Comment:

Example 4.5 – 3 solves the same problem using BS 8110 design charts.

Example 4.6-4

The design ultimate moment M for a rectangular beam 250 mm and effective depth (d) = 700
mm is 900 kNm. If 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 40 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 and 𝑓𝑦 = 460 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 , design the reinforcement,
working from the first principles.

Solution

Step (a):

Check concrete capacity 𝑀𝑢 :

From eqn. (4.6-5)

. : 𝑀𝑢 = 0.156𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2

= (0.156)(40)(250)(700)2(10−6 )

= 764.4 𝑘𝑁𝑚 < 900 𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀 > 𝑀𝑢 , 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑

Step (b):

Find compression steel 𝐴′𝑠 :

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑛. (4.6 − 6)

0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴′𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) = 𝑀 − 𝑀𝑢

(𝟎. 𝟖𝟕)(𝟒𝟔𝟎)𝐴′𝑠 (700 − 60, 𝑠𝑎𝑦) = (900 − 764.4)106

∴ 𝐴′𝑠 = 𝟓𝟐𝟗. 𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝟐

Step (c):

Find tension steel area 𝑨𝒔

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑛. (4.6 − 7: )

0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑨𝒔 = 0.2025𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 + 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴′𝑠

0.87(460)𝑨𝒔 = (0.2025)(40)(250)(700) + (0.87)(460)(529.4)

Page 1 of 57
400.2𝑨𝒔 = 1417500 + 211865.88

𝑨𝒔 = 4071 𝑚𝑚2

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 2𝑌20 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 (𝐴′𝑠 = 628 𝑚𝑚2 )

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 2𝑌32 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 (𝐴𝑠 = 1608 𝑚𝑚2 )

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 2𝑌40 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 (𝐴𝑠 = 2513 𝑚𝑚2 )

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴𝑠 = 4121 𝑚𝑚2

2Y20

Dim.: mm
d = 700

2 Y 32
2 Y 40

250

4.6(c) Design procedure for rectangular beams (BS 8110/ Institute of structural Engineers

Manual)

Consider the beam section in Fig. 4.6-1(a). Suppose the design BM is M:

Step 1

Calculate 𝑀𝑢 for concrete:

𝑀𝑢 = 𝐾 ′ 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2

Where 𝐾 ′ = 0.156

Step 2

If design moment 𝑀 ≤ 𝑀𝑢 of step 1: the tension reinforcement 𝐴𝑠 is given by

Page 2 of 57
 𝑀
𝐴𝑠 = (4.6 − 12)
(0.87𝑓𝑦 )(𝑧)

Where the lever arm z is obtained from Table 4.6-1:

Table 4.6 -1: Lever arm and neutral axis depth factors

𝑀 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.104 0.11 0.119 0.13 0.132 0.14 0.144 0.15 0.156
𝐾=
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2
𝑧/𝑑 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.87 0.87 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.79 0.775
𝑥/𝑑 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.25 0.29 0.30 0.32 0.35 0.39 0.40 0.43 0.45 0.47 0.50

Comment:
𝑧 𝑥
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐾 ≥ 0.156, ( ) = 0.775 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( ) = 0.5
𝑑 𝑑

Step 3

𝐼𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀 > 𝑀𝑢 of step 1: go to step (3𝑎)

Step (3a)

Compression reinforcement is required and its area 𝐴′𝑠 is given by

𝑀 − 𝑀𝑢
𝐴′𝑠 = (4.6 − 13)
0.87𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )

Where 𝑑 ′ is the depth of the compression steel from the concrete compression face

[𝐹𝑖𝑔. 4.6 − 2(𝑎)].

Step (3b)

𝑑′ 𝑦 𝑓 𝑑′
If ( 𝑥 ) > (1 − 800 ) , 𝑢𝑠𝑒 700 (1 − 𝑥 ) in lieu of 0.87𝑓𝑦 in the formula for 𝐴′𝑠

Step (3c)

The area of tension reinforcement 𝐴𝑠 is calculated from

𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑠 = + 𝐴′𝑠 (4.6 − 14)
(0.87𝑓𝑦 )(𝑧)

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑧 = 0.775𝑑

Comments:

(a) The formula for 𝐴′𝑠 in step (3a) was derived earlier as eqn.(4.6-6),

Page 3 of 57
 (b) The formulae for 𝐴′𝑠 in step (3b) were derived earlier in example (4.6-2),
(c) The formula in step (3c) was derived earlier as eqn.(4.6-8). Eqn.(4.6-8) also makes it
clear that z is to be taken as 0.775d.

Example 4.6 -5

The design ultimate moment M for a rectangular beam 250 mm and effective depth (d) = 700
mm is 300 kNm. If 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 40 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 and 𝑓𝑦 = 460 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 , design the reinforcement (Follow
the procedure of the Institute of Structural Engineers Manual).

Solution

Step 1

𝑀𝑢 = 0.156𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2

= 0.156(40)(250)(700)2

= 764.4 𝑘𝑁𝑚

Step 2

𝑀 < 𝑀𝑢 ; calculate
6
𝑀 (300) (10 )
𝐾 = = 2
= 0.06
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2
(40)(250)(700)

From Table 4.6-1:

𝑧
( ) = 0.93
𝑑
𝑧 = 0.93𝑑 = 0.93(700) = 651 𝑚𝑚

From eqn. (4.6 − 12)

𝑀 (300) (106 )
𝐴𝑠 = = = 1152 𝑚𝑚2
(0.87𝑓𝑦 )(𝑧) (0.87)(460)(651)

Provide 4Y20 bottom bars (𝐴𝑠 = 1257 𝑚𝑚2 ).

Comment :

Example 4.6-5 solves the same problem using BS 8110 design chart which gives

𝐴𝑠 = 1190 𝑚𝑚2.

Page 4 of 57
Example 4.6 -6

The design ultimate moment M for a rectangular beam 250 mm and effective depth (d) = 700
mm is 900 kNm. If 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 40 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 and 𝑓𝑦 = 460 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 , design the reinforcement (Follow
the procedure of the Institute of Structural Engineers Manual).

Step 1

𝑀𝑢 = 0.156𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2

= 0.156(40)(250)(700)2

= 764.4 𝑘𝑁𝑚

Step 2

𝑀 = 900 𝑘𝑁𝑚 > 𝑀𝑢 of step1

∴ 𝐺𝑜 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 3

Step 3:

𝑀 > 𝑀𝑢 of step1:

Step (3a): Compression reinforcement is required.

From eqn (4.6-13)

𝑀 − 𝑀𝑢
𝐴′𝑠 =
0.87𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑑 ′ = 60 𝑚𝑚, 𝑠𝑎𝑦

(900 − 764.4)(10)6
𝐴′𝑠 = = 530 𝑚𝑚2
(0.87)(460)(700 − 60)
𝒅′
Step (3b): Check ( ):
𝒙

𝑥
From Table 4.6-1, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐾 ≥ 0.156, ( 𝑑) = 0.5

∴ 𝑥 = (0.5)(700) = 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎

𝒅′ 𝟔𝟎
( )= = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕
𝒙 𝟑𝟓𝟎

Page 5 of 57
 𝑓𝑦 460
(1 − ) = (1 − ) = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟓
800 800
′ 𝑓𝑦
𝑑
∴ ( 𝑥 ) < (1 − 800)

Therefore, the compression steel reaches the design strength of (0.87𝑓𝑦 ) and the 𝐴′𝑠 calculated in
step (3a) is acceptable.

Step (3c)

The area of tension reinforcement 𝐴𝑠 is calculated from

𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑠 = + 𝐴′𝑠 [𝑠𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑛 (4.6 − 14)]
(0.87𝑓𝑦 )(𝑧)

(𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑧 = 0.775𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4.6 − 1).

𝑀𝑢
∴ 𝐴𝑠 = + 𝐴′𝑠
(0.87𝑓𝑦 )(𝑧)

(764.4) (106)
∴ 𝐴𝑠 = + 530 = 4051 𝑚𝑚2
(0.87)(460)(0.775)(700)

Provide 2Y20 top bars (628 𝑚𝑚2 )

Provide 2Y32 Bottom bars (1608 𝑚𝑚2 )

Provide 2Y40 Bottom bars (2513 𝑚𝑚2 )

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴𝑠 = 1608 + 2513 = 4121 𝑚𝑚2

Example 4.6 -8

Determine the ultimate moment of resistance M of the beam section Fig. 4.6 – 5 using:

(a) Design chart,

(b) The BS 8110 simplified stress block.
𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 40 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑓𝑦 = 460 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Page 6 of 57
.
0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢
250

0.45𝑥
𝑥 0.9𝑥 𝐶 = 0.405 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑥
670
N A
𝑧 = 𝑑 − 0.45𝑥
3Y32
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠
(𝑎) 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑏) 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠

Fig. 4.6 -5: Section and Forces

Solution:

(a) Using Chart (Fig. 4.5 – 2)

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 3𝑌32 = 2412 𝑚𝑚2

2412
𝜌= (100) = 1.44%
(250)(670)

From design chart (Fig. 4.5 – 2)

𝑀𝑢
= 4.4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑑 2
∴ 𝑀𝑢 = (4.4)(250)(670)2 (10−6 )

∴ 𝑀𝑢 = 493.8 𝑘𝑁𝑚

(b)Using BS 8110 simplified stress block Fig. 4.6 – 5 (b)

The equilibrium condition is as given in equation (4.6-2):

0.405𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑥 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠

∴ (0.405)(40)(250)𝑥 = 0.87(460)2412

∴ 𝑥 = 238.3 𝑚

𝑥 238.3
∴ ( )= = 0.35 < 0.5 𝑂. 𝐾.
𝑑 670

Page 7 of 57
From eqn. (4.6 - 3) or Fig. 4.6-5(b)

𝑧 = 𝑑 − 0.45𝑥

𝑧 = 670 − (0.45)(238.3) = 562.8 𝑚𝑚

𝑀 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 𝑧

∴ 𝑀 = (0.87)(460)(2412)(562.8)10−6

∴ 𝑀 = 543.3 𝑘𝑁𝑚

Example 4.6 - 10

A bending moment M is applied to a rectangular beam section. 𝐼𝑓 𝑀 ≤ 𝑀𝑢 of equation (4.6-5), show that
𝑧
(𝑑) is given by the following BS 8110 formula:

𝑧 𝐾
( ) = 0.5 + √(0.25 − )
𝑑 0.9

𝑀
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐾 =
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2

𝑧 = 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑓

𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘.

