CANCER

Natural remedies role in the fight against

cancer

BY

Williams Victoria
Copyright ©️, Williams Victoria,2023

This non-friction material is the exclusive

property of willams Victoria and is
protected by international copyright laws.
Any unauthorized use, reproduction, or
distribution of this material without prior
written permission from Williams Victoria is
strictly prohibited.

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 Affirmation

I offer gratitude to God almighty who

made it conceivable and seeing me
through this course work. Remarkable
thanks and appreciation to my
significant other for his anxiety and
steady thought which has helped this
work.
My veritable appreciation goes to my
companions for their help and backing.
My appreciation goes to my folks for
their adoration, backing, and petitions.

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 Table of content
. INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Definition of Cancer
1.1 Types of cancer
1.2 cancer stages

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 causes of cancer
2.1 cancer treatment

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 CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Clinically used anti-cancer agent
produced from plants

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Recommendation
4.1 Notes

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 INTRODUCTION

Cancer is a condition in which some of the

body's cells develop erratically and spread to
different pieces of the body. One out of four
individuals bites the dust from malignant
growth.
Cancer doesn't influence just ladies, it impacts
men and youngsters.
Cancer can begin anyplace in the human body,
which is comprised of trillions of cells. Normal
development and duplication of human cells
(through an interaction called cell division) to
frame new cells as the body needs them. At the
point when cells become old or become harmed,
they pass on, and new cells have their spot.
In some cases, this precise cycle separates, and
unusual or harmed cells develop and duplicate
when they shouldn't. These cells might frame
growths, which are chunks of tissue. Growths
can be malignant or not harmful (harmless).

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Destructive growths spread into, or attack,
close-by tissues and can head out to far-off
places in the body to frame new growths (a
cycle called metastasis). Harmful growths may
likewise be called threatening cancers.
Numerous diseases structure strong growths,
however, tumors of the blood, like leukemias,
for the most part, don't.
Unharmful growths don't invade or attack
nearby tissues. At the point when taken out,
harmless cancers typically don't come back,
though carcinogenic growths once in a while do.
Harmless growths can some of the time be very
huge, in any case. Some, like benign mental
growths, can have harmful side effects or be
dangerous.

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Definition of cancer

Cancer is an enormous gathering of illnesses

that can begin in practically any organ or tissue
of the body when unusual cells develop wildly,
go past their standard limits to attack connecting
portions of the body as well as spread to
different organs. The last option process is
called metastasizing and is a significant reason
for death from malignant growth. A neoplasm

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and dangerous growth are other normal names
for disease.
Cancer is the subsequent driving reason for
death all around the world, representing an
expected 9.6 million passings, or one out of six
passings, in 2018. Lung, prostate, colorectal,
stomach, and liver disease are the most widely
recognized sorts of malignant growth in men,
while breast, colorectal, lung, cervical, and
thyroid in ladies.
In the US, an expected 15.5 million individuals
with a background marked by malignant growth
were living as of January 1, 2016, as per a 2018
report from the American Disease Society
Malignant growth is a wide term. It depicts the
infection that results when cell changes cause
the uncontrolled development and division of
cells.

A few kinds of cancer cause fast cell

development, while others make cells develop
and separate at a more slow rate.
Certain types of cancer bring about apparent
developments called growths, while others, like
leukemia, don't.
The majority of the body's cells have explicit
capabilities and fixed life expectancies. While it

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might seem like something terrible, cell demise
is essential for a characteristic and useful
peculiarity called apoptosis.
A cell gets guidelines to bite the dust so the
body can supplant it with a more current cell
that has capabilities better. Harmful cells miss
the mark on parts that train them to quit
isolating and to pass on.
Thus, they develop in the body, utilizing oxygen
and supplements that would normally support
different cells. Destructive cells can shape
growths, debilitate the insusceptible framework
and cause different changes that keep the body
from working routinely.
Carcinogenic cells might show up in one region,
then spread through the lymph hubs. These are
groups of safe cells situated throughout the
body.

How does cancer develop?

