
be ansisgHon
trangishd,.
Eneq
Eneg 9
con

a
cotaun 3requency apeos ) 0 e a c h
- Aine

and cwave notuou two

twP o
()Pasulicle posticley co
C oo
uaee
s
Gonsi dered posticley and by diewnt la
l aus
s ,..
lasSicalphHsics
by dijjecnt
being 9ovened
listinck entite, S p a c e ib
space
thsusughout
entety
distribuirs enoug thsuSughaut
tenes49y
hile wawe

cwawe-)Y onis a
smal regi bn
Conined to
o
lo aa postile the eneg
wcwe
usawe chasade
thasOd
Paca. e h i b i tted
--

wa3 soon
soSm exhibi ed

dual notuwu g ight ard

ond
the
the posuid
posutida
Tre
ard polarizoli Oy
polavzoioy
a tion
inteyeane, dilr ehect.
by
by (photoelectridty
ond Comrptem aCcepted
Ond w
c oo
ags accepted.
choetacier by resslued
r esolued o nd
not be
duolity could
This
This
Dualnoture ef Light and mott thoi
thol liqht
light
h a s dlwol
dwal
d
cleessc
crriib
bees

duol notuse 9 igh

The
The Coowe otOe
ocwe otuoa
chasocdens and
ond
both fotice photoelacforc ehbeck
ejjece
Hbehaves os eBEet
photoelacfoic
BBeck
ike the cetpfon
phehcmena
I In
t h e p a I K i C l e

behaver as infenyeENce a
irdeye2enco
ond
nd
the ighe dlTatien ,
ke igh tha
c
OwOwee.
.

I nphenognena ightbehaves
behaveg ag
as

en ight igh
pelaisoi
-In mirosopic desripticn ooo
h Oww ee
2
the
then the
then
the mediu)
mediUH
in
th e
propogafing
*if the ighd e
consideed.
otuoo ight u
irteraks
ith the matier
a tte

the ignt muduolly

* if cemsideiea
the posfila notus he ligr cs
thon
 roqlte conopt of matlex hwawe3
g
ccording to de-Bxoglie a tile
movim9 potide
ta natura ,
has woue properkieg
uhotever fndia Poet

ith i
asso uated
- 4 s iven b
A b
mv

cohee A- coouwelongih
h plok's con8tant
nomentunm
t h e posHle
P th Patile
ma q9 poaticle,
the
V- veloiy q axa
Weg axe
motien
m otteA pasti des
fasti
08ocioded uth the
the
cwowes
the
the
-Thusb,
hus,
Cwoues o da-Broglie coaue.
rodiotion,
has
dual noto
Coled matte uke
thot matie,
He poopoied n ottu
o
no se
e,,
hocwelengh
hOouekength: iin
n
de-Brcqle Symmetoy
Symsmetoy

Exprestion fo a tth
heea
see
De-Broqlie
to behowe 08 UDaNe.
-AcSding
acc
a caAd
diirn
ngg
to
to
pa9kides rm3t
L oweweleng
weleng th
t
diotien q
fo ight
the Plondk equaie) igd
E eneigy, c is Speac
E = hc
che
uoauwelng th 6.63x/o 3 Sss
Ais censtart
=

h es planck 's

Teloti
T e l a tom
io.

By
Einstein's
mas-enchgy
mag -
m tha
heae

uwe he
h ow
wee
we
Ond
ond
Fs em O
mc= h

mc =E

Accoding to De-Brogüe uidh

u i d h velocxty v
then
veloccty Vther
n3movimg
9 mas
apatide
Ifa
o%ododed uith
is gven
gven
the Loauelangth
 Chee P merrenkU)

The kirehc enOgy the (POstilo dgiven

P V2mEk
m
Then
h
2mEx
is aceleratel by. psterdial
posficle ay
-1f he chaged
coouelongth i given by,
V then
dieonco
Ex V fol da-Broqlie
the expressien
This is
A= h
wouelength.
vama,V
v then
thon ven
s 3 ven
i by
by
accelerotod by pd
e is
1fthe
m 9-1 xio kg
hee 6. 63x 1 0 J s
A h =

y amey e 6 x /oC

A3,87 A"
3 uhich
velocety at
velocity | Phase the rcte
Wave 0ove2 is veloiky
a
is t h e
phase veloity mediom.
This
The fn any Cempemnt
CempoNOt a
the woue psiopagal reqvey
requey
ne
ay
the phase
uhich
ot
the wcwe trawels
v
V h
ho s aa
os coaue
coQve

u
cui itth
h elocty
elocty
meuing by Ah
apressiem
mass
m
cwouelong á gien by
poticle
uhese
uuhese coouelang th
th
t
CLLlth

Let vbe tha reqen

posukcle.
a 9 S o c i o t e d

the
ene}
the cotoul
be
- Let the
E
aocioted ww
C Oowwe
e
w.kt E=mc
but
E hv
Then hv mcà

be the de-Bro q te
waue velouty .