Solution

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑀 ≤ 𝑀𝑢 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑛. (4.6 − 5)𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑛 (4.6 − 4)

𝑥 𝑥
𝐾 = [0.405 ( )] [1 − 0.45 ( )]
𝑑 𝑑

From Fig. 4.6-1

𝑧 = 𝑑 − 0.45𝑥
𝑧 𝑥
∴ = 1 − 0.45 ( )
𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 𝑧
∴ 0.45 ( ) = 1 − ( )
𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 𝑧
∴ ( ) = 2.222 − 2.222 ( )
𝑑 𝑑
𝑥
Substituting for (𝑑) 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐾:

Page 8 of 57
 𝑧 𝑧
𝐾 = [0.405 (2.222 − 2.222 ( ))] [1 − 0.45 (2.222 − 2.222 ( ))]
𝑑 𝑑

𝑧 𝑧
∴ 𝐾 = [0.9 − 0.9 ( )] [1 − 0.999 + 0.999 ( )]
𝑑 𝑑
𝑧 𝑧
∴ 𝐾 = [0.9 − 0.9 ( )] [0.999 ( )]
𝑑 𝑑
𝑧 𝑧 2
∴ 𝐾 = 0.9 ( ) − 0.9 ( )
𝑑 𝑑
𝑧 2 𝑧
∴ ( ) − ( ) + 1.111𝐾 = 0
𝑑 𝑑
𝑧
This is a quadratic equation in ( ):
𝑑

𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑥=−
2𝑎

𝑧 1 ± √[1 − (4)(1)(1.111)𝐾]
∴ ( )=
𝑑 2

𝑧 2 𝐾
∴ ( ) = 0.5 ± √(0.25 − )
𝑑 2 0.9

𝑧 𝐾
∴ ( ) = 0.5 ± √(0.25 − )
𝑑 0.9

𝑥
( ) = 0.5
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑧 > 𝑥
𝑧
∴ > 0.5
𝑑

𝒛 𝑲
∴ ( ) = 𝟎. 𝟓 + √(𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 − )
𝒅 𝟎. 𝟗

NB: Values of Table 4.6-1 are determined from this formula

4.8 FLANGED BEAMS

The T-beam and L-beam in Fig. 4.8-1 are examples of flange beams.

Page 9 of 57
 In practice, the flange is often the floor slab and question arises as to what width of the slab is to be taken
as the effective width.

b b

ℎ𝑓 ℎ𝑓

flange
flange
d d
Web Web

𝐴𝑠 𝐴𝑠

𝑏𝑤 𝑏𝑤

(a) (b)

Fig. 4.8 – 1: Flanged beams

BS 8110 gives the following recommendations:

(a) T-beam:
The effective width is the lesser of:
(i) 𝑏 = 𝑏𝑤 + (0.2)(0.7)(𝑙)
(ii) The actual width

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑙 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛

(b) L - beam:
The effective width is the lesser of:
(i) 𝑏 = 𝑏𝑤 + (0.1)(0.7)(𝑙)
(ii) The actual width

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑙 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛

For flanged beams, BS 8110: Cl.3.12.5.3 requires that transverse reinforcement should
be provided near the top surface and across the full effective width of the flange. The area of such
reinforcement should not be less 0.15% of that of the longitudinal cross-section area of the flange.

Page 10 of 57
 If the neutral axis is within the flange thickness, then a flange beam may be analysed and designed as a
rectangular beam of the same width (b) and effective depth (d). The design chart in Fig. 4.5-2 becomes
𝐴 𝐴′
directly applicable. In Fig. 4.5-2, 𝜌 = 𝑏𝑑𝑠 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜌′ = 𝑏𝑑𝑠 where 𝑏 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ.

QUICK DESIGN METHOD

This is an approximate of design.

Simplifying assumptions:

(a) The depth of the BS 8110 rectangular stress block is not less than the flange
thickness, i.e. 0.9𝑥 ≥ ℎ𝑓
(b) The compressive force in the web below the flange [𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑔. 4.8 −
2(𝑎)] is neglected.

0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢
b
ℎ𝑓
2
ℎ𝑓
0.9𝑥 𝐶 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏ℎ𝑓

N A
ℎ𝑓
d 𝑧=𝑑−
2

𝐴𝑠
𝑇 = 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠

𝑏𝑤

(b)
(a)

Fig. 4.8 – 2: Assumptions in quick design

The forces in the beam section are then shown in Fig. 4.8-2(b).

Considering steel reinforcement,

ℎ𝑓
𝑀 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 [𝑑 − ] (4.8 − 1)
2

Considering concrete compression,

Page 11 of 57
 ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑢 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏ℎ𝑓 [𝑑 − ] (4.8 − 2)
2

In practice, design moment M is compared with 𝑀𝑢 of eqn. (4.8 − 2). If :

(i) 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀 ≤ 𝑀𝑢 , then the steel area 𝐴𝑠 is calculated from eqn. (4.8 − 1)
(ii) In the unlikely event that 𝑀 > 𝑀𝑢 of eqn. (4.8 − 2), it is simplest to increase the web
dimensions. Otherwise, use the Insitute of Structural Engineers Manual.

Example 4.8-1

ℎ𝑓 = 150

300

𝑏𝑤 = 200

Design the T-beam:

Data: Effective span 𝑙 = 6.0 𝑚, design moment 𝑀 = 300 𝑘𝑁𝑚, 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 40 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑓𝑦 = 460 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Solution

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑏 = 𝑏𝑤 + (0.2)(0.7)(𝑙)

∴ 𝑏 = 200 + (0.2)(0.7)(6000)

∴ 𝑏 = 1040 𝑚𝑚

𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎.
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑑 = 450 − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 − ( )
2
20
∴ 𝑑 = 450 − 20 − ( ) = 420 𝑚𝑚
2
ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑢 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏ℎ𝑓 [𝑑 − ] 10−6
2

Page 12 of 57
∴ 𝑀𝑢 = 0.45(40)(1040)(150)[420 − 75]10−6

∴ 𝑀𝑢 = 968.7 𝑘𝑁𝑚 > 300 𝑘𝑁𝑚

∴ 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑

Tension steel area:

ℎ𝑓
𝑀 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 [𝑑 − ]
2
150
(300)106 = 0.87(460)(𝐴𝑠 ) [420 − ]
2

∴ 𝐴𝑠 = 2173 𝑚𝑚2

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 5𝑌25 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 (𝐴𝑠 = 2454 𝑚𝑚2 )

2Y8 hanger bars

ℎ𝑓 = 150

300

5Y25

𝑏𝑤 = 200

5 R. C. beams-the serviceability limit states

5.1 The serviceability limit states of deflection and cracking.

The deflection of a structure should not adversely affect the appearance or functions of the structure.
Similarly, any cracking of the concrete should not adversely affect its appearance or durability.

In day- to -day practical design, the serviceability limit state requirements are met by the following
straight forward procedures:

(a) Deflections are controlled by simply limiting the span/depth ratios,

(b) Crack widths are controlled by limiting the maximum spacing s of the tension reinforcement.

Page 13 of 57
5.3 DEFLECTION CONTROL IN DESIGN (BS 8110)

BS 8110 states that the final deflection should not exceed either of the following limits:

(a) 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛/250,
(b) The lesser of:
(i) 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 )/500
(ii) 20 mm.

The limit of 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛/250 is considered to be that beyond which the deflection will be noticed
by the user of the structure. The limit (b) is to prevent damage to the partitions and finishes.
Both limits are intended for general guidance only.

In design, it is usual to comply with the above deflection limits by limiting the ratio of the
span to the effective depth.

BS 8110: Cl.3.4.6: Summary of procedures recommended to control deflection:

Step 1: (𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒄 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏)/𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒔

Select the span/effective depth ratio:

Table 5.3-1: Basic span/effective depth ratio

Support condition Rectangular sections: Flanged sections:

𝑏 𝑏𝑤
. 𝑤=1 ≤ 0.3
𝑏
𝑏
Cantilever 7 5.6
Simply supported 20 16.0
continuous 26 20.8

𝑏𝑤
For flanged beams with ≤ 0.3 obtain the span/effective depth ratio by linear interpolation
𝑏
𝑏𝑤
between flanged beams and rectangular beams i.e. =1
𝑏

S
𝑙/𝑑 20.8 21.5 22.3 23 23.8 24.5 25.3 26-rectangular
beam
𝑏𝑤 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
𝑏

26 − 20.8
𝑆= = 0.743
7
Step 2: Long spans:

Page 14 of 57
 For spans exceeding 10 m , there are three cases to consider, depending on whether it is
necessary to limit the increase in deflection (span/500 or 20 mm) after the construction of the
partitions or finishes:

(a) If it is not necessary to limit such increase in deflection, then the (𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒄 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏)/
𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 obtained in step 1, remains valid.
(b) If it is necessary to limit such increase, and the structural member is not a cantilever, then
the (𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒄 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏)/𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 obtained in step 1 should be multiplied by a modification
10
factor equal to(𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 ).
(c) If it is necessary to limit the increase in deflection and the structural member is a cantilever,
deflection must be calculated.

