Ed Gcse Usa Conflict at Home Abroad
Ed Gcse Usa Conflict at Home Abroad
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15
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Edexcel - GCSE (Grade 9-1)
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STUDY GUIDE app
available
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STUDY GUIDE
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The USA, 1954–75: Conflict at Home and
Sa Abroad
Edexcel - GCSE
app
available
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Published by Clever Lili Limited.
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First published 2020
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ISBN 978-1-913887-14-8
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Copyright notice
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Contents
How to use this book............................................................................................. 7 Voting Rights Act, 1965........................................................................................ 0
USA Conflict at Home and Abroad, 1954 to 1975........................................... 11 Support for Black Power ..................................................................................... 0
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Poor People's Campaign, 1968 ........................................................................... 0
Regional Council of Negro Leadership.............................................................0
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John F Kennedy..................................................................................................... 0
Universities ............................................................................................................0
Lyndon B Johnson ................................................................................................ 0
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Churches .................................................................................................................0
Richard Nixon and Civil Rights......................................................................... 0
Civil Rights in Education, 1950s
Reasons for US Involvement in the Vietnam War
Brown v Topeka, 1954...........................................................................................0
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French Rule of Vietnam ...................................................................................... 0
Little Rock High School, 1957..............................................................................0
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General Giap ......................................................................................................... 0
Montgomery Bus Boycott and Its Impact Dien Bien Phu, 1954 ............................................................................................. 0
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Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955-56....................................................................0 Geneva Accords, 1954 .......................................................................................... 0
Martin Luther King...............................................................................................0 Domino Theory..................................................................................................... 0
Southern Christian Leadership Council ..........................................................0 Ho Chi Minh .......................................................................................................... 0
Civil Rights Act, 1957 ............................................................................................0 Vietcong.................................................................................................................. 0
Failure of Vietnamisation....................................................................................0
Hard Hats................................................................................................................0
Silent Majority.......................................................................................................0
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Peace Process
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Peace Negotiations................................................................................................0
Easter Offensive, 1972 ..........................................................................................0
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Paris Peace Accords, 1973 ....................................................................................0
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Cost of the Vietnam War......................................................................................0
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Impact on Civilians...............................................................................................0
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Glossary .................................................................................................................17
Index ...................................................................................................................... 21
How
In to use
this study this
guide, book
you will see a series of icons, highlighted words and page references. The key below will help you quickly
establish what these mean and where to go for more information.
Icons
WHAT questions cover the key events and themes.
HOW questions take a closer look at the way in which events, situations and trends occur.
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IMPORTANCE questions take a closer look at the significance of events, situations, and recurrent trends and themes.
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DECISIONS questions take a closer look at choices made at events and situations during this era.
Highlighted words
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Abdicate - occasionally, you will see certain words highlighted within an answer. This means that, if you need it, you’ll find an
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explanation of the word or phrase in the glossary which starts on page 17.
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Page references
Tudor (p.7) - occasionally, a certain subject within an answer is covered in more depth on a different page. If you’d like to learn
more about it, you can go directly to the page indicated.
Purpose
This study enables you to understand the complexities and challenges that the USA faced at home and abroad. You will
investigate themes such as civil rights, protest, segregation, integration, government, domino theory, guerrilla warfare
and the impact of the media. This course will enable you to develop the historical skills of causation and consequence,
and encourage you to analyse and evaluate contemporary sources as well as interpretations of the time period.
Topics
The USA, 1954-75: Conflict at Home and Abroad is split into 4 key topics:
Topic 1 looks at the development of the civil rights movement between 1954 and 1960. You will study to what
extent the movement made progress and the obstacles that had to be overcome. You will also study the opposition
to the movement.
Topic 2 looks at the later development of the civil rights movement from 1960 to 1973. You will also study how the
movement radicalised with the development of Black Power and the impact of individuals such as Malcolm X and
Stokely Carmichael.
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Topic 3 looks at why and how the US became involved in the Vietnam War. You will study how US involvement
changed under presidencies of Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon.
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Topic 4 looks at how Americans reacted to US involvement in the Vietnam War and why US involvement ended.
You will study the key reasons for the growth in opposition to the war. The reasons why the USA failed to win the
war will also be explored.
