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The USA, 1954–75: Conflict at Home and Abroad

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Edexcel - GCSE (Grade 9-1)

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available

The USA, 1954–75:


Conflict at Home and Abroad
GCSEHistory.com
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STUDY GUIDE

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The USA, 1954–75: Conflict at Home and

Sa Abroad
Edexcel - GCSE

app
available

www.GCSEHistory.com
Published by Clever Lili Limited.

[email protected]

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First published 2020

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ISBN 978-1-913887-14-8

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Copyright notice

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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means (including
photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some

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other use of this publication) with the written permission of the copyright owner. Applications for the copyright
owner's written permission should be addressed to the publisher.

Clever Lili has made every effort to contact copyright holders for permission for the use of copyright material. We

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Contents
How to use this book............................................................................................. 7 Voting Rights Act, 1965........................................................................................ 0

What is this book about? ..................................................................................... 8


Black Power Movement
Revision suggestions .......................................................................................... 10
Malcolm X.............................................................................................................. 0
Timelines Black Power ........................................................................................................... 0

USA Conflict at Home and Abroad, 1954 to 1975........................................... 11 Support for Black Power ..................................................................................... 0

Mexico Olympics, 1968........................................................................................ 0


Black Americans in the 1950s
Black Panthers ...................................................................................................... 0
Treatment of Black Americans......................................................................... 14
Riots, 1964-67........................................................................................................ 0
Segregation............................................................................................................15
Kerner Report........................................................................................................ 0
Discrimination .................................................................................................... 16
Civil Rights Movement in the Late 1960s
Civil Rights Organisations
Martin Luther King's Campaign in the North................................................ 0
Civil Rights .............................................................................................................0
Martin Luther King's Assassination, 1968 ...................................................... 0
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ...................0
Civil Rights Act, 1968........................................................................................... 0
Congress of Racial Equality ................................................................................0

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Poor People's Campaign, 1968 ........................................................................... 0
Regional Council of Negro Leadership.............................................................0

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John F Kennedy..................................................................................................... 0
Universities ............................................................................................................0
Lyndon B Johnson ................................................................................................ 0

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Churches .................................................................................................................0
Richard Nixon and Civil Rights......................................................................... 0
Civil Rights in Education, 1950s
Reasons for US Involvement in the Vietnam War
Brown v Topeka, 1954...........................................................................................0

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French Rule of Vietnam ...................................................................................... 0
Little Rock High School, 1957..............................................................................0

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General Giap ......................................................................................................... 0
Montgomery Bus Boycott and Its Impact Dien Bien Phu, 1954 ............................................................................................. 0

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Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955-56....................................................................0 Geneva Accords, 1954 .......................................................................................... 0
Martin Luther King...............................................................................................0 Domino Theory..................................................................................................... 0
Southern Christian Leadership Council ..........................................................0 Ho Chi Minh .......................................................................................................... 0
Civil Rights Act, 1957 ............................................................................................0 Vietcong.................................................................................................................. 0

Opposition to Civil Rights Strategic Hamlet Program.................................................................................. 0

Civil Rights Opposition .......................................................................................0 Phoenix Program.................................................................................................. 0

Ku Klux Klan ..........................................................................................................0 Battle of Ap Bac, 1963........................................................................................... 0

Dixiecrats................................................................................................................0 Ngo Dinh Diem ..................................................................................................... 0

Emmett Till Murder, 1955 ....................................................................................0 Diem Government Overthrow .......................................................................... 0

Gulf of Tonkin Incident, 1964 ............................................................................ 0


Civil Rights in the 1960s
Sit-Ins, 1960............................................................................................................0 The Nature of the War, 1964 to 1968

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ...............................................0 Tactics of the Vietcong......................................................................................... 0

Freedom Riders, 1961............................................................................................0 Tactics of the USA................................................................................................. 0

James Meredith Case ............................................................................................0 Siege of Khe Sanh, 1968....................................................................................... 0

Campaign C, 1963..................................................................................................0 Battle of Hue, 1968................................................................................................ 0

Washington March, 1963 .....................................................................................0 Tet Offensive.......................................................................................................... 0