Step 3: Modification factor for tension reinforcement

The (Basic span)/depth ratio is multiplied by the modification factor obtained from table
5.3-2 to allow for the effect of the tension reinforcement.

Table 5.3-2: Modification factor for tension reinforcement (BS 8110: Cl. 3.4.6.5)

Service stress 𝑀
(𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 )
𝑓𝑠 (N/𝑚𝑚2 ) 𝑏𝑑 2
0.5 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
(𝑓𝑦 = 250) 156 2.00 2.00 1.96 1.66 1.47 1.24 1.1 1.00 0.94
(𝑓𝑦 = 460) 288 1.68 1.50 1.38 1.21 1.09 0.95 0.87 082 0.78

Step 4: Modification factor for compression reinforcement

If the beam is doubly reinforced, the (Basic span)/depth ratio may be further multiplied by a
modification factor, obtained from Table 5.3-3 to allow for compression reinforcement.

Table 5.3-3: Modification factor for compression reinforcement (BS 8110: Cl. 3.4.6.6)

100𝐴′𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 0 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.5 ≥ 3.00
𝑏𝑑
Factor 1.08 1.05 1.08 1.10 1.14 1.20 1.25 1.33 1.40 1.45 1.50

Example 5.3-1

The design ultimate moment for a rectangular beam of 11 m simple span is 900 kNm. If 𝑓𝑐𝑢 =
40 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 and 𝑓𝑦 = 460 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 , design the cross section for the ultimate limit state and check
that the span/ effective depth ratio is within the allowable limit in BS 8110: Cl.3.4.6.

Solution

Page 15 of 57
Example 4.5-4 shows that a beam section with the following properties is appropriate for the
ultimate limit state:

𝑏 = 250 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑 = 700 𝑚𝑚, 𝐴𝑠 = 4021 𝑚𝑚2 , 𝐴′𝑠 = 982 𝑚𝑚2 ,

𝐴𝑠 𝐴′𝑠
= 2.3%, = 0.56% .
𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑑

Step 1

From Table 5.5-1, the (Basic span)/depth ratio = 20

Step 2

(Assume it is necessary to restrict the increase in deflection after construction of the partitions
and finishes).

10 10
𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 = = = 0.91
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 11

Step 3

𝑀 (900)(106 )
= = 7.35 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑑 2 (250)(700)2

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 5.3 − 2, 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.78

Step 4

100𝐴′𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 100(982)
= = 0.56
𝑏𝑑 250(700)

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 5.3 − 3, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

(1.2 − 1.14)(0.56 − 0.50)

= + 1.14 = 1.15
(0.75 − 0.50)

The allowable (𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏)/𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 = (𝟐𝟎)(0.91)(0.78)(1.15) = 16.33

𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏 (𝟏𝟏)(103)
The actual 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 = = 15.71 < 16.33
𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 𝟕𝟎𝟎

Deflection O.K.

Example 5.3-2

If the allowable (𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛)/𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 determined in accordance with the steps above turns out to
be smaller than the actual span/depth ratio, what remedial actions may be taken?

Page 16 of 57
Solution

Possible remedial actions include:

(a) Increase, the effective depth to bring the actual span /depth ratio down to the allowable
value,
𝑀
(b) Additional tension steel can be provided over and above that required by the (𝑏𝑑2 ) value,
(c) Carry out a full deflection calculation, using the BS 8110 procedure (it will usually show that the
span depth ratio procedure is conservative).

5.4 CRACK CONTROL IN DESIGN (BS 8110)

BS 8110: Cl.3.12.11.2.1 states that surface crack widths should not, in general, exceed 0.3 mm.
Excessively wide cracks are objectionable, mainly because they affect the appearance of the
structure. It is also prudent to limit crack widths in aggressive environment to limit the
possibility of corrosion.

In practical design, it is usual to comply with the 0.3 mm crack width limit by a straightforward
procedure of limiting the maximum distance between bars in tension (BS 8110: Cl. 3.4.7)

𝑆𝑏 ≤ 250 h

2
( )ℎ
3
𝑆𝑏 ≤ 250

𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐

Fig. 5.4-1: Reinforcement rules for crack control

Notes:

(a) 𝑎𝑏 ≤ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑛. 5.4 − 2

Page 17 of 57
 1
(b) 𝑎𝑐 ≤ (2) 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑏
2
(c) 𝐼𝑓 ( 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓) ℎ > 750 𝑚𝑚, side bars are required to a depth of ( ) ℎ.
3
BS 8110:Cl.3.12.11.2.4 states that the clear spacing may be calculated from:

47000
𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = ≤ 300 𝑚𝑚 (5.4 − 2)
𝑓𝑠

5 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 [ ][ ] [5.3 − 1(𝑏)]
8 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 𝛽𝑏

𝛽𝑏 = 1 , when no moment redistribution has been done

Comments on Fig. 5.4-1:

(a) In measuring 𝑎𝑏 , ignorre any bar with a size smaller than 0.45 times that of the largest
bar.
(b) In measuring 𝑎𝑐 , ignorre any bar with a size smaller than 0.45 times that of the largest
bar.
(𝑏)𝑆𝑏
(c) 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 √[ ]
𝑓𝑦

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑆𝑏 = 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔,

𝑏 = 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ (𝑏 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑 500 𝑚𝑚).

6.4 SHEAR RESISTANCE IN DESIGN CALCULATIONS (BS 8110)

Step 1: The design shear stress

Calculate the design shear stress from:

𝑉
Design shear 𝑣 = (6.4 − 1)
𝑏𝑣 𝑑

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑉 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒,

𝑏𝑣 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ (𝑏𝑣 = 𝑏 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠),

𝑑 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ.

Step 2: 𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟖√𝒇𝒄𝒖 𝒐𝒓 𝟓 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐

If 𝑣 of step 1 excees 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑜𝑟 5 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 , whichever is less, the product “𝑏𝑣 𝑑" must be
increased to reduce 𝑣.

Step 3: 𝒗 > 0.5𝒗𝒄

Page 18 of 57
Compare the design shear stress 𝑣 with the design concrete shear stress 𝑣𝑐 in Table 6.4-1

Table 6.4-1: Design concrete shear stress 𝒗𝒄 – for 𝒇𝒄𝒖 ≥ 𝟒𝟎 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 (BS 8110: clause
3.4.5.4)

100As Effective depth d (mm)

bv d 150 175 200 225 250 300 ≥ 400
≤ 0.15 0.50 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.44 0.42 0.40
0.25 0.60 0.57 0.55 0.54 0.53 0.50 0.47
0.50 0.75 0.73 0.70 0.68 0.65 0.63 0.59
0.75 0.85 0.83 0.80 0.77 0.76 0.72 0.67
1.00 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.85 0.83 0.80 0.74
1.50 1.08 1.04 1.01 0.97 0.95 0.91 0.84
2.00 1.19 1.15 1.11 1.08 1.04 1.01 0.94
≥ 3.00 1.36 1.31 1.27 1.23 1.19 1.15 1.07
1
𝑓𝑐𝑢 3
For values of 𝒇𝒄𝒖 less than 𝟒𝟎 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐, multiply tabulated values by ( )
40

If 𝒗 < 0.5𝒗𝒄 , then:

(a) No shear reinforcement is required for members of minor structural importance, such as
lintels (lintols).
(b) For all other structural members, provide minimum links, which are defined as shear
links that will provide a shear resistance of 0.4 N/𝑚𝑚2 , i.e.
(0.4)𝑏𝑣 𝑆𝑣
𝐴𝑠𝑣 (𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠) ≥ (6.4 − 2)
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑣
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝑠𝑣 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑠𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘,
𝑓𝑦𝑣 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘
(𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 460 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 )
𝐴𝑠𝑣 (0.4)𝑏𝑣
∴ (𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠) ≥
𝑆𝑣 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑣
𝑅𝐻𝑆 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 6.4 − 2

Link spacing requirements:

In the direction of the span, the link spacing 𝑆𝑣 ≤ 0.75 𝑑

Step 4: 𝟎. 𝟓𝒗𝒄 ≤ 𝒗 ≤ (𝒗𝒄 + 𝟎. 𝟒)

If design shear stress is between 0.5𝑣𝑐 and (𝑣𝑐 + 0.4), provide minimum links as defined by
eqn. (6.4 − 2) for the whole length of the beam.