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Key Individuals
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Some of the key individuals studied on this course include:
Martin Luther King.
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Rosa Parks.
Malcolm X.
President Johnson.
President Nixon.
Ngo Dinh Diem.
Key Events
Some of the key events you will study on this course include:
Brown versus Board of Education of Topeka.
The murder of Emmett Till.
Little Rock High School.
Civil Rights Act 1957.
The March on Washington.
My Lai Massacre.
The Fall of Saigon.
Assessment
The USA, 1954-75: Conflict at Home and Abroad is paper 3, which you have a total of 1 hour and 20 minutes to complete.
There will be 3 exam questions which will assess what you have learnt. Question 3 will be broken down into a, b, c and d.
You answer all questions.
Question 1 is worth 4 marks. This question will require you to make two inferences from a source that answers the
question asked. You will need to support each inference with relevant detail from the source. This could be in the
form of a quote, detail from a visual source or by paraphrasing what the source states.
Question 2 is worth 12 marks. This question will require you to explain why an event occurred. You need to
identify three reasons, support each one with accurate and relevant factual detail that is precisely selected and
then clearly explain how each cause made the event happen.
Question 3a is worth 8 marks. This question asks you to explain how useful two sources are for a specific enquiry
using the content of the source, the provenance of the source and your own contextual knowledge.
Question 3b is worth 4 marks. This question asks you to identify the main difference in the views of two historical
interpretations on a specific topic. You have to support the main difference with details from both
interpretations.
Question 3c is worth 4 marks. This question asks you to suggest one reason why the views of the two historical
interpretations might be different. You have to support the main difference with details from both interpretations
and you could can use the sources from question 3a to help you answer the question.
Question 3d is worth 16 marks and an additional 4 marks for spelling, punctuation and grammar. This question
asks you to explain how far you agree with one of the interpretations. In your explanation you have to evaluate
both interpretations, using your own knowledge of the historical context to come to your conclusion.
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May 1961 - Freedom Riders began (p.0)
1961
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1963 June 1963 - Equal Pay Act first published
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January 1963 - Battle of Ap Bac (p.0)
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August 1963 - March on Washington (p.0)
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November 1963 - Assassination of President Kennedy (p.0)
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Freedom summer (p.0) 1964
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What was the experience of African Americans in the USA in the 1950s?
Life for African Americans in 1950s America depended on where they lived. Most southern states had some segregations
laws, which meant black and white people had to use separate facilities.
What was life like for African Americans in the south in the 1950s?
In the south, strict segregation laws known as the 'Jim Crow' laws were enforced. This meant African Americans had to
attend different schools to white children, use separate facilities in public areas, and were separated from white people
on public transport.
What were the Jim Crow laws for for African Americans during the 1950s?
The 'Jim Crow' laws were introduced in a number of southern states to keep African Americans apart from white people.
They were still in force after the Second World War.
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What was life like for African Americans living in the north in the 1950s?
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African Americans in the north of America faced 4 main issues:
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Racism and discrimination were common.
Most African Americans lived in areas where there were no white people, they self-segregated, and they earned less.
There was a higher rate of unemployment among African Americans.
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African Americans usually lived in the poorest areas.
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Why didn't African Americans vote in the 1950s and 1960s?
In the 1950s, few African Americans living in the south were able to vote as state governments used 3 key methods to
prevent them from registering:
Violence was often threatened or used.
They had to pay a poll tax, which few African Americans could afford.
They had to pass a literacy test which was deliberately made very difficult. White Americans did not have to take the
literacy test.
Why didn't the Supreme Court help African Americans in the 1950s?
There were 2 main reasons the Supreme Court did not ban segregation:
The Supreme Court could have banned segregation but was heavily influenced by the views and opinions of its
judges, many of whom were against civil rights.
The Supreme Court had ruled in 1896 that separate facilities were allowed as long as they were equal. This was
known as the Plessy v Ferguson case. It was used as a legal precedent when any civil rights groups tried to challenge
segregation legally.
How was segregation enforced in the north of the USA in the 1950s?