Freedom Summer, 1964 .......................................................................................0 Nixon and Vietnam


Mississippi Murders.............................................................................................0 Richard Nixon ....................................................................................................... 0
Civil Rights Act, 1964 ...........................................................................................0 Henry Kissinger.................................................................................................... 0
Selma, 1964.............................................................................................................0 Nixon Doctrine...................................................................................................... 0

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Vietnamisation ......................................................................................................0

Cambodia Attacks, 1970.......................................................................................0

Laos Attacks, 1971 ..................................................................................................0

North Vietnam Bombing .....................................................................................0

Failure of Vietnamisation....................................................................................0

Reactions to the Vietnam War


Opposition to Vietnam War ................................................................................0

Student Movement ...............................................................................................0

Draft System ..........................................................................................................0

My Lai Massacre, 1968..........................................................................................0

Kent State University Protests............................................................................0

Opposition from Politicians to the Vietnam War...........................................0

Hard Hats................................................................................................................0

Silent Majority.......................................................................................................0

Political Support for the Vietnam War .............................................................0

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Peace Process

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Peace Negotiations................................................................................................0
Easter Offensive, 1972 ..........................................................................................0

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Paris Peace Accords, 1973 ....................................................................................0

Fall of Saigon, 1975 ................................................................................................0

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Cost of the Vietnam War......................................................................................0

Reasons for USA's failure.....................................................................................0

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Impact on Civilians...............................................................................................0

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Glossary .................................................................................................................17

Index ...................................................................................................................... 21

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HOW TO USE THIS BOOK

How
In to use
this study this
guide, book
you will see a series of icons, highlighted words and page references. The key below will help you quickly
establish what these mean and where to go for more information.

Icons
WHAT questions cover the key events and themes.

WHO questions cover the key people involved.

WHEN questions cover the timings of key events.

WHERE questions cover the locations of key moments.

WHY questions cover the reasons behind key events.

HOW questions take a closer look at the way in which events, situations and trends occur.

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IMPORTANCE questions take a closer look at the significance of events, situations, and recurrent trends and themes.

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DECISIONS questions take a closer look at choices made at events and situations during this era.

Highlighted words

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Abdicate - occasionally, you will see certain words highlighted within an answer. This means that, if you need it, you’ll find an

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explanation of the word or phrase in the glossary which starts on page 17.

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Page references
Tudor (p.7) - occasionally, a certain subject within an answer is covered in more depth on a different page. If you’d like to learn
more about it, you can go directly to the page indicated.

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WHAT IS THIS BOOK ABOUT?

What is this book about?


The USA, 1954-75: Conflict at Home and Abroad, is the modern depth study that focuses on the development of the civil
rights movement, the challenges it faced and to what extent it overcame those challenges. The course also investigates
why and how the USA was involved in the Vietnam War, and the reaction to that involvement. You will focus on crucial
events during this period, and study the different social, cultural, political, economic and military changes that
occurred.

Purpose
This study enables you to understand the complexities and challenges that the USA faced at home and abroad. You will
investigate themes such as civil rights, protest, segregation, integration, government, domino theory, guerrilla warfare
and the impact of the media. This course will enable you to develop the historical skills of causation and consequence,
and encourage you to analyse and evaluate contemporary sources as well as interpretations of the time period.

Topics
The USA, 1954-75: Conflict at Home and Abroad is split into 4 key topics:
Topic 1 looks at the development of the civil rights movement between 1954 and 1960. You will study to what
extent the movement made progress and the obstacles that had to be overcome. You will also study the opposition
to the movement.
Topic 2 looks at the later development of the civil rights movement from 1960 to 1973. You will also study how the
movement radicalised with the development of Black Power and the impact of individuals such as Malcolm X and
Stokely Carmichael.

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Topic 3 looks at why and how the US became involved in the Vietnam War. You will study how US involvement
changed under presidencies of Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon.

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Topic 4 looks at how Americans reacted to US involvement in the Vietnam War and why US involvement ended.
You will study the key reasons for the growth in opposition to the war. The reasons why the USA failed to win the
war will also be explored.