Page 19 of 57
Step 5: (𝒗𝒄 + 𝟎. 𝟒) < 𝑣:
𝐴𝑠𝑣
Table 6.4-2: values of ( ) (𝑚𝑚) for various link-bar sizes ∅ and link spacing 𝑆𝑣
𝑆𝑣

𝑆𝑣 Diameter ∅
8 10 12 16
100 1.00 1.57 2.26 4.02
150 0.67 1.05 1.51 2.68
200 0.50 0.79 1.131 2.01
250 0.40 0.63 0.90 1.61
300 0.33 0.52 0.75 1.34

If v exceeds (𝑣𝑐 + 0.4), provide links as follows:

(𝑣 − 𝒗𝒄 )𝑏𝑣 𝑆𝑣
𝐴𝑠𝑣 ≥ (6.4 − 3)
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑣
𝐴𝑠𝑣 (𝑣 − 𝒗𝒄 )𝑏𝑣
≥
𝑆𝑣 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑣
𝑅𝐻𝑆 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 6.4 − 2

Step 6: Anchorage of links

Requirements and the anchorage of inks:

(a) A link should pass round another bar of at least its own size, through an angle of
90𝑜 , and continue for a length of at least eight times its own size or
(b) It should pass round another bar of at least its own size, through an angle of 180𝑜,
and continue for a length of at least four times its own size

Example 6.4-4 (not from Kong)

The design load (including self-weight) for a simply supported concrete beam, span 6.0 m is 200
kN/m. The section size is 250 mm by 700 mm effective depth. If 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 40 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 and 𝑓𝑦 =
460 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2, design the beam for the following limit states:

(a) Ultimate,
(b) Shear,
(c) Deflection.

Page 20 of 57
Model solution

(a) 𝑈𝑑𝑙 𝑤 = 200 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

B
A
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑙 = 6.0

𝑤𝑙 2 200(6)2
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑀 = = = 900 𝑘𝑁𝑚
8 8
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑀𝑢 = 𝐾 ′ 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2

= 0.156(40)(250)(700)2 (10)−6

= 764.4 𝑘𝑁𝑚 < 900 𝑘𝑁𝑚

Therefore, compression reinforcement is required.

Compression steel:

0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴′𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) = 𝑀 − 𝑀𝑢

𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 60 𝑚𝑚, 𝑠𝑎𝑦

0.87(460)𝐴′𝑠 (700 − 60) = 900 − 764.4

(135.6)106
𝐴′𝑠 = = 529.4 𝑚𝑚2
(0.87)(460)640

𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐴𝑠 ∶

0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 = 0.2025𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 + 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴′𝑠

0.87(460) 𝐴𝑠 = (0.2025)(40)(250)(700) + 0.87(460)(529)

𝐴𝑠 = 4027 𝑚𝑚2

Page 21 of 57
∴ Provide:

(i) 2Y20 top bars (𝐴′𝑠 = 628 𝑚𝑚2 ),

(ii) 2Y40 bottom bars (𝐴𝑠 = 2513 𝑚𝑚2)

(iii)2Y32 bottom bars (𝐴𝑠 = 1608 𝑚𝑚2)

(b)Shear

(200)(6)
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑉 = = 600 𝑘𝑁
2
𝑉 (600)103
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑣 = = = 3.43 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑣 𝑑 (250)700

𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 is the lesser of:

(i) 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.8(√𝑓𝑐𝑢 ) = 0.8(√40) = 5.1 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

(ii) 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5.0 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Therefore 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5.0 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2.

Concrete design stress 𝑣𝑐 :

(100)𝐴𝑠 (100)(4121)
= = 2.35
𝑏𝑣 𝑑 (250)(700)

From Table 6.4-1,

1.07−0.94
𝑣𝑐 =(3.00−2.00) (2.35 − 2.00) + 0.94 = 0.9855 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

∴ 𝑣𝑐 = 0.98 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 , say

𝑣𝑐 = 0.5(0.98 ) = 0.49 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑣 = 3.43 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 > 0.49 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

∴ Shear links are required.

Minimum shear links:

𝑆𝑣 (0.4)𝑏𝑣 (0.4)(250)
= = = 0.46
𝐴𝑠𝑣 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑣 0.87(250)

From Table 6.4-2:

Page 22 of 57
 𝑆
Provide: R 8 - 200 (𝐴 𝑣 = 0.5)
𝑠𝑣

𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑜 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑐 + 0.4

= 0.98 + 0.4 = 1.38 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = (1.38)(250)(700)10−3= 241.5 𝑘𝑁

𝐴𝑠𝑣 (𝑣 − 𝒗𝒄 )𝑏𝑣 (3.43 − 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖)250

= = = 2.82
𝑆𝑣 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑣 (0.87)250
𝐴𝑠𝑣
∴ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑅16 − 100 ( = 4.02)
𝑆𝑣

241.5

600 𝑥

3.00

600 241.5
=
3 𝑥
𝑥 = 1.2 𝑚

18R16-100 13R8 -200 18R16-100

1.8 2.4 1.8

(iii) Deflection :
From Table 5.3-1:
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑙
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 ( ) = 20
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑑
Tension steel modification factor:
𝑀 900(106 )
2
= 2
= 7.35 N/mm2
𝑏𝑑 (250)(700 )
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 5.3 − 2:

Page 23 of 57
 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.78
Compression steel modification factor:
100𝐴′𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 100(628)
= = 0.36
𝑏𝑑 (250)(700)
From Table 5.3-3:
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 1.1
𝑙
∴ 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 (𝑑) = (20)(0.78)1.1= 17.16
𝑙 6000
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ( ) = = 8.57 < 17.16
𝑑 700
∴ Deflection O.K.

6.6 Bond and anchorage

Bond stress is the shear stress acting parallel to the reinforcement bar on the interface
between the bar and the concrete. Where an effective bond exists, the strain in the
reinforcement may be assumed to be equal to that in the adjacent concrete. Bond is due
to the combined effects of adhesion, friction and (for deformed bars) bearing.
Anchorage bond stress:
𝐹𝑠
∅
𝑙

Fig. 6.6-1: bond stress illustration

𝐹𝑠
𝑓𝑏 = ≥ 𝑓𝑏𝑢 [6.6 − 1(𝑎)]
𝜋∅𝑙

Where:

𝐹𝑠 = 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

∅ = 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑙 = 𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

𝑓𝑏𝑢 = 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

∅2
Bar force 𝐹𝑠 = 𝑓𝑠 𝜋 ( 4 )

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

Substituting in equation[6.6 − 1(𝑎)]

Page 24 of 57
 𝑓𝑠 𝜋∅2 𝑓𝑠 ∅
𝑓𝑏 = = [6.6 − 1(𝑏)]
4𝜋∅𝑙 4𝑙

𝑓𝑏 ≤ 𝑓𝑏𝑢

The ultimate anchorage bond stress 𝑓𝑏𝑢 is given by BS 8110 as:

𝑓𝑏𝑢 = 𝛽√𝑓𝑐𝑢 (6.6 − 2)

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛽 = 𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡

Values of bond coefficient 𝛽:

(a) For bars in tension in slabs, 𝛽 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 given in Table 6.6- 1.

Table 6.6-1: Bond coefficients 𝛽(BS 8110: Cl.3.12.8.4)

Bar type 𝛽(𝑒𝑞𝑛𝑠 6.6 − 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 6.6 − 3)

Bars in tension Bars in compression
Plain bars 0.28 0.35
Deformed bars 0.50 0.63

(b) (i) In beams with minimum shear links provided in accordance with equation 6.4-2, values of 𝛽
are given in Table 6.6-1,
(ii) In beams where minimum links have not been so provided, 𝛽 values should be those listed in
Table 6.6-1 for plain bars, irrespective of the type of bar actually used.
(c) The values in Table 6.6-1 include partial safety factor 𝛾𝑚 of 1.4.

The anchorage bond length is the length of reinforcement bar required to develop the stress 𝑓𝑠 and is
given by eqns [6.6 − 1(𝑏)] and (6.6 − 2):

𝑓𝑠 ∅
𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑓𝑏 = = 𝛽√𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 𝑓𝑏𝑢
4𝑙
𝑓𝑠 ∅
∴ 𝑙= [6.6 − 3(𝑎)]
4𝛽√𝑓𝑐𝑢

The ultimate anchorage bond length 𝑙𝑢 is the bar length required to develop the full design strength.
Hence, by substituting 0.87𝑓𝑦 for 𝑓𝑠 in eqn [6.6 − 3(𝑎)]

0.87𝑓𝑦 ∅
𝑙𝑢 = [6.6 − 3(𝑏)]
4𝛽√𝑓𝑐𝑢

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ∅ = 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒

Typically, for 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 40 N/mm2 and 𝑓𝑦 = 460 N/mm2 for bars in tension

Page 25 of 57
 0.87(460)∅
𝑙𝑢 = = 32∅
4(0.5)√40

And for bars in compression

0.87(460)∅
𝑙𝑢 = = 26∅
4(0.63)√40

Where it is impracticable to provide the necessary anchorage length for bars in tension, the designer
may use hooks or bends, done to comply with BS 4466 requirements.

DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS (BS 8110)

The slabs are analyzed and designed as beams:

𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝑢 = 𝐾 ′ 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2

𝑀
𝐴𝑠 =
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑧

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐾 ′ = 0.156, 𝑏 = 1000 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝑧 = 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑚; 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4.6 − 1

ONE-WAY SLABS
𝑙
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ( 𝑙𝑦 ) > 2.0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦
𝑥

Loading arrangement for slabs (BS 8110: 3.5.2.3)

It states that the slabs may be designed for a single loading case of maximum design ultimate
load (1.4Gk + 1.6Qk) on all spans provided that the following conditions are met:

1 In a one –way slab, the area of each bay exceeds 30 m2(𝑐𝑓 𝐹𝑖𝑔. 1, 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤)
2 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑄𝑘 ⁄𝐺𝑘 ≤ 1.25,
Where Qk = characteristic imposed load, and Gk =characteristic dead load
3 Qk does not exceed 5 kN/m2,
4 The variation in spans does not exceed 15% of the longest.