In the north they found they were segregated through discrimination in education, employment opportunities and
housing. They were only able to get badly paid jobs so could not afford to live anywhere else but the ghettos.
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and parks.
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Why was segregation an embarrassment to the USA during the Cold war in the 1950s?
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During the Cold War, the USA proclaimed itself as the leading nation of the free world. However, in reality, its black
citizens were being treated dreadfully.
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Did African Americans have voting rights in America during the period of segregation in the 1950s?
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During the 1950s very few African Americans were able to vote in the south.
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In a bid to gain their votes, politicians in the north of the USA began to introduce policies that would appeal to
African Americans.
African Americans in parts of southern states had some voting rights to elect officials within their segregated
communities.
What did white people do to prevent African Americans from voting during segregation in the 1950s?
White people employed 5 key methods to try and prevent African Americans from voting:
African Americans employees were threatened with the loss of their jobs if they tried to vote.
Some states allowed political parties to block people from being members on the grounds of race.
In some states, African Americans had to successfully complete complicated literacy tests to be allowed to vote.
Gangs would congregate outside polling stations to beat up African American voters.
A number of African American people went to court in an attempt to defend their right to vote. Some of them were
murdered.
Did you know: Segregation did not always exist in America.
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If an African American was murdered, then often it would not be investigated as the police were often racist and
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could also be members of the KKK (p.0).
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Glossary
A
Communist - a believer in communism.
Amputate, Amputation - to surgically remove a limb from Constitution - rules, laws or principles that set out how a country
someone's body. is governed.
Artillery - large guns used in warfare. Containment - meaning to keep something under control or
within limits, it often refers to the American idea of stopping the
Assassinate - to murder someone, usually an important figure, spread of communism.
often for religious or political reasons.
Corrupt - when someone is willing to act dishonestly for their
Assassination - the act of murdering someone, usually an own personal gain.
important person.
Council - an advisory or administrative body set up to manage the
Attrition - the act of wearing down an enemy until they collapse affairs of a place or organisation. The Council of the League of
through continued attacks. Nations contained the organisation's most powerful members.
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Crusades - a series of religious wars during the Middle Ages
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B where the Christians of Europe tried to take control of the holy
land (Jerusalem).
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Blockade - a way of blocking or sealing an area to prevent goods,
supplies or people from entering or leaving. It often refers to Culture - the ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a particular
blocking transport routes. people or society.
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Booby traps - seemingly harmless devices concealing something
that will kill, harm or surprise. Especially in warfare, booby traps D
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were often set off by a wire and contained explosives.
Deadlock - a situation where no action can be taken and neither
Boycott - a way of protesting or bringing about change by refusing side can make progress against the other; effectively a draw.
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to buy something or use services.
Defect - the act of defection; to leave your country or cause for
Bribe, Bribery, Bribes - to dishonestly persuade someone to do another.
something for you in return for money or other inducements.
Demilitarised - to remove all military forces from an area and
forbid them to be stationed there.
C
Democracy - a political system where a population votes for its
Campaign - a political movement to get something changed; in government on a regular basis. The word is Greek for 'the rule of
military terms, it refers to a series of operations to achieve a goal. people' or 'people power'.
Casualties - people who have been injured or killed, such as Democratic - relating to or supporting the principles of
during a war, accident or catastrophe. democracy.
Ceasefire - when the various sides involved in conflict agree to Deploy - to move military troops or equipment into position or a
stop fighting. place so they are ready for action.
Censorship - the control of information in the media by a Desegregation - a policy of removing racial segregation
government, whereby information considered obscene or (separation).
unacceptable is suppressed.
Discriminate, Discrimination - to treat a person or group of
Civil rights - the rights a citizen has to political or social freedoms, people differently and in an unfair way.
such as the right to vote or freedom of speech.
Dissolution, Dissolve - the formal ending of a partnership,
Civilian - a non-military person. organisation or official body.
production and consumption of goods and services, and the Industry - the part of the economy concerned with turning raw
supply of money. materials into into manufactured goods, for example making
furniture from wood.
Embassy - historically, a deputation sent by one ruler, state or
country to another. More recently, it is also the accepted name for Inferior - lower in rank, status or quality.
the official residence or offices of an ambassador.