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Key Individuals

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Some of the key individuals studied on this course include:
Martin Luther King.

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Rosa Parks.
Malcolm X.
President Johnson.
President Nixon.
Ngo Dinh Diem.

Key Events
Some of the key events you will study on this course include:
Brown versus Board of Education of Topeka.
The murder of Emmett Till.
Little Rock High School.
Civil Rights Act 1957.
The March on Washington.
My Lai Massacre.
The Fall of Saigon.

Assessment
The USA, 1954-75: Conflict at Home and Abroad is paper 3, which you have a total of 1 hour and 20 minutes to complete.
There will be 3 exam questions which will assess what you have learnt. Question 3 will be broken down into a, b, c and d.
You answer all questions.
Question 1 is worth 4 marks. This question will require you to make two inferences from a source that answers the
question asked. You will need to support each inference with relevant detail from the source. This could be in the
form of a quote, detail from a visual source or by paraphrasing what the source states.

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WHAT IS THIS BOOK ABOUT?

Question 2 is worth 12 marks. This question will require you to explain why an event occurred. You need to
identify three reasons, support each one with accurate and relevant factual detail that is precisely selected and
then clearly explain how each cause made the event happen.
Question 3a is worth 8 marks. This question asks you to explain how useful two sources are for a specific enquiry
using the content of the source, the provenance of the source and your own contextual knowledge.
Question 3b is worth 4 marks. This question asks you to identify the main difference in the views of two historical
interpretations on a specific topic. You have to support the main difference with details from both
interpretations.
Question 3c is worth 4 marks. This question asks you to suggest one reason why the views of the two historical
interpretations might be different. You have to support the main difference with details from both interpretations
and you could can use the sources from question 3a to help you answer the question.
Question 3d is worth 16 marks and an additional 4 marks for spelling, punctuation and grammar. This question
asks you to explain how far you agree with one of the interpretations. In your explanation you have to evaluate
both interpretations, using your own knowledge of the historical context to come to your conclusion.

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REVISION SECTION REMOVED.

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USA CONFLICT AT HOME AND ABROAD, 1954 TO 1975

USA Conflict at Home and Abroad, 1954 TIMELINE


to 1975

May 1954 - Brown v Topeka ruling (p.0)


1954

July 1954 - Geneva Accords (p.0)

1955 August 1955 - Emmett Till murdered (p.0)

December 1955 - Montgomery bus boycott began (p.0)

September 1957 - Little Rock (p.0)


1957

September 1957 - Civil Rights Act (p.0)

1960 February 1960 - Greensboro sit-in (p.0)

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May 1961 - Freedom Riders began (p.0)
1961

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1963 June 1963 - Equal Pay Act first published

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January 1963 - Battle of Ap Bac (p.0)

April/May 1963 - Campaign C (p.0)

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August 1963 - March on Washington (p.0)

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November 1963 - Assassination of President Kennedy (p.0)

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Freedom summer (p.0) 1964

August 1964 - Gulf of Tonkin incident (p.0)

July 1964 - Civil Rights Act (p.0)

1965 February 1965 - Assassination of Malcolm X (p.0)

August 1965 - Voting Rights Act (p.0)

June 1966 - National Organization for Women (NOW) set up 1966

October 1966 - Black Panthers (p.0)

1968 March 1968 - Battle of Hue ended (p.0)

March 1968 - My Lai Massacre (p.0)

April 1968 - Martin Luther King assassinated (p.0)

July 1968 - Siege of Khe Sanh ended (p.0)

May 1970 - Kent State shootings (p.0)


1970

1969 July 1969 - Nixon Doctrine announced (p.0)

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USA CONFLICT AT HOME AND ABROAD, 1954 TO 1975

February/March 1971 - Laos attacks (p.0)


1971

1973 January 1973 - Paris Peace Accords (p.0)

April 1975 - Fall of Saigon (p.0)


1975

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USA CONFLICT AT HOME AND ABROAD, 1954 TO 1975

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TREATMENT OF BLACK AMERICANS
'Our constitution is colour-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens.' Judge
Harlan disagreeing with Plessy v Ferguson

What was the experience of African Americans in the USA in the 1950s?
Life for African Americans in 1950s America depended on where they lived. Most southern states had some segregations
laws, which meant black and white people had to use separate facilities.