Cancer is a hereditary infection that is, it is

brought about by changes to qualities that
control how our cell's capability, particularly the
way that they develop and separate.

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Hereditary changes that cause cancer can
happen because:

. of blunders that happen as cells partition.

. of harm to DNA brought about by hurtful
substances in the climate, for example, the
synthetics in tobacco smoke and bright beams
from the sun.
. they were acquired from our folks.

The body typically disposes of cells with

harmed DNA before they turn
carcinogenic .Nevertheless, the body's ability to
do so declines with age.This is important for the
justification for why there is a higher endanger
of disease sometime down the road.
Every individual's disease has a remarkable mix
of hereditary changes. As the disease keeps on
developing, extra changes will happen.
Moreover, individual cells may have diverse
genetic alterations even within cancers that are
similar to one another.

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1.1 Types of cancer

The most widely recognized sort of cancer in

the U.S. The most common cancer is breast
cancer, followed by lung and prostate cancers.
which excluded nonmelanoma skin cancers
from these findings.

Every year, more than 40,000 people in the

country receive a diagnosis of one of the
following types of cancer:

● bladder
● colon and rectal
● endometrial
● kidney
● leukemia
● liver
● melanoma
● non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
● pancreatic
● thyroid
Other forms are less common. There are over
100 types of cancer.

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 A.Breast cancer

THE FACTS ABOVE CONCERNING

BREAST CANCER
In the US, 1 in every 8 women will eventually
be diagnosed with breast cancer.
The two main risk factors for breast cancer are
age and gender. Almost 95% of breast cancer
cases in the US are among women 40 and older.
Regular breast cancer screenings reduce a
woman's chance of death from the disease by
47% compared to not getting them. Early
detection, enhanced screening, increased
awareness, and novel treatment options have all
contributed to a decrease in breast cancer-
related fatalities since 1990.
More than 220,000 women are expected to be
diagnosed with breast cancer each year in the
US, and more than 40,000 of them will die from
the disease. The second-leading cause of cancer-
related fatalities in women is breast cancer.

CERTAIN BREAST CANCER

SYMPTOMS ARE LISTED BELOW.

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 Some warning signs of breast cancer are
● fresh lump in the breast or underarm
(armpit).
● swelling or thickening of a breast
region.
● Breast skin irritation or dimples.
● In the breast or nipple area, there is
redness or flaky skin.
● Nipple pulling in or nipple region
discomfort.
● Breast milk production is also
accompanied with bleeding from the
breasts.
● any modification to the breast's size
or form.
● any breast region can experience
pain.

Other signs could include

persistent breast or armpit discomfort that lasts

the duration of the menstrual cycle
A change in the size or form of the breast pitting
or redness of the breast skin, similar to the
surface of an orange; a rash around or on one of
the nipples; discharge from a nipple, potentially

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including blood; or peeling, flaking or scaling of
the skin of the breast or nipple.

B. LUNG CANCER

lung cancer that typically develops in smokers

and has its roots in the lung.
Non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung
cancer are the two main subtypes of lung
cancer. Smoking, passive smoking, exposure to
certain chemicals, and family history are all risk
factors for lung cancer.
Symptoms
A cough (sometimes with blood), chest pain,
wheezing, and weight loss are among the
symptoms. Frequently, these symptoms don't
show up until cancer has progressed.

C.Prostate cancer

About the size of a walnut, the prostate is a

male organ that produces seminal fluid.
The seminal fluid that nourishes and transports
sperm is created by a man's prostate.
Symptoms

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Symptoms include difficulty with urination, but
sometimes there are no symptoms at all.
But people may experience
● Pain areas: in the bones
● Pain circumstances: can occur during
urination
● Urinary: difficulty starting and
maintaining a steady stream of urine,
dribbling of urine, excessive urination
at night, frequent urination, the urge
to urinate and leaking, urinary
retention, or weak urinary stream
● Also common: erectile dysfunction

1.2 CANCER STAGES

There are several different approaches to stage
breast cancer. One method is to go from stage 0
to stage 4, with categories segregated at each
numbered step. The four major stages of cancer
are described below, while the precise substage
of cancer may also depend on other unique
features of the tumor, like the presence or
absence of HER2 receptors.