Integrate - to bring people or groups with specific characteristics
Exile - to be banned from one's original country, usually as a or needs into equal participation with others; to merge one thing
punishment or for political reasons. with another to form a single entity.
Extreme - furthest from the centre or any given point. If someone International relations - the relationships between different
holds extreme views, they are not moderate and are considered countries.
radical.
J
F
Juries, Jury - a group of people sworn to listen to evidence on a
Fatalities, Fatality - Deaths. legal case and then deliver an impartial verdict based on what
they have heard.
Federal - in US politics this means 'national', referring to the
whole country rather than any individual state.
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Figurehead - Someone who acts as a symbolic leader for
something. Left wing - used to describe political groups or individuals with
beliefs that are usually centered around socialism and the idea of
Foreign policy - a government's strategy for dealing with other
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reform.
nations.
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Legislation - a term for laws when they are considered
Full employment - when virtually everyone able and willing to collectively, for example housing legislation.
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work in a country has a job.
Legitimacy, Legitimate - accepted by law or conforming to the
rules; can be defended as valid.
G
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Limb - an arm or leg.
Ghetto - part of a city, often a slum area, occupied by a minority
group. Loophole - an ambiguity or inadequacy in the law or a set of rules
a
which allows people to do something that would otherwise be
Guerrilla tactics, Guerrilla warfare - a way of fighting that forbidden or illegal.
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typically involves hit-and-run style tactics.
Lynch, Lynched, Lynching - the killing of someone by a group of
Guerrillas - groups of small, independent fighters usually people for an alleged offence without a legal trial, usually publicly
involved in a war against larger, regular military forces. and often by hanging.
H M
Harvest - the process of gathering and collecting crops. Mandate - authority to carry out a policy.
Hippies - Groups of Americans who 'dropped out' of traditional Massacre - the deliberate and brutal slaughter of many people.
life. Most did not go to college or work and travelled around the
country, organising music festivals and protests against the Mercenary - someone who takes action in order to earn money,
Vietnam war and campaigning for world peace. rather than out of principle.
Monk - a member of a religious community, often living a simple Provision - the act of providing or supplying something for
life of poverty, chastity and work. someone.
Morale - general mood of a group of people. Psychological - referring to a person's mental or emotional state.
Morals - a person's set of rules about what they consider right and
wrong, used to guide their actions and behaviour. R
Radical, Radicalism - people who want complete or extensive
N change, usually politically or socially.
Napalm - a petrol based chemical, used to devastating effect in Raid - a quick surprise attack on the enemy.
conflict as it sticks to skin and causes terrible burns.
Rallies, Rally - a political event with speakers and a crowd,
National Guard - A reserve force of the US Army. designed to increase support for a politician, political party or an
idea.
Nationalism, Nationalist, Nationalistic - identifying with your
own nation and supporting its interests, often to the detriment or Rational - when something is based on reason or logic, like
exclusion of other nations. science.
POW, Prisoner of war, Prisoners of war - somebody who has been Reform, Reforming - change, usually in order to improve an
captured and taken prisoner by enemy forces. institution or practice.
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Pacification - Making something, or someone, peaceful. Refugee, Refugees - a person who has been forced to leave where
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they live due to war, disaster or persecution.
Parliament - a group of politicians who make the laws of their
country, usually elected by the population. Restoration - to return something to its former owner, place or
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condition; this includes returning a monarch to the throne or a
Peasant - a poor farmer. head of state to government.
Persecute - to treat someone unfairly because of their race,
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Revolution - the forced overthrow of a government or social
religion or political beliefs. system by its own people.
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Persecution - hostility towards or harassment of someone, usually Rig, Rigged - politically, to interfere in or fix an election to
due to their race, religion or political beliefs. determine the winner.
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Phonetic Alphabet - A series of code words to indicate different Right wing - a political view with beliefs centred around
letters of the alphabet, E.G 'Alpha' to mean 'A'. nationalism and a desire for an authoritarian government
opposed to communism.
Poll - a vote or survey.
Riots - violent disturbances involving a crowd of people.
Polling Station - a place where people go to vote.