What was life like for African Americans in the south in the 1950s?
In the south, strict segregation laws known as the 'Jim Crow' laws were enforced. This meant African Americans had to
attend different schools to white children, use separate facilities in public areas, and were separated from white people
on public transport.

What were the Jim Crow laws for for African Americans during the 1950s?
The 'Jim Crow' laws were introduced in a number of southern states to keep African Americans apart from white people.
They were still in force after the Second World War.

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What was life like for African Americans living in the north in the 1950s?

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African Americans in the north of America faced 4 main issues:

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Racism and discrimination were common.
Most African Americans lived in areas where there were no white people, they self-segregated, and they earned less.
There was a higher rate of unemployment among African Americans.

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African Americans usually lived in the poorest areas.

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Why didn't African Americans vote in the 1950s and 1960s?
In the 1950s, few African Americans living in the south were able to vote as state governments used 3 key methods to
prevent them from registering:
Violence was often threatened or used.
They had to pay a poll tax, which few African Americans could afford.
They had to pass a literacy test which was deliberately made very difficult. White Americans did not have to take the
literacy test.

Why didn't the president help African Americans in the 1950s?


Congress and the president did not enforce civil rights because they sometimes needed support from southern
politicians who were often racist. Many southern voters would also not support civil rights.

Why didn't the Supreme Court help African Americans in the 1950s?
There were 2 main reasons the Supreme Court did not ban segregation:
The Supreme Court could have banned segregation but was heavily influenced by the views and opinions of its
judges, many of whom were against civil rights.
The Supreme Court had ruled in 1896 that separate facilities were allowed as long as they were equal. This was
known as the Plessy v Ferguson case. It was used as a legal precedent when any civil rights groups tried to challenge
segregation legally.

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SEGREGATION
'Colored go to back of bus' - sign in Montgomery, Alabama

How were African Americans segregated in the 1950s?


There was widespread discrimination against, and segregation of, African Americans across the USA in the early 1950s.
Access to some facilities, housing, education and life opportunities were either refused or restricted. Segregation was
enforced and as a people they were marginalised.

How was segregation enforced in the north of the USA in the 1950s?
In the north they found they were segregated through discrimination in education, employment opportunities and
housing. They were only able to get badly paid jobs so could not afford to live anywhere else but the ghettos.

How was segregation enforced in 1950s southern America?


There were 2 main ways segregation was enforced in the south of America.
A series of state and local laws, known as the 'Jim Crow' laws, were used to legalise and enforce racial segregation.
African Americans had to attend separate schools and separate areas in places such as restaurants, cinemas, libraries

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and parks.

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Why was segregation an embarrassment to the USA during the Cold war in the 1950s?

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During the Cold War, the USA proclaimed itself as the leading nation of the free world. However, in reality, its black
citizens were being treated dreadfully.

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Did African Americans have voting rights in America during the period of segregation in the 1950s?

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During the 1950s very few African Americans were able to vote in the south.

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In a bid to gain their votes, politicians in the north of the USA began to introduce policies that would appeal to
African Americans.
African Americans in parts of southern states had some voting rights to elect officials within their segregated
communities.

What did white people do to prevent African Americans from voting during segregation in the 1950s?
White people employed 5 key methods to try and prevent African Americans from voting:
African Americans employees were threatened with the loss of their jobs if they tried to vote.
Some states allowed political parties to block people from being members on the grounds of race.
In some states, African Americans had to successfully complete complicated literacy tests to be allowed to vote.
Gangs would congregate outside polling stations to beat up African American voters.
A number of African American people went to court in an attempt to defend their right to vote. Some of them were
murdered.
Did you know: Segregation did not always exist in America.

Segregation did not always exist in America.


The key Jim Crow laws emerged between 1890 and 1910.

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DISCRIMINATION
'I see what's possible when we recognise that we are one American family, all deserving of equal
treatment.' President Barack Obama

How were African Americans discriminated against in the 1950s?