If these conditions are met, BS 8110: Cl.3.5.2.4 states that the moment and shear forces in
continuous one-way slabs may be obtained from the Table 11.42:

If slabs loading arrangements do not meet the conditions set out in (BS 8110: 3.5.2.3), analysis is
as for continuous beams(Mosely W. H. pg. 29).

Page 26 of 57
 Panel Bay

Fig.1: Definitions of panels and Bays.

Table 11.42: One-way slabs- ultimate bending moments and shear forces

Moment End support End span First interior support Interior spans Interior supports
0 0.086FL - 0.063FL 0.063FL -0.063FL
Shear 0.4F - 0.6F - 0.5F
BS 8110: Cl.3.5.2.4

Comments:

1 No redistribution of moments is allowed if values obtained from this Table are used,
2 𝐹 = 1.4𝐺𝑘 + 1.6𝑄𝑘, , 𝐿 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏

B C

End support First Interior support Interior support

End span Interior span

Page 27 of 57
Tutorial example 1: (One – Way Slab)

Fig. 2 shows an interior concrete floor slab bays supported on reinforced concrete beams on all
four sides, with provision for torsion at the corners. Using the tables attached, design and detail
the reinforcement for one bay of the floor shown for the following limit states:

(i) The ultimate limit state,

(ii) Shear,
(iii) Deflection,
(iv) Cracking.

5500 5500 5500 5500

7000

180

9000

Fig. 2: Typical floor plan

Exposure conditions:

(i) Internal - mild,

(ii) External – moderate.

Fire resistance: 1 hr (Kenya Building Code pg. 37)

Dead loads:1.5 kN/m2(finishes and partitions),

Page 28 of 57
 Imposed load: 3 kN/m2,

Characteristic strengths: fcu = 40 N/m2, fy= 460 N/m2

Table 4.6-1: lever- arm and neutral axis depth factors

K = M/(bd2fcu) 0.05 0.06 0.07

(z/d) 0.94 0.93 0.91
(x/d) 0.13 0.16 0.19

Table 3.25: minimum areas of reinforcement in members (BS 8110: clause 3.12.5.1)

Situation Definition of Minimum percentage

percentage fy = 250 N/mm2 fy = 460 N/mm2
% %
Tension reinforcement
Rectangular section (in solid slabs, this minimum should 100As /Ac 0.24 0.13
be provided in both directions)

Model Solution:

S/No Calculations Comments

1(i)

𝐿𝑦 = 16000 mm

𝐿𝑥 = 5500 mm

fcu = 40N/mm2 , fy = 460 N/mm2,

n = 37.0 kN/m2, and initial trial thickness = 180 mm.

𝑙𝑦 16000
= = 2.91 > 2.0
𝑙𝑥 5500

∴ One - way design.

h=180 mm

5500

Page 29 of 57
Step 1: Durability and fire resistance:
From table 2.5-7:
Nominal cover for mild exposure = 20 mm,

From Table 8.8-1: (BS 8110: Cl.4.3.1): Cover = 20 mm,

Fire resistance of 180 mm slab with 20 mm cover to main bars> 1 ℎ𝑟.
∴ Nominal cover = 20 mm,
Fire resistance > 1 ℎ𝑟 (𝑂. 𝐾)

Step 2: Loading per metre width of the slab: Fire resistance > 1 ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = (0.18)(24)(5.5) 23.8
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑠 = 1.5(5.5) 8.3
𝐺𝑘 32.1

𝑄𝑘 = (3)(5.5) = 16.5 𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ, 𝐺𝑘 = 32.1 𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚

𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹 = 1.4𝐺𝑘 + 1.6𝑄𝑘
𝐹 = (1.4)(32.1) + (1.6)(16.5) = 71.3 𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑄𝑘 = 16.5 𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚

𝐹 = 71.3 𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚
Step 3: Ultimate moments:
From Table 11.42:
𝑀 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠 = 0.063𝐹𝐿 = (0.063)(71.3)(5.5) = 24.7 𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠:
𝑀 = 24.7 𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚

𝑀 𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 = 0.063𝐹𝐿 = (0.063)(71.3)(5.5) = 24.7 𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚 𝑀𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛:

𝑀 = 24.7 𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚

Page 30 of 57
Step 4: Main reinforcement:
Effective depth d = 180 – 20- (0.5) (bar dia.) = 180 – 20- (0.5) (12) = 154 mm, d= 154 mm
say.
Supports:
𝑀𝑢 = 0.156𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2 = (0.156)(40)(1000)(1542 )10−6 = 148 𝑘𝑁𝑚⁄𝑚 > 𝑀

∴ Effective depth O.K.

𝑀 (24.7)106
= = 0.026
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 (40)(1000)(154)2
From Table 4.6-1:
𝑧
= 0.94
𝑑
From equation (4.6-12):
𝑀 (24.7)106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 426 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑧 0.87(460)(0.94)154
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 0.13%𝑏ℎ
0.13(1000)180
= = 234 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚 < 426 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚
100
∴ 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴𝑠 = 426 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚
(𝐴𝑠 = 426 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚)
∴ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑌10 − 150 − 𝑇1 (𝐴𝑠 = 523 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚)
𝑌10 − 150 − 𝑇1
Mid-span:
𝑀 (24.7)106
= = 0.026 (as at supports)
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 (40)(1000)(154)2
(𝐴𝑠 = 426 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚)
∴ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑌10 − 150 − 𝐵1 (𝐴𝑠 = 523 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚)
𝑌10 − 150 − 𝐵1
Step 5: shear:
From table 11.4-2:
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑉 = 0.5𝐹 = 0.5(71.3) = 35.7 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

𝑉 37.5(1000)
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑣 = = = 0.23 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑣 𝑑 1000(154)
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 0.8(40)0.5
= 5.1 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚 2 𝑜𝑟 5.0 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
∴ 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5.0 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚 2 > 0.23 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
∴ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟
From table 6.4-1:
100𝐴𝑠 100(523)
= = 0.34%
𝑑𝑏𝑣 154(1000)

100𝐴𝑠 Effective depth

𝑏𝑣 𝑑 150 154 175
0.25 0.60 0.60 0.57
0.34 0.65
0.50 0.75 0.75 0.73

Page 31 of 57
Critical shear stress 𝒗𝒄 :

∴ 𝒗𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 > 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑣

∴ 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑂. 𝐾.

Step 6: Deflection:
From table 5.3-1:
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 (𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ ) 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 26.0
𝑀 (24.7)106
= = 1.04
𝑏𝑑 2 1000(154)2
From Table 5.3-2:
Tension steel modification factor = 1.38
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
Allowable (𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ ) 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 26.0(1.38) = 35.9
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 5500
Actual (𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ ) 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = = 35.7 < 35.9
154
∴ Deflection O.K

Step7: cracking:
3𝑑 = 3(154) = 462 𝑚𝑚

Clear spacing =150 –bar diameter=150 – 10 =140 mm< 462 𝑚𝑚

∴ Cracking O.K.
Step 8: Secondary (distribution) steel area:
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.13%𝑏ℎ
0.13(1000)(180)
=
100
= 234 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚
∴ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑌10 − 300 − 𝑇2 (𝐴𝑠 = 262 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚)

∴ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑌10 − 300 − 𝐵2 (𝐴𝑠 = 262 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚)

Assignment 1:
Produce a fully detailed standard working drawing on tracing paper (scale:
1:50) of the panel designed above.

Page 32 of 57
Two – Way Slab Design

Simply supported slabs

When simply- supported slabs do not have adequate provision to resist torsion at the corners, and to
prevent the corners from lifting, the maximum moments per unit width are given by the equations:

𝑚𝑠𝑥 = 𝛼𝑠𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥2 (𝑖)

𝑚𝑠𝑦 = 𝛼𝑠𝑦 𝑛𝑙𝑥2 (𝑖𝑖)

Values of for αsx and αsy are given in Table 3.13.

Table 3.13: Bending moment coefficients for slabs spanning in two directions at right angles, simply -
supported on four sides
𝑙𝑦 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
𝑙𝑥
𝛼𝑠𝑥 0.062 0.074 0.084 0.093 0.099 0.104 0.113 0.118
𝛼𝑠𝑦 0.062 0.061 0.059 0.055 0.051 0.046 0.037 0.029

Equations (i) and (ii) are used subject to the following conditions:

(a) The characteristic dead and imposed loads on adjacent panels are approximately the same as on
the panel being considered.
(b) The span of adjacent panels I the direction perpendicular to the line of common support is
approximately the same as the span of panel considered in that direction.

Restrained slabs supported on four sides

The maximum moments per unit width are given by the equations:

𝑚𝑠𝑥 = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥2 (𝑖)

𝑚𝑠𝑦 = 𝛽𝑠𝑦 𝑛𝑙𝑥2 (𝑖𝑖)

Values of for βsx and βsy are given in Table 3.14.