Prejudice - prejudgement - when you assume something about Search and destroy, Seek and destroy - a tactic used by the US in
someone based on a feature like their religion or skin colour, Vietnam. Helicopters brought in soldiers who searched out the
rather than knowing it as fact. enemy in a specific area, such as a village, destroyed them, and
then left.
President - the elected head of state of a republic.
Segregation - when people are kept separately from each other -
Prevent, Preventative, Preventive - steps taken to stop something often used in the context of race.
from happening.
Siege - action by enemy forces to surround a place or building,
Propaganda - biased information aimed at persuading people to cutting off access and supplies, with the aim of either destroying
think a certain way. it, gaining entry, or starving the inhabitants out.
Prosecute - to institute or conduct legal proceedings against a Soviet - an elected workers' council at local, regional or national
person or organisation. level in the former Soviet Union. It can also be a reference to the
Soviet Union or the USSR.
T
Tactic - a strategy or method of achieving a goal.
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Territories, Territory - an area of land under the control of a ruler/
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country.
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parties.
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Unconstitutional - not in accordance with the constitution of a
a
country or organisation.
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V
Veteran, Veterans - an ex-soldier.
W
WASP - white Anglo-Saxon Protestant.
Index
A
French occupation of Vietnam - 0
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Campaign C - 0
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Chemical weapons - 0
J
Churches support of Civil Rights Movement - 0
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James Meredith Case - 0
Civil Rights Act 1957 - 0
Johnson, Lyndon B - 0
Civil Rights Act 1964 - 0
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Civil Rights Act 1968 - 0
K
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Civil Rights and Nixon - 0
Kennedy, President - 0
Civil Rights organisations - 0
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Kent State Protest - 0
Congress of Racial Equality - 0
Kerner Report - 0
Cost of the Vietnam War - 0
Khe Sanh, Siege of - 0
King, Martin Luther - 0
D
Kissinger, Henry - 0
Diem, President - 0
Ku Klux Klan - 0
Diem, overthrow - 0
Dien Bien Phu, Battle of - 0
L
Discrimination in the USA - 16
Laos, invasion 1971 - 0
Dixiecrats - 0
Little Rock High School - 0
Domino Theory - 0
Little, Malcolm - 0
Draft system - 0
M
E
Malcolm X - 0
Easter Offensive, North Vietnam - 0
March on Washington - 0
Easter Offensive, US - 0
Martin Luther King
Assassination - 0
F
Campaign - 0
Fall of Saigon - 0
Media war, Vietnam - 0
Freedom Riders - 0
Mexico Olympics - 0
Freedom Summer - 0
Mississipi Summer Project - 0
O U
Operation Rolling Thunder - 0 US
Opposition to the Civil Rights Movement - 0 Political opposition to Vietnam War - 0
Support for Vietnam War - 0
P The Silent Majority - 0
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Attrition - 0
Peace negotiations, Vietnam War - 0
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Chemical weapons - 0
Phoenix Program - 0
Helicopters - 0
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Political opposition to Vietnam War - 0
Operation Rolling Thunder - 0
Poor People's Campaign - 0
Search and destroy - 0
President Diem - 0
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Vietnam - 0
President Johnson - 0
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University support of the Civil Rights Movement - 0
President Nixon - 0
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President Nixon and Civil Rights - 0
V
R VC - 0
Vietcong - 0
RCNL - 0
Booby traps - 0
Reasons for USA's failure in Vietnam - 0
Guerrilla warfare - 0
Regional Council of Negro Leadership - 0
Ho Chi Minh Trail - 0
Riots of 1964 and 1967 - 0
Tactics - 0
Tunnels - 0
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Vietnam
SCLC - 0
Cost of war - 0
SNCC - 0
French occupation - 0
Saigon, Fall of - 0
Impact on civilians - 0
Search and destroy - 0
Peace negotiations - 0
Segregation in the USA - 15
Political opposition - 0
Selma March - 0
President Diem - 0
Silent Majority - 0
Tet Offensive - 0
Southern Christian Leadership Council - 0
The media war - 0
Strategic Hamlet programme - 0
Vietnamisation - 0
Student Movement - 0
Voting Rights Act - 0
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee - 0
Support for Black Power - 0
W
Washington March - 0
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