African Americans suffered discrimination throughout America, but it was worse in some areas of the country.

Where in the Deep South of the USA did discrimination occur?


African Americans were discriminated against in several ways by white people in the Deep South, which was made up
of the states in the southern and eastern parts of the USA such as Alabama, Louisiana and Mississippi.

What was discrimination like in the Deep South of the USA?


There are 3 main things to note about how discrimination happened in the Deep South:
White people refused to socialise with African Americans, seeing them as lazy, stupid and criminally minded.
There were some racists in law enforcement, including policemen and judges. It was common for African Americans
to be beaten unless they confessed to crimes they hadn't carried out, and they could be imprisoned for no reason.

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If an African American was murdered, then often it would not be investigated as the police were often racist and

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could also be members of the KKK (p.0).

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GLOSSARY

Glossary
A
Communist - a believer in communism.

Conference - a formal meeting to discuss common issues of


Agricultural - relating to agriculture.
interest or concern.
Air strike - an attack by aircraft, typically a bombing.
Conscription - mandatory enlistment of people into a state
Allies - parties working together for a common objective, such as service, usually the military.
countries involved in a war. In both world wars, 'Allies' refers to
Conservative - someone who dislikes change and prefers
those countries on the side of Great Britain.
traditional values. It can also refer to a member of the
Ammunition - collective term given to bullets and shells. Conservative Party.

Amputate, Amputation - to surgically remove a limb from Constitution - rules, laws or principles that set out how a country
someone's body. is governed.

Artillery - large guns used in warfare. Containment - meaning to keep something under control or
within limits, it often refers to the American idea of stopping the
Assassinate - to murder someone, usually an important figure, spread of communism.
often for religious or political reasons.
Corrupt - when someone is willing to act dishonestly for their
Assassination - the act of murdering someone, usually an own personal gain.
important person.
Council - an advisory or administrative body set up to manage the
Attrition - the act of wearing down an enemy until they collapse affairs of a place or organisation. The Council of the League of
through continued attacks. Nations contained the organisation's most powerful members.

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Crusades - a series of religious wars during the Middle Ages

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B where the Christians of Europe tried to take control of the holy
land (Jerusalem).

p
Blockade - a way of blocking or sealing an area to prevent goods,
supplies or people from entering or leaving. It often refers to Culture - the ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a particular
blocking transport routes. people or society.

m
Booby traps - seemingly harmless devices concealing something
that will kill, harm or surprise. Especially in warfare, booby traps D

a
were often set off by a wire and contained explosives.
Deadlock - a situation where no action can be taken and neither
Boycott - a way of protesting or bringing about change by refusing side can make progress against the other; effectively a draw.

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to buy something or use services.
Defect - the act of defection; to leave your country or cause for
Bribe, Bribery, Bribes - to dishonestly persuade someone to do another.
something for you in return for money or other inducements.
Demilitarised - to remove all military forces from an area and
forbid them to be stationed there.
C
Democracy - a political system where a population votes for its
Campaign - a political movement to get something changed; in government on a regular basis. The word is Greek for 'the rule of
military terms, it refers to a series of operations to achieve a goal. people' or 'people power'.

Casualties - people who have been injured or killed, such as Democratic - relating to or supporting the principles of
during a war, accident or catastrophe. democracy.

Ceasefire - when the various sides involved in conflict agree to Deploy - to move military troops or equipment into position or a
stop fighting. place so they are ready for action.

Censorship - the control of information in the media by a Desegregation - a policy of removing racial segregation
government, whereby information considered obscene or (separation).
unacceptable is suppressed.
Discriminate, Discrimination - to treat a person or group of
Civil rights - the rights a citizen has to political or social freedoms, people differently and in an unfair way.
such as the right to vote or freedom of speech.
Dissolution, Dissolve - the formal ending of a partnership,
Civilian - a non-military person. organisation or official body.