Then
Then
Le Vp
( )
 velouby (
ulth uhich a waue pake!
e veloctty the
akociated cuith
the gup 7 oves)
callo.cd the group veldell
mevng pauticle trawels ts
Ezpresion:
two CwOLwe
-
Considco
9 , a stn (wt-k,x)
a Sin (wat
kox) displaaran
a the
resltank

supespoSihon,

principla
rem the be 2iven ae
these cwOLve3 con

(ut-
kox)
(t-k,x)+
a Sin
asin
=
t
y 2acos Cot =o a r d
oth, then
to each
clese
ane vesuy
-If &
tk) = k
becones

obove e q kx)
StmCut
-

Hence

y 2a( d ) ( * ee tg
(t-kx)
oth A str
this
Compoong

A 2a cos elco t -dk

A 2acosd
mis
This dg
tg e
enn cas
ag

is the grep veloity

cuhehe
dk

0088357
 & phae velot
Reltücnship bettoeen O p velocity
co.kt
-Foom the delimition phase velot
cO= kUP -O
Ve- K
, ke 2r
DfeRantioting O 9et e

dao = kdVp + Vpdk d

do Vp t k dyp K 2P, -
2r
,
dk dk x

+ k dy, d
Va da dk

Va Ve -A dVe
hAVES
EXISTENSE OF MATTER
FOR they ar
r ee
THOMSON'S ExPERIMENT d
d i lisr
ra d
ad edl
fe
cuhen they
ase
beams a Cocy
ysstt o
Eleckrern
Prncple atemiC
aBemic rays
the requla
Scatte2d by
by
censtrutien:

A N

F
Pump abeve.
shsuoD above.
as
Ongementi tube Ac
tube
epeimentol a in aa
dischauge
d ischaee
The psoducwd in
-

is
catnode ays
- A
A b eam
beom g inducion coil,
col.
hele
incident on
i n c i d e n t en
ree A One
inuuction ase
a
meOns
g thouough aa 2ina
ine abeut
f 1om
10m
by thsuogh is
3oil is
electrons
asng e oil
the
cth
The thicknes o p photo
no n a hoto
F. The elecrons is r
reec
ceei
ivve
edd
gsld oil c8
a
a thin elecros
beam
emesgent
-The

-9rophic ploto P is made ble

ponible
d e pe% by the
by
the pottern
examinaien
visual
louveent screen S.
 ung madeziaes
known velocity is
electons c
beam 9
beam
ajtes
he photogrophi plall, India Pe o n s i s t i n e
to all thin 9otc
foul.
Symmetrcol potles

potlesu
i nc
consisEne
the Summetrical
trauetsing developed
a ebtained.

es developeed i3ebtained

is
the plate centrod
c ontrol 6po1
when
abcud
a bod a sodued by X-Ias
Cen@nric
rings the potfesun
similosn to
Similosn to
i dejletea
-This
pottesun
crystal
method.
method
olischage
tube ane dofleted
tube
ane

s a
dischange
de the S u
in the pow iin the the screen
the
sren

coathode ro pattesunn
patteun
nGn
the enkire
2 i e l e d , the
-
- when
W hen

magnekie
wespondingg:
eledron=
electren
by a diroded
dipaded

s due
to
to shit coniormed
a%
a due by the eleckonss
Jound s oonimeo
qeneattd
cotteun
the X-ray,
Trus secendoy

and
and
nst du to di
d is
saaP
pppeeaa
sss,
,
2ou
thsough tha
the
the pottesin
pottes
going the lm F.
t h e ilm F es
e se
ennk
kiio
all
remeving
en
the iim s
theilm
Fuouthe the presence
the electrens3

sheuuing9 that as
C
Coppu
ussd
c le
ess been
bean
S c
s caot
ttte
erre
edd
behauecl hove

-If the elec ens sh

s he
ouullc
a
the 2eil
theuoogh electron
elecron
pasing angle. domernstíalns thot
thhok the
cuide d a m e n s t i a l s

a diybracien p atesuns c
pattesns
coa
y
thoough e p e i i m e n t

ouGbrachGn
tthis
his CwaNes,Sincee
Gince

deasdy
deasdy,
behaves,
o3
Oves,

behave
beom
beam COOwe

psuocued
only by
be
Calulotisn wauelength

agg zelatien,
2do
m 2d stno
Smce
Smce i s
s Smal
S mo

Fsem fi9, 2=tan20 20

nA= 2do

ZL

A Rd
This agrees nlith the oavelongth colcultre 4rem De-Barogle
This providos ultimate cenhimotiby -feA Aoowe c t o e.
 Javisson- Gearme Expesirnest two diffeRent
diffeaen oton
afon
frem two
waves3 velected
The ditexen
Principle haue a fxed phage
uell
loyess
a Ni - csystol u
uitl
l tnderyere
tntesryexe
eithe
woves
these
Aften T e j l e t i e n , H e n c a prodduoing
Henca
produCing
distructi vey.
c e n s t r o iveluy
dLHacion potorn

Constructien

shown
shewn obeve
abeve
s os
amongement elamens, F by
flpment,F
epesiimentol a
The
podued by
by heating
heatin9
ae
-