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● Stage 0: Ductal carcinoma in situ
(DCIS), refers to cells that are
contained inside the ducts and have
not spread to neighboring tissues.
● Stage 1: The tumor can be up to 2
centimeters (cm) across at this point.
There are no lymph nodes impacted,
or there are only a few cancerous
cells in the lymph nodes.
● Stage 2: The tumor has started to
expand to the adjacent lymph nodes
and has a diameter of 2 cm or it is 2–
5 cm in diameter but has not yet done
so.
● Stage 3 refers to a tumor that is larger
than 5 cm and has spread to a few
lymph nodes, or a tumor that is less
than 5 cm and has spread to several
lymph nodes.
● Stage 4: Cancer has spread to distant
organs, typically the lungs, liver,
bones, or brain.

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18
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 CAUSES OF CANCER

A cell is given the go-ahead to pass away so that

the body can swap it out for a younger, more
functional cell. Cancerous cells are deficient in
the elements that tell healthy cells to stop
proliferating and die.

As a result, they accumulate throughout the

body and consume nutrients and oxygen that
would ordinarily feed other cells. alterations
brought on by tumors, immune system
dysfunction, and other factors by cancerous
cells can prohibit the body from operating
normally.

The lymph nodes may allow cancerous cells to

spread from where they first appeared. Immune
cell colonies can be seen all over the body.

Cancer has many different causes, some of

which are preventable.

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For instance, statistics from 2014 estimate that
smoking causes approximately 480,000 deaths
annually in the United States.
In addition to smoking, there are additional risk
factors for cancer.

● heavy alcohol consumption

● excess body weight
● physical inactivity
● poor nutrition

Some cancer-causing factors cannot be avoided.

Age is currently the most important unavoidable
risk factor. The American Cancer Society
reports that 87 percent of cancer diagnoses in
Americans aged 50 or older are identified by
doctors.

2.1 CANCER TREATMENT

The type of cancer, its stage of diagnosis, and
the patient's general condition are the main
factors that influence the treatments that doctors
recommend.

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The following are a few examples of cancer
treatment techniques:
● Chemotherapy uses drugs that target
quickly dividing cells to kill
malignant cells. The drugs can also
lessen tumors, but there is a chance of
severe side effects.
● Using drugs that alter the actions of
specific hormones or prevent the
body from producing them is known
as hormone treatment. This is a
typical strategy when hormones play
a large role, as in the cases of prostate
and breast malignancies.
● Immunotherapy works to strengthen
the immune system and nudge it
toward battling malignant cells.
Checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive
cell transfer are two examples of
these treatments.
● A more recent, evolving strategy is
precision medicine, sometimes
known as personalized medicine. It
entails employing genetic testing to
identify the most effective treatments
for a person's specific cancer
presentation. It is yet to be

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 demonstrated by researchers that it
can successfully treat all forms of
cancer, however.
● High-dose radiation is used in
radiation therapy to eliminate
malignant cells. Moreover, a
physician could advise radiation
treatment to shrink a tumor before
surgery or lessen tumor-related
symptoms.
● Those with blood-related
malignancies may benefit most from
stem cell transplants such as leukemia
or lymphoma. It entails eliminating
cells that chemotherapy has affected,
such as red or white blood cells or
radiation has destroyed. The cells are
then strengthened by lab technicians
and placed back into the body.
● When a person has a malignant
tumor, surgery is frequently included
in the treatment strategy. A surgeon
may also remove lymph nodes to
slow or stop the spread of the illness.
● Targeted therapies carry out actions
inside malignant cells to stop their
growth. Also, they can strengthen the