Claim - someone's assertion of their right to something - for


example, a claim to the throne. E
Communism - the belief, based on the ideas of Karl Marx, that all Economic - relating to the economy; also used when justifying
people should be equal in society without government, money or something in terms of profitability.
private property. Everything is owned by by the people, and each
person receives according to need. Economy - a country, state or region's position in terms of

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GLOSSARY

production and consumption of goods and services, and the Industry - the part of the economy concerned with turning raw
supply of money. materials into into manufactured goods, for example making
furniture from wood.
Embassy - historically, a deputation sent by one ruler, state or
country to another. More recently, it is also the accepted name for Inferior - lower in rank, status or quality.
the official residence or offices of an ambassador.
Integrate - to bring people or groups with specific characteristics
Exile - to be banned from one's original country, usually as a or needs into equal participation with others; to merge one thing
punishment or for political reasons. with another to form a single entity.

Extreme - furthest from the centre or any given point. If someone International relations - the relationships between different
holds extreme views, they are not moderate and are considered countries.
radical.

J
F
Juries, Jury - a group of people sworn to listen to evidence on a
Fatalities, Fatality - Deaths. legal case and then deliver an impartial verdict based on what
they have heard.
Federal - in US politics this means 'national', referring to the
whole country rather than any individual state.
L
Figurehead - Someone who acts as a symbolic leader for
something. Left wing - used to describe political groups or individuals with
beliefs that are usually centered around socialism and the idea of
Foreign policy - a government's strategy for dealing with other

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reform.
nations.

l
Legislation - a term for laws when they are considered
Full employment - when virtually everyone able and willing to collectively, for example housing legislation.

p
work in a country has a job.
Legitimacy, Legitimate - accepted by law or conforming to the
rules; can be defended as valid.
G

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Limb - an arm or leg.
Ghetto - part of a city, often a slum area, occupied by a minority
group. Loophole - an ambiguity or inadequacy in the law or a set of rules

a
which allows people to do something that would otherwise be
Guerrilla tactics, Guerrilla warfare - a way of fighting that forbidden or illegal.

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typically involves hit-and-run style tactics.
Lynch, Lynched, Lynching - the killing of someone by a group of
Guerrillas - groups of small, independent fighters usually people for an alleged offence without a legal trial, usually publicly
involved in a war against larger, regular military forces. and often by hanging.

H M
Harvest - the process of gathering and collecting crops. Mandate - authority to carry out a policy.
Hippies - Groups of Americans who 'dropped out' of traditional Massacre - the deliberate and brutal slaughter of many people.
life. Most did not go to college or work and travelled around the
country, organising music festivals and protests against the Mercenary - someone who takes action in order to earn money,
Vietnam war and campaigning for world peace. rather than out of principle.

Middle class - refers to the socio-economic group which includes


I people who are educated and have professional jobs, such as
teachers or lawyers.
Immigrant - someone who moves to another country.
Militant - using violent or more aggressive methods in a protest
Immigration - the act of coming to a foreign country with the or for a cause.
intention of living there permanently.
Military force - the use of armed forces.
Impeach, Impeachment - to charge someone, usually a
high-ranking government official, with treason or a crime against Militia - an army created from the general population.
the state.
Mine - an explosive device usually hidden underground or
Independence, Independent - to be free of control, often meaning underwater.
by another country, allowing the people of a nation the ability to
govern themselves. Minister - a senior member of government, usually responsible
for a particular area such as education or finance.
Industrial - related to industry, manufacturing and/or production.
Moderate - someone who is not extreme.

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GLOSSARY

Monk - a member of a religious community, often living a simple Provision - the act of providing or supplying something for
life of poverty, chastity and work. someone.

Morale - general mood of a group of people. Psychological - referring to a person's mental or emotional state.

Morals - a person's set of rules about what they consider right and
wrong, used to guide their actions and behaviour. R
Radical, Radicalism - people who want complete or extensive
N change, usually politically or socially.

Napalm - a petrol based chemical, used to devastating effect in Raid - a quick surprise attack on the enemy.
conflict as it sticks to skin and causes terrible burns.
Rallies, Rally - a political event with speakers and a crowd,
National Guard - A reserve force of the US Army. designed to increase support for a politician, political party or an
idea.
Nationalism, Nationalist, Nationalistic - identifying with your
own nation and supporting its interests, often to the detriment or Rational - when something is based on reason or logic, like
exclusion of other nations. science.