Page 33 of 57
Table 3.14: Bending moment coefficients (BS 8110: clause 3.5.3.4)

Bending moment coefficients for rectangular panels supported on four sides with provision for torsion at corners
Type of panel and Short span coefficients, sx Long span
moments considered Values of ly/lx coefficients,sy, for all
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0 values of ly/lx
Interior panels

Negative moment at
continuous edge 0.031 0.037 0.042 0.046 0.050 0.053 0.059 0.063 0.032

Positive moment at
mid-span 0.024 0.028 0.032 0.035 0.037 0.040 0.044 0.048 0.024

Loads on supporting beams

The design loads on beams supporting solid slabs spanning in two directions at right angles and
supporting uniformly distributed loads may be assessed from the following equations:

𝑉𝑠𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥 (𝑖)

𝑉𝑠𝑦 = 𝑣𝑦 𝑛𝑙𝑥 (𝑖𝑖)

Table 3.15: Shear force coefficients (BS 8110: clause 3.5.3.7)

Shear force coefficients for uniformly loaded rectangular panels supported on four sides
Type of panel and 𝑙
Short span coefficients, vx for values of 𝑙𝑦 vy
location 𝑥
Values of 𝑙𝑦/𝑙𝑥
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
Four edges continuous
0.33 0.36 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.50 0.33
Continuous edge

Tutorial Example 2:

Fig. 1 shows an interior concrete floor slab panel supported on reinforced concrete beams on all four sides.
The factored design load n = 37.0 kN/m2, slab initial trial thickness = 150 mm, fcu = 40 N/mm2, fy=
460N/mm2.Using the tables attached, design the slab for the following limit states:

(v) The ultimate limit state,

(vi) Shear,

Page 34 of 57
 (vii) Deflection,
(viii) Cracking.

150 𝐿𝑥 = 3000 𝑚𝑚

𝐿𝑦 = 4500 𝑚𝑚

Fig. 1.1: Interior solid reinforced concrete floor slab panel

Table 4.6-1: lever- arm and neutral axis depth factors

K = M/(bd2fcu) 0.05 0.06 0.07

(z/d) 0.94 0.93 0.91
(x/d) 0.13 0.16 0.19

Table 3.25: minimum areas of reinforcement in members (BS 8110: clause 3.12.5.1)

situation Definition of Minimum percentage

percentage fy = 250 fy = 460
N/mm2 N/mm2
% %
Tension reinforcement
Rectangular section (in solid slabs, this minimum 100As /Ac 0.24 0.13
should be provided in both directions)

Page 35 of 57
Model Solution:

S/No Calculations Comments

1(i)
Lx = 3000 mm

Ly= 4500 mm

fcu = 40N/mm2 , fy = 460 N/mm2,

n = 37.0 kN/m2, and initial trial thickness = 150 mm.

𝑙𝑦 4500
= 3000 = 1.5 < 2.0
𝑙𝑥

Therefore two- way design.

Ultimate moments:
Supports:
From Table 3.14:

𝑠𝑥 = 0.053 and 𝑠𝑦 = 0.032

𝑀𝑠𝑥 = 𝑠𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥2 = 0.053 × 37 × 32 = 17.649 𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝑠𝑦 = 𝑠𝑦 𝑛𝑙𝑥2 = 0.032 × 37 × 32 = 10.656 𝑘𝑁𝑚

Mid-spans:
From Table 3.14:

𝑠𝑥 = 0.040 and 𝑠𝑦 = 0.024

𝑀𝑠𝑥 = 𝑠𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥2 = 0.040 × 37 × 32 = 13.32 𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝑠𝑦 = 𝑠𝑦 𝑛𝑙𝑥2 = 0.024 × 37 × 32 = 7.992 𝑘𝑁𝑚

S/No Calculations Comments

Main reinforcement:

Assume concrete cover = 20 mm (otherwise conc. cover = obtained from

Table 3.1)
Therefore effective depth
1 1
𝑑 = 150 − 20 − 2 (𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎. )=150 − 20 − 2 (12) = 124 𝑚𝑚

Page 36 of 57
 Supports :
Shorter span:
𝑀 17.649 (106 )
𝐾= = = 0.03
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2 (40)(1000)(124)2

From Table 4.6-1,

𝑧
= 0.94
𝑑

𝑀 17.649 (106 )
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝑠 = = = 378 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑧 (0.87)(460)(0.94)(124)

From Table 3.25:

0.13𝐴𝑐 (0.13)(1000)(150)
𝐴𝑠(𝑚𝑖𝑛) = = = 195 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚
100 100
< 378 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚

Therefore, 𝐴𝑠 = 378 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚

Therefore, Provide 𝒀𝟏𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝑻𝟏 (𝑨𝒔 = 𝟑𝟗𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝟐 ⁄𝒎)

S/No Calculations comments

Supports:
longer span:
𝑀 10.656(106 )
𝐾= = = 0.02
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2 (40)(1000)(124)2
From Table 4.6-1:
𝑧
= 0.94
𝑑

𝑀 10.656(106 )
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝑠 = = = 228 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑧 (0.87)(460)(0.94)(124)

𝐴𝑠(𝑚𝑖𝑛) = 195 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚 < 228 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚

Therefore, 𝐴𝑠 = 228 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚

Therefore, Provide 𝒀𝟖 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝑻𝟏 (𝑨𝒔 = 𝟐𝟓𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝟐 ⁄𝒎)

Page 37 of 57
 Mid-span
Shorter span:
𝑀 13.32(106 )
𝐾= = = 0.02
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2 (40)(1000)(124)2
From Table 4.6-1:
𝑧
= 0.94
𝑑

𝑀 13.32(106 )
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝑠 = = = 286 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑧 (0.87)(460)(0.94)(124)

𝐴𝑠(𝑚𝑖𝑛) = 195 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚 < 286 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚

Therefore, 𝐴𝑠 = 286 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚

Therefore, Provide 𝒀𝟖 − 𝟏𝟓𝟎 − 𝑩𝟏 (𝑨𝒔 = 𝟑𝟑𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝟐 ⁄𝒎)

S/No Calculations comments

Mid-span
longer span:
𝑀 7.992 (106 )
𝐾= = = 0.01
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2 (40)(1000)(124)2
From Table 4.6-1:
𝑧
= 0.94
𝑑

𝑀 7.992(106 )
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝑠 = = = 171 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑧 (0.87)(460)(0.94)(124)

𝐴𝑠(𝑚𝑖𝑛) = 195 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚 > 171 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚

Therefore, 𝐴𝑠 = 195 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚

Therefore, Provide 𝒀𝟖 − 𝟐𝟓𝟎 − 𝑩𝟐 (𝑨𝒔 = 𝟐𝟎𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝟐 ⁄𝒎)

Distribution steel at supports:

𝐴𝑠(𝑚𝑖𝑛) = 195 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚,

Therefore, Provide𝒀𝟖 − 𝟐𝟓𝟎 − 𝑻𝟐 (𝑨𝒔 = 𝟐𝟎𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝟐 ⁄𝒎)

Page 38 of 57
S/NO. CALCULATIONS REMARK
1(ii) Shear:
From Table 3.16 (BS 8110):
𝑣𝑥 = 0.45, 𝑣𝑦 = 0.33

∴ 𝑉𝑠𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥 = (0.45)(37)(3) = 49.95 𝑘𝑁

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑠𝑦 = 𝑣𝑦 𝑛𝑙𝑥 = (0.33)(37)(3) = 36.63 𝑘𝑁

𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏 (𝒍𝒙 ):

𝑉 (49.95)(1000)
𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑣 = = = 0.40 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝑑𝑏𝑣 124(1000)
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢 = (0.8)√40 = 5.1 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 𝑜𝑟 5.0 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2

𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠.
∴ 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5.0 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑣 = 0.40 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 < 5.0 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
∴ Section is adequate in shear.

100𝐴𝑠 100(335)
= 124(1000) = 0.27%
𝑏𝑣 𝑑
From Table 6.4-1:
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑐
0.75 − 0.60
=( ) (0.27 − 0.25) + 0.6
0.5 − 0.25
= 0.61 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 > 0.40 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
∴ Shear resistance O.K.

𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏 (𝒍𝒚 ):

𝑉 (36.63 )(1000)
𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑣 = = = 0.3 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝑑𝑏𝑣 124(1000)

100𝐴𝑠 100(201)
= = 0.16%
𝑏𝑣 𝑑 124(1000)

From Table 6.4-1:

𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑐
0.60 − 0.50
=( ) (0.16 − 0.15) + 0.5
0.25 − 0.15
= 0.51 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 > 0.30 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
∴ Shear resistance O.K.

Page 39 of 57
 S/NO CALCULATIONS REMARKS
1(iii) Deflection: Check deflection in the
From table 5.3-1: shorter span only
Basic span/ depth ratio = 26
𝑀 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 13.32(106 )
= = = 0.866 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑏𝑑 2 1000(124)2
From Table 5.3-2:
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
(1.5 − 1.38)
= (1 − 0.866) + 1.38 = 1.44
1.0 − 0.75
∴ 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛⁄𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 26(1.44) = 37.55
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛⁄𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 3000⁄124 = 24.19 < 37.55
∴ Deflection O.K.
1 (iv) Cracking: Widest spacing between
𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 3𝑑 = (3)(124) = 372 𝑚𝑚 bars = 250 mm
𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 250 – 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
= 250 − 8 = 242 𝑚𝑚 < 372 𝑚𝑚
∴ Cracking O.K.

DESIGN OF BRACED SHORT REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS (BS 8110)

3.8.1.5 Braced and unbraced columns

A column may be considered braced in a given plane if lateral stability to the structure as a
whole is provided by walls or bracing or buttressing designed to resist all lateral forces in that
plane. It should otherwise be considered as unbraced.

y Shear walls

Fig. 1: Columns braced in y direction and unbraced in the x direction

Page 40 of 57
 Shear walls

Figure 2: Columns braced in both directions

Fig. 3: Columns unbraced in both directions

Step 1: Effective height of a column

3.8.1.6.1 General
The effective height, le, of a column in a given plane may be obtained from the following equation:
𝑙𝑒 = Ɩ0 1.1
Values of  are given in Table 3.19 and Table 3.20 for braced and unbraced columns respectively
as a function of the end conditions of the column. It should be noted that the effective height of a
column in the two plan directions may be different.