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 immune system. Small-molecule
medications and monoclonal
antibodies are two examples of these
treatments.
● To eradicate cancerous cells, radiation
treatment uses high doses of
radiation. In addition, radiation
therapy may be suggested by a doctor
to alleviate tumor-related symptoms
or shrink a tumor before surgery.
● Stem cell transplantation may be
most beneficial for those with blood-
related malignancies, leukemia, and
lymphoma. It involves removing
cells, including red or white blood
cells, that chemotherapy or radiation
have rendered inert. Personnel in the
lab then fortify the cells and
reintroduce them into the body.
● Surgery is commonly included in the
treatment plan when a patient has a
malignant tumor. A surgeon could
also eliminate lymph nodes to impede
or halt the disease's spread.
● Malignant cells are prevented from
proliferating by targeted medications
that act inside of them. They can also

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 improve immunological function.
Monoclonal antibodies and small-
molecule medications are two
examples of these treatments.
To improve effectiveness, medical professionals
frequently combine different types of therapies.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 CLINICAL USED ANTI

CANCER AGENT PRODUCED
FROM PLANTS

Natural antioxidants act as reducing agents, free

radical scavengers, and singlet oxygen
quenchers, giving natural goods the ability to
fight cancer.
By enhancing the cancer-killing effects of
chemotherapy and radiation therapy, natural
products can lessen or eliminate the hazardous
side effects of these treatments.
Natural items are valued for their therapeutic
value and are seen as emblems of protection in
contrast to synthetic products, which are seen as
dangerous to human life and the environment.

. List of some important medical plant

● Ball moss /"old man's beard"
● Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis miller.)

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 ● Ganja ( cannabis sativa c.)
● Guinea Hen weed (vetiver alliacea L.)
● Ginger (zingiber officinale Roscoe)
● Turmeric (curcuma longa c.)
● Moringa (monhga oleifera lam.)
● Lignum vitae ( Guaiacum officinale
l.)
● Garlic ( Allium sativum l.)
● Sorrel ( Hibiscus sabdaviffia L.)

A. ALLIUM
SATIVUM (Garlic)
Garlic oil contains a chemical called ajoene that
contains sulfur and prevents mutagenesis (a
process by which the genetic information of an
organism is changed by the production of a
mutation.) In the treatment of stomach and
intestine malignancies, garlic has demonstrated
a strong therapeutic impact.

B. ALOE VERA
Aloe-emodin, found in aloe vera, stimulates
macrophages to fight cancer.

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Acemannan, another component of aloe
vera, boosts immune system action against
cancer. Metastases are reported to be
inhibited by aloe vera.
C. TUMERIC
contains curcumin, which slows the spread
of cancer by preventing the production of
risky eicosanoids. Curcumin also encourages
the remission of cancer.
Furthermore, curcumin has antioxidant and
anti-inflammatory properties.

D. CAYENNE PEPPER
This hot pepper contains capsaicin, a potent
antioxidant, and nutrient that fights
inflammation and aids in weight loss. Beta-
carotene is also present in cayenne. It is known
to be poisonous to cancer cells and aids in
stopping their proliferation

E. SAFFRON
Although this spice is the priciest, it has a strong
flavor. It has crocins and water-soluble

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carotenoids that may slow the spread of cancer
and the formation of tumors.

F. OREGANO
The herb with the highest concentration of
antioxidants slows the spread of cancer and
encourages apoptosis (cell death). It has
antibacterial properties and is a natural
disinfectant.

The development of heterocyclic amines

(HCAs), which are produced when meat is
cooked at high temperatures, can be decreased
by marinating with oregano.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RECOMMENDATION

For the research and development of

medications for the treatment and prevention of
cancer, natural products are a significant source.
Without a question, preventing human cancer is
far superior to treating it. Avoiding things like
those that cause cancer is advised. Avoid using
tobacco, eat a balanced diet, keep a healthy
weight, engage in exercise, and use sunscreen.
And always treat any new growths or lumps in
the body seriously

4.1 NOTES
Compared to synthetic items, which are thought
to be dangerous to human life and the
environment, natural products are seen as
emblems of protection.
As there is currently no cure for cancer, these
plant products serve as a natural preventative

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measure. Moreover, they support increased
immune cell activity against cancer.

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