Rebels - people who rise in opposition or armed resistance against


P an established government or leader.

POW, Prisoner of war, Prisoners of war - somebody who has been Reform, Reforming - change, usually in order to improve an
captured and taken prisoner by enemy forces. institution or practice.

e
Pacification - Making something, or someone, peaceful. Refugee, Refugees - a person who has been forced to leave where

l
they live due to war, disaster or persecution.
Parliament - a group of politicians who make the laws of their
country, usually elected by the population. Restoration - to return something to its former owner, place or

p
condition; this includes returning a monarch to the throne or a
Peasant - a poor farmer. head of state to government.
Persecute - to treat someone unfairly because of their race,

m
Revolution - the forced overthrow of a government or social
religion or political beliefs. system by its own people.

a
Persecution - hostility towards or harassment of someone, usually Rig, Rigged - politically, to interfere in or fix an election to
due to their race, religion or political beliefs. determine the winner.

S
Phonetic Alphabet - A series of code words to indicate different Right wing - a political view with beliefs centred around
letters of the alphabet, E.G 'Alpha' to mean 'A'. nationalism and a desire for an authoritarian government
opposed to communism.
Poll - a vote or survey.
Riots - violent disturbances involving a crowd of people.
Polling Station - a place where people go to vote.

Population - the number of people who live in a specified place.


S
Poverty - the state of being extremely poor.
Sanctions - actions taken against states who break international
Precedent - an earlier event used as an example in later, similar laws, such as a refusal to trade with them or supply necessary
situations; often used the courts when they rule on a case similar commodities.
to one held previously.
Scandal, Scandalous - something that angers or shocks people
Predecessor - the person who came before; the previous person to because rules or accepted standards of behaviour have been
fill a role or position. broken.

Prejudice - prejudgement - when you assume something about Search and destroy, Seek and destroy - a tactic used by the US in
someone based on a feature like their religion or skin colour, Vietnam. Helicopters brought in soldiers who searched out the
rather than knowing it as fact. enemy in a specific area, such as a village, destroyed them, and
then left.
President - the elected head of state of a republic.
Segregation - when people are kept separately from each other -
Prevent, Preventative, Preventive - steps taken to stop something often used in the context of race.
from happening.
Siege - action by enemy forces to surround a place or building,
Propaganda - biased information aimed at persuading people to cutting off access and supplies, with the aim of either destroying
think a certain way. it, gaining entry, or starving the inhabitants out.

Prosecute - to institute or conduct legal proceedings against a Soviet - an elected workers' council at local, regional or national
person or organisation. level in the former Soviet Union. It can also be a reference to the
Soviet Union or the USSR.

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GLOSSARY

Stalemate - a situation where no action can be taken and neither


side can make progress against the other; effectively a draw.

State, States - an area of land or a territory ruled by one


government.

Strategy - a plan of action outlining how a goal will be achieved.

Strike - a refusal by employees to work as a form of protest,


usually to bring about change in their working conditions. It puts
pressure on their employer, who cannot run the business without
workers.

Submission, Submit - a formal surrender and acceptance of a new


authority.

Superior - better or higher in rank, status or quality.

T
Tactic - a strategy or method of achieving a goal.

Terrain - a stretch of land and usually used to refer to its physical


features, eg mountainous, jungle etc.

e
Territories, Territory - an area of land under the control of a ruler/

l
country.

Treaty - a formal agreement, signed and ratified by two or more

p
parties.

m
Unconstitutional - not in accordance with the constitution of a

a
country or organisation.

S
V
Veteran, Veterans - an ex-soldier.

W
WASP - white Anglo-Saxon Protestant.

Welfare - wellbeing; often refers to money and services given to


the poorest people.

White supremacist - one who believes white people are superior


to people of other ethnicities and should therefore be dominant.