Ele e n s L'T
battesuy,LT
battesny, paKing
paSiny thouough
thouough
Lew
tensiom
a
acce
ellu
uiio
otte
edc by H:T
a then
then poterstiod,
ase
elechens
A. to
cthith high
These
Thoe cyundas
-

alluminium

an
a n
Coun be opplued las9e
single
Singe rystal e
ouls on
a
beam
elactson
This the
the
all d
d iire
ec hiong
ch ons by
nicke . in
tn all
sc
coottB
tees
seed
d
ae
electrons
The anL cslected
collectedd
ae

in the crysta all

isectiems
diechons

atoms S C o t t e T e c in
i n

the co
oltlle
ectt
oonr.
.
the
eleckrons cylindes C
C
called
sensiive g alaianomefen
galaianometen
G
The
cyindiest ensiive

Foraday connected to scale 5

by a connected
gradiuated circula
ann
sale S
colleckot
gradiuoited
The a
along
C n d moved
and
oLmally en
e n the suyaca q
suyace 3
wukin9 noimally
beam
eloc ons 3olls
The beom
tre rystal layer the coystat
dilhration e Ocrem the gusyoa
A pstoduced
C
ating ss a plae grating
eac
lon
h
each azimuth the coystaul,a beom

fterer a ons
nystal
&s modo to 2aull no'unally on the

The cellecko is meued to vosious poiiong On India Post

a eah
the 9alwaomate
deleckion
the scale s and
posiion s noted.
a maosuse t h e intensi ty t h e
Thisdeledi on gves
elocks oms ogainsE the angle
angle
dibhractd beom plotted ogains
s
9uwanemete
oalachon beam
beam ueltoge.
ueltouge
The and the
tha
incicen beam
between the the acceleroting
houoly smooth,
ttll en he u u e
the
t
uoIue
remans n
spu apecsG
a p p e c s S
The
The 9roph a
becerme9 44V hen t h e leng th 3
longtn
vstlage
ueltage
voltage is
in
nccr
reea
ass
eedd ,
e t S4v
the acelesuating the
maimum

AS reaches
til it
increases,
the spu. voltoge, the
uolage,
at an angl So°. i
inn the
th22
a
accc
ee li
le eo
o tt
ti ng
q
a t 68v
increoje
disoppeorus
-bWith fuothe and in.ally
ecrease
in long th
SpuL

68V
6OV
SyV c
ca n be
an

oot StV
spus
at
af 5o
5o°
cwcue
poLelenged h
be e coaue
occustence
( nteyerene
inteyerene
-the C
c ee
m ng
gttr
tuuc
C Hive
the
as d u to
enplained
l.66 A
theory A E 12:25 A
Oe-Broque's
vS4
d-2.15AnEL

expesiment Fon 'nickel

Acoding to this
nA &d sing
50
A = ( a - 1 5 )Sin

A 16SA with the

uuith the
value s clese areemont
Thus the cpesumental beoum beha
eebehay
thot h e beoum g
the
value. This sheuus
theoiical
oliradi o at rekecking susyoe
ihe -TO, Sutjeuswowe ike chonadesishc3
hos a
Ond th
 Heisenbeug's Uncelainky Poiniple:
Tt is fmpos hle to dedeorntne preclsely and
Stotement: On and
the values o both positi
position
Stmultaneousuy
momentum tha posukide
mothemodi cally,
-rauy midosOpe
posl Hon
cuith
Cxamp: (D deteuminouon g
sut
a beam q
elecheng by a Mkrescope objetive
(i) OAxacuo)
AK B
The Gamma Ray Miroscope
awe try to measuse the posi ion and
-Suppese
mementm an e n9
an imaginasy
ineos
oiouos COpe cuuith
a high re%evng powe
atleast
- The elecon con be o b s e w e d if Photon Elechan
t i n t o the
Sattead y
One phdton is
miros Cep lens.
the microscope s grven by 2sine
The resowin9 poLe 9
distonce b l tuwo points Cuhith
cuhih cap
ca be
-
Cuheste bx is the
microscspe
ust resolued by ble
Cuould be
Cuould be viSible
uiSi
in cuhih elocthen
the elecren
This i the ronge
distuwtbtd by the phofon.
CLuhen
ouewed n the pesiton
Hene
the un coutainily
meosuement theelachom
inuad
ct
u th
h the elactson
eloctron
elecron

Houvever1, the inceminq

eGect pheten
phsten
the cempton scattered
ScattetLd
thoough this e l e o , th
eletron, hee
able to sa
CLithin h e
the
a n g 29.
ange a9.
o ke
TTo CLuithin
ente the micro sope the eloctrem dusuno
eleltren disun
to
Sheuld phetSn
impastd by the
The
mementum

the oden hlA

hlA
SinO and
8
oleng OA
is -
the impa meentom
ths
cepenent
The
sine in X-dir" i
thot oleng OB measuerment!

in tha mementim
Hence
wnccsdainity AxAP=Axh x Sin0 =h
h sino
AxAP
sino -(-hA sino h stn 9Sing
APx
euull sheo that
-

A 802 6ophisticofed opPrOach

A P,