Table 1.1 — Values of  (= le / lo) for braced columns

End condition at the top End condition at the bottom
1 2 3
“Fixed” “partially restrained” “Pinned”

Page 41 of 57
 1 “Fixed” 0.75 0.80 0.90
2 “partially restrained” 0.80 0.85 0.95
3 “Pinned” 0.90 0.95 1.00
Table 3.19: BS 8110 – 1: 1997

Eccentrically loaded short braced columns (BS 8110)

BS 8110: cl. 3.8.1.3 defines a braced short column as a braced column for which both the ratios
lex/h and ley/b are less than 15.

Where lex = effective height in respect for the major axis,

ley= effective height in respect of the minor axis’

h = depth in respect to major axis,

b = width of the column.

Uniaxial bending

Example 7.3-1:

Design the longitudinal reinforcement for a 500 by 300 mm column section if:

(a) N= 2300 kN and Mx = 300 kNm

(b) N= 2300 kN and My = 120 kNm

Where Mx = Bending Moment about the major axis,

My = Bending Moment about the minor axis

fcu = 40 N/mm2, fy =460 N/mm2

Page 42 of 57
 Figure 1.1: Column design chart

Model Solution

(a) N and Mx:

𝑁 (2300)(103 )
= = 15.33 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏ℎ (300)(500)
𝑀𝑥 (300)(106)
= = 4.00 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏ℎ2 (300)(5002)
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 1.1,
100𝐴𝑠𝑐
= 2.3%
𝑏ℎ
(2.3)(𝑏ℎ) (2.3)(300)(500)
: . 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = = = 3450 𝑚𝑚2
100 100
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 6𝑇32 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 (𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 4825 𝑚𝑚2 )
Y

b = 300

3Y32

2Y16

X X

Page 43 of 57
d = 500

3Y32

Figure 1.2: Design output

(b) N and My:

𝐼𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑏 = 500 𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ = 300𝑚𝑚.

𝑁 (2300)(103)
= = 15.33 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏ℎ (300)(500)
𝑀𝑦 (120)(106 )
= = 2.67 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏ℎ2 (500)(3002 )
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 1.1,
100𝐴𝑠𝑐
= 1.3%
𝑏ℎ
(1.3)(𝑏ℎ) (1.3)(300)(500)
: . 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = = = 1950 𝑚𝑚2
100 100
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 4𝑇25 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 (𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 1963 𝑚𝑚2 )

Y
300

2T25

500 2T12

X X

2T25

Biaxial bending

BS 8110:cl.3.8.4.5 gives the following recommendations for symmetrically reinforced rectangular

columns. Suppose the column is subjected to (N, Mx, My). Then it can be designed for

(N, 𝑀𝑥′ ) or for (N, 𝑀𝑦′ ) depending on which of the following conditions is valid:

𝑀𝑥 𝑀𝑦
(a) 𝐹𝑜𝑟 ≥ :
ℎ′ 𝑏′
ℎ′
𝑀𝑥′ = 𝑀𝑥 + 𝛽 𝑀 (7.3 − 3)
𝑏′ 𝑦
𝑀𝑥 𝑀𝑦
(b) 𝐹𝑜𝑟 < ∶
ℎ′ 𝑏′

Page 44 of 57
 𝑏′
𝑀𝑦′ = 𝑀𝑦 + 𝛽 𝑀 (7.3 − 4)
ℎ′ 𝑥
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ℎ′
= 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 1.2,
𝑏′ = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 1.2,
𝛽 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 7.3 − 1,
𝑀𝑥 (𝑀𝑦 ) 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑁𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦) 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
Table 7.3-1: values of β for eqns (7.3-3) and (7.3-4) (BS 8110: Cl. 3.8.4.5)

𝑁 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 ≥ 0.6

𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏ℎ
β 1.00 0.88 0.77 0.65 0.53 0.42 0.30

b Y

h ℎ′

x𝑀𝑥 x

𝑏′

Y 𝑀𝑦

Figure 1.2

Example 7.3-2 (Biaxial bending)

Design the longitudinal reinforcement for a 500 by 300 mm column section: N = 2300 kN, 𝑀𝑥 =
300 𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑦 = 120 𝑘𝑁𝑚, 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 40 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 and 𝑓𝑦 = 460 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2.

Model solution

Step1

Assume concrete cover to centres of bars = 50 mm, say.

Then:

ℎ′ = 500 − 50 = 450 𝑚𝑚,

Page 45 of 57
𝑏′ = 300 − 50 = 250 𝑚𝑚,

𝑀𝑥 (300)(106)
= = (667)(103 ) N
ℎ′ 450

𝑀𝑦 (120)(106 )
= = (480)(103 ) 𝑁
𝑏′ 250
𝑀𝑥 𝑀𝑦
Hence > 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑛. (7.3 − 3)𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠.
ℎ′ 𝑏′

β in the equation is obtained from table 7.3-1

𝑁 (2300)(103 )
= = 0.38
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏ℎ (40)(300)(500)

Hence from table 7.3-1, 𝛽 = 0.55 𝑏𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

ℎ′ (450)
From eqn (7.3-3), 𝑀𝑥′ = 𝑀𝑥 + 𝛽 𝑏′ 𝑀𝑦 = 300 + (0.55) (250) (120) = 419 𝑘𝑁𝑚

Step 2: Design the reinforcement for (N,𝑴′𝒙 )

𝑵 = 𝟐𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵, 𝑴′𝒙 = 𝟒𝟏𝟗 𝒌𝑵𝒎,

𝑵 (𝟐𝟑𝟎𝟎)(𝟏𝟎𝟑 )
= = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟑 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝒃𝒉 (𝟑𝟎𝟎)(𝟓𝟎𝟎)

𝑴 (𝟒𝟏𝟗)(𝟏𝟎𝟔 )
= = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟗 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝒃𝒉𝟐 (𝟑𝟎𝟎)(𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟐 )

From column design chart Figure 1.1,

(100)(𝐴𝑠𝑐 )
= 3.5%
(𝑏)(ℎ)

(3.5)(𝑏)(ℎ) (3.5)(300)(500)
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = = = 5250 𝑚𝑚2
100 100
Hence provide reinforcement as shown below:

Page 46 of 57
 Y

2Y32 + 1Y40

X X 2Y20

2Y32 + 1Y40

Effective area 𝐴𝑠𝑐 (𝑚𝑚2 ) Comment

2T32 3216 For bending about x-x axis the two size 20 mm bars on that axis are not
2T40 2513 considered
Effective area 𝐴𝑠𝑐 5729

DESIGN OF COLUMN BASES

Example 1:

Design a column base for the following:

Column load – 1000 kN, Column dimensions: 400 by 400 mm, Dowels diameter: 16 mm, 𝑓𝑐𝑢 =
40 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑓𝑦 = 460 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2, 𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 200 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

Solution

Step 1:

Footing self weight = 150 kN (assumed)

.: 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 1000 + 150 = 1150 𝑘𝑁

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 1150

𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = = = 5.75 𝑚2
𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 200

Page 47 of 57
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 = (√5.75) = 2.4 𝑚

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 2.450 𝑚 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒, 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 6.0 𝑚2

𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = (1.4)(150) = 210 𝑘𝑁

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 1000 + 210 = 1210 𝑘𝑁

1210
𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = = 201.6 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
2.452
Assume a 600 mm thick footing.

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 201.6 − (ℎ)(24)(𝛾𝐹 )

= 201.6 − (0.6)(24)(1.4) = 181.4 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

Step 2: Anchorage length for the dowels:

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = (26)(𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒)

= (26)(16) = 416 𝑚𝑚

∴ A base thickness of 600 mm would adequately allow for concrete cover and two layers of
reinforcement below the dowels.

Step 3: Punching shear

Assume the footing is to be constructed on a blinding layer of concrete so that the minimum
cover is 40 mm.

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑑 = 600 − 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 − 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑑 = 600 − 40 − 20 = 540 𝑚𝑚

𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 3𝜋ℎ

= (400)(4) + 3𝜋(600)

= 7254 𝑚𝑚

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = (400 + 3ℎ)2 − (4 − 𝜋)(1.5ℎ)2

= (400 + 1800)2 − (4 − 𝜋)(900)2

= (400 + 1800)2 − (4 − 𝜋)(900)2

= (4.1)106 𝑚𝑚2

Page 48 of 57
𝑃𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑉 = (181.4)(𝟐. 𝟒𝟓𝟐 − 𝟒. 𝟏)

= 345 kN

(345)1000
𝑃𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = = 0.1 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
(7254)(540)

From Table 6.4-1 (design II), this shear stress is not excessive, therefore ℎ = 600 𝑚𝑚 will be
suitable.