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INDEX

Index
A
French occupation of Vietnam - 0

African American life, 1950s - 14


G
Ap Bac, Battle of - 0
General Giap - 0
Assassination of Martin Luther King - 0
Geneva Accords - 0
Attrition - 0
Greensboro Sit-in - 0
Guerrilla warfare, Vietcong - 0
B
Gulf of Tonkin Incident, first - 0
Black Panthers - 0
Gulf of Tonkin Incident, second - 0
Black Power movement - 0
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - 0
Booby traps, Vietcong - 0
Brown v Topeka - 0
H
Hard Hats - 0
C
Ho Chi Minh - 0
CORE - 0
Ho Chi Minh Trail - 0
Cambodia, invasion 1970 - 0
Hue, Battle of - 0

e
Campaign C - 0

l
Chemical weapons - 0
J
Churches support of Civil Rights Movement - 0

p
James Meredith Case - 0
Civil Rights Act 1957 - 0
Johnson, Lyndon B - 0
Civil Rights Act 1964 - 0

m
Civil Rights Act 1968 - 0
K

a
Civil Rights and Nixon - 0
Kennedy, President - 0
Civil Rights organisations - 0

S
Kent State Protest - 0
Congress of Racial Equality - 0
Kerner Report - 0
Cost of the Vietnam War - 0
Khe Sanh, Siege of - 0
King, Martin Luther - 0
D
Kissinger, Henry - 0
Diem, President - 0
Ku Klux Klan - 0
Diem, overthrow - 0
Dien Bien Phu, Battle of - 0
L
Discrimination in the USA - 16
Laos, invasion 1971 - 0
Dixiecrats - 0
Little Rock High School - 0
Domino Theory - 0
Little, Malcolm - 0
Draft system - 0

M
E
Malcolm X - 0
Easter Offensive, North Vietnam - 0
March on Washington - 0
Easter Offensive, US - 0
Martin Luther King
Assassination - 0
F
Campaign - 0
Fall of Saigon - 0
Media war, Vietnam - 0
Freedom Riders - 0
Mexico Olympics - 0
Freedom Summer - 0
Mississipi Summer Project - 0

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INDEX

Mississippi Murders - 0 Support for Vietnam War - 0


Montgomery Bus Boycott - 0
My Lai Massacre - 0 T
TV during Vietnam War - 0
N Tactics, USA - 0
NAACP - 0 Tactics, Vietcong - 0
Nixon Doctrine - 0 Tet Offensive - 0
Nixon, Richard - 0 Till, Emmett - 0
North Vietnam, Easter Offensive - 0 Tonkin, Gulf of - 0 0

O U
Operation Rolling Thunder - 0 US
Opposition to the Civil Rights Movement - 0 Political opposition to Vietnam War - 0
Support for Vietnam War - 0
P The Silent Majority - 0

Paris Peace Accords - 0 US tactics

e
Attrition - 0
Peace negotiations, Vietnam War - 0

l
Chemical weapons - 0
Phoenix Program - 0
Helicopters - 0

p
Political opposition to Vietnam War - 0
Operation Rolling Thunder - 0
Poor People's Campaign - 0
Search and destroy - 0
President Diem - 0

m
Vietnam - 0
President Johnson - 0

a
University support of the Civil Rights Movement - 0
President Nixon - 0

S
President Nixon and Civil Rights - 0
V

R VC - 0
Vietcong - 0
RCNL - 0
Booby traps - 0
Reasons for USA's failure in Vietnam - 0
Guerrilla warfare - 0
Regional Council of Negro Leadership - 0
Ho Chi Minh Trail - 0
Riots of 1964 and 1967 - 0
Tactics - 0
Tunnels - 0
S
Vietnam
SCLC - 0
Cost of war - 0
SNCC - 0
French occupation - 0
Saigon, Fall of - 0
Impact on civilians - 0
Search and destroy - 0
Peace negotiations - 0
Segregation in the USA - 15
Political opposition - 0
Selma March - 0
President Diem - 0
Silent Majority - 0
Tet Offensive - 0
Southern Christian Leadership Council - 0
The media war - 0
Strategic Hamlet programme - 0
Vietnamisation - 0
Student Movement - 0
Voting Rights Act - 0
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee - 0
Support for Black Power - 0

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INDEX

W
Washington March - 0

pl e
a m
S

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