Step 4: Bending reinforcement

2.45

1.025

Critical section is at the column face:

1.025
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀 = (181.4 )(2.45)(1.025)
2
= 233.5 𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀 = 0.156𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2

= (0.156)(40)(2450)(540)2 (10−6 )

= 4458 𝑘𝑁𝑚 > 233.5 𝑘𝑁𝑚

. : 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑

𝑀
𝐾=
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2
Page 49 of 57
 (233.5)106
= = 0.01
(40)(2450)(5402 )

From Table 4.6 -1 (design II)

𝑧
= 0.94
𝑑
𝑀
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴𝑠 =
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑧

(233.5)106
= = 1150 𝑚𝑚2
(0.87)(460)(0.94)(540)

𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 ∶

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑨𝒔
= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑
𝒃𝒉
𝟎. 𝟏𝟑(𝟐𝟒𝟓𝟎)(𝟔𝟎𝟎)
𝑨𝒔 = = 𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟏 𝑚𝑚2
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟏𝟎 𝒀𝟏𝟔 – 𝟐𝟓𝟎 (𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔) − (𝐴𝑠 = 2011 𝑚𝑚2 )

Step 5: Local Bond

At the critical section for bending

𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑉 = (181.4)(2.450)(1.025) = 455.54 𝑘𝑁

𝑉 (455.54 )103
𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑏𝑠 = = = 1.7 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Ʃ𝑢𝑠 𝑑 10(50.2)(540)

From Table 7.3

𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 4.1 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Step 6: Final check of punching shear

From Table 6.4-1: (design II)

100𝐴𝑠 (100)2011
= = 0.15
𝑏𝑑 (2450)540

𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑐 = 0.4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑃𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑎𝑠 0.1 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Page 50 of 57
Therefore, a 600 mm thick pad is adequate.

Step7: Shear stress

215 810 = 1.5d

2.45

1.025

𝟏. 𝟓𝒅 = (𝟏. 𝟓)𝟓𝟒𝟎 = 𝟖𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒎

𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟓 − 𝟖𝟏𝟎 = 𝟐𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒎

At the critical section for shear, 1.5d from the column face

𝑉 = (181.4)(2.45)(0.215) = 95.6 𝑘𝑁

𝑉 (95.6)1000
𝒗= =
𝑏𝑑 (2450)540

= 𝟎. 𝟏 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 < 0.4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

∴ The section is adequate in shear

Example 2:

Design a column base for the following:

Column load – 1500 kN, Column dimensions: 350 by 350 mm, Dowels diameter: 16 mm, 𝑓𝑐𝑢 =
40 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑓𝑦 = 460 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2, 𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 250 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Page 51 of 57
A member where the concrete is prestressed by the longitudinal reinforcing steel (tendons)
before being subjected to external loading is called prestressed concrete. There are two methods
of manufacturing prestressed members:

(a) Pre-tensioning the tendons before casting the concrete,

(b) Post-tensioning the tendons.
Pre-tensioned precast concrete
A pre-tensioned member is manufactured by first pre-tensioning the steel tendons over the length
of casting bed and anchoring the steel to anchor blocks at either end.

Concrete member cast after wires are tensioned

Anchor block

Pre - tensioned wires

Figure 1: Pre-tensioning system

The concrete is then cast around the tendons.

Post-tensioned precast concrete

A post-tensioned member is manufactured by casting the concrete together with ducts that house
the tendons. After the concrete has gained strength, the tendons are stressed by jacking against
the ends of the member and anchoring. Anchoring is effected using nuts on threaded rods when
bars have been used or wedges when cables have been used.

Concrete member cast before cables are tensioned

Post- tensioning system

Ref: pre-stressed concrete design:

Author: Hurst, M.K.

Advantages of pre-stressed concrete

Page 52 of 57
 (a) Reduced self-weight of members,
(b) Cracks in concrete can be eliminated resulting in higher durability,
(c) Increased shear resistance.
Disadvantages of prestressed concrete

(a) Increased cost of materials and shuttering (high quality concrete is required)
(b) Greater supervision required to ensure correct concrete strength and magnitude of
prestress forces,
(c) Design calculations are more extensive.
STRESSES IN PRE-STRESSED MEMBERS

Consider a rectangular concrete section with a load P applied as shown below:

(i) Axial loading

Axial load

P P

Area =A

𝑃
𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
𝐴
(ii) Eccentric loading

P e P

Elevation
𝑃 𝑀
Tension(-ve) (𝐴 − 𝑍 )

e + =

Load P 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑃 𝑀
Direct stress = P/A (𝐴 + 𝑍 )

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 𝑀 (𝑃𝑒)6
𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓 = =
𝑏 𝑍 𝑏𝑑 2

Where z = section modulus of the section.

If the member is now mounted on simple supports at either end and subjected to uniform load in
addition to its own weight, then stresses at mid-span can be determined

Load causing moment =𝑀𝑠

e
P P

𝑃.𝑒 𝑀𝑠
−( 𝑍 ) 𝑓𝑡
𝑍

+ + + = +

+ -

-
𝑃
𝑓𝑏
𝐴

Example1 100

Dim: mm

e = 40 200

P= 150 kN

The figure shows the section of a prestessed R. C. beam.

(a) Determine the stresses due to prestressing force

(b) If the beam is simply supported at the ends of an 8 m span and carries a uniform load of
1.5 kN/m, determine the stresses at mid-span (unit weight of concrete = 24.0 kN/m3).
Model solution

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 (a) Area = (20)103
𝐼 𝑏𝑑 2 (𝑏)(𝑑 2 ) 100(2002)
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑍 = = = = = 666.7 (103)𝑚𝑚3
𝑦 6 6 6
𝑃 150(103)
𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = = = 7.5 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝐴 20(103 )
(𝑃)(𝑒) (150)(103 )(40)(6)
𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = = = ± 9 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑍 (100)(2002 )

+7.5 9 1.5

- -

+ =

+ +

9 16.5

Direct stress bending stress combined stresses

(b) 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = (0.2)(0.1)(8)(24) = 3.84 𝑘𝑁

𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = (1.5)8 = 12 𝑘𝑁
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 3.84 + 12 = 15.84 𝑘𝑁
𝑤𝑙 (15.84)(8)
𝑀𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = = = 15.84 𝑘𝑁𝑚
8 8
𝑀 (15.84)(106 )(6)
𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = = = ±23.76 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑍 2002 (100)

1.5 23.76 22.26

- + +

+ =

+ - -

16.5 23.76 7.26

Pre-stress bending stress final stresses at mid- span

Example 2

A rectangular beam 450 x 200 mm is supported over a 4.0 m span and supports a live load of 15 kN/m.

Page 55 of 57
If a straight tendon is provided at an eccentricity of 65 mm below the centroid of the section:

(i) Find the minimum prestress force necessary for no tension, under live load, at mid span
(ii) Calculate the stresses under self - weight only at mid span and at the ends of the member,
after application of prestress force. Unit weight of concrete 24.0 kN/m3.
Model solution

(i) Beam properties:

𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓 − 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = (0.45)(0.20)(24) = 2.16 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = (450)(200) = (90)103 𝑚𝑚3

𝑏ℎ2 (200)(450)2
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 = 𝑍𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝑍𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 𝑍 = = = (6.75)106 𝑚𝑚3
6 6

𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝒎𝒊𝒅 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏:

(15 + 2.16 )42

𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 34.32 𝑘𝑁𝑚
8

(2.16)42
𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦, 𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 4.32 𝑘𝑁𝑚
8

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚, 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑃

𝑷 𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑷𝒆
:. − + =𝟎
𝑨 𝒁 𝒁
𝑷 𝑷𝒆 𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙
:. + =
𝑨 𝒁 𝒁
𝟏 𝒆 𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙
:. 𝑷( + ) =
𝑨 𝒁 𝒁

𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟏 𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 (𝟑𝟒. 𝟑𝟐)𝟏𝟎𝟔

:. 𝑷= . = = = 𝟐𝟒𝟓. 𝟏 𝒌𝑵
𝟏 𝒆 𝒁 𝟔
𝒁 (𝑨 + 𝒁) (𝑨 + 𝒆) {(𝟔. 𝟕𝟓)𝟏𝟎 + 𝟔𝟓}
(𝟗𝟎)𝟏𝟎𝟑

(ii) Stresses at mid-span for unloaded beam:

𝑃 𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑃. 𝑒 (245.143)103 (4.32)106 (245.143)(65)103
𝐴𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑓𝑡 = + − = + −
𝐴 𝑍 𝑍 (90)103 (6.75)106 (6.75)106
= 2.72 + 0.64 − 2.36 = 1 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑃 𝑃. 𝑒 𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑛 (245.143)103 (245.143)(65)103 (4.32)106
𝐴𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑓𝑏 = + − = + −
𝐴 𝑍 𝑍 (90)103 (6.75)106 (6.75)106
= 2.72 + 2.36 − 0.64 = 4.44 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒔:

Page 56 of 57
 𝑃 𝑃. 𝑒 𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑓𝑡 = − + = 2.72 − 2.36 + 0 = 0.36(𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝐴 𝑍 𝑍
𝑃 𝑃. 𝑒 𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑏 = + − = 2.72 + 2.36 − 0 = 5.08 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝐴 𝑍 𝑍

DESIGN TABLES

Table A1: Areas of groups of reinforcement bars (mm2)

Bar Number of bars

size 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(mm)
8 50 101 151 201 251 302 352 402 452 503
10 79 157 236 314 393 471 550 628 707 785
12 113 226 339 452 565 679 792 905 1017 1131
16 201 402 603 804 1005 1206 1407 1608 1809 2011
20 314 628 942 1257 1571 1885 2199 2513 2827 3142
25 491 982 1473 1963 2454 2945 3436 3927 4418 4909
32 804 1608 2412 3216 4021 4825 5629 6433 7237 8042
40 1256 2513 3769 5026 6283 7539 8796 1050 11310 12570

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