0% found this document useful (0 votes)

2 views

Building Materials Part 3

Uploaded by

southgirl.ljs

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

2 views

Building Materials Part 3

Uploaded by

southgirl.ljs

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 134

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I

1. GLASS AND GLAZING

Glass is a hard, brittle, chemically inert substance produced by

fusing silica together with a flux and a stabilizer into a mass that
cools to a rigid condition without crystallization. It is used in
building construction in various forms.
Foamed or cellular glass is used as rigid, vapor proof thermal
insulation.

Glass fibers are used in textiles and for material

reinforcement. In spun form, glass fibers form glass
wool, which is used for acoustical and thermal
insulation.

Glass block is used to control light transmission, glare,

and solar radiation.

Glass, however, is used most commonly to glaze the

window, sash and skylight openings of buildings.
1. GLASS AND GLAZING

The three major types of flat glass are the following:

Sheet glass is fabricated by drawing the molten glass from a

furnace (drawn glass), or by forming a cylinder, dividing it
lengthwise, and flattening it (cylinder glass). The fire-
polished surfaces are not perfectly parallel, resulting in some
distortion of vision. To minimize this distortion, glass should
be glazed with the wave distortion running horizontally.

Plate glass is formed by rolling molten glass into a plate that

is subsequently ground and polished after cooling. Plate
glass provides virtually clear, undistorted vision.

Float glass is manufactured by pouring molten glass onto a

surface of molten tin and allowing it to cool slowly. The
resulting flat, parallel surfaces minimize distortion and
eliminate the need for grinding and polishing. Float glass is
the successor to plate glass and accounts for the majority of
flat-glass production.
1. GLASS
Other types of glass include the following:

• Annealed glass is cooled slowly to relieve internal

stresses.
• Heat-strengthened glass is annealed glass that is
partially tempered by a process of reheating and sudden
cooling. Heat-strengthened glass has about twice the
strength of annealed glass of the same thickness.
• Tempered glass is annealed glass that is reheated to just
below the softening point and then rapidly cooled to induce
compressive stresses in the surfaces and edges of the
glass and tensile stresses in the interior. Tempered glass
has three to five times the resistance of annealed glass to
impact and thermal stresses but cannot be altered after
fabrication. When fractured, it breaks into relatively
harmless pebble-sized particles.
• Laminated or safety glass consists of two or more plies of
flat glass bonded under heat and pressure to interlayers of
polyvinyl butyral resin that retains the fragments if the
glass is broken. Security glass is laminated glass that has
exceptional tensile and impact strength.
1. GLASS …other types

• Wired glass is flat or patterned glass having a square or

diamond wire mesh embedded within it to prevent shattering
in the event of breakage or excessive heat. Wired glass is
considered a safety glazing material and may be used to
glaze fire doors and windows.
• Patterned glass has a linear or geometric surface pattern
formed in the rolling process to obscure vision or to diffuse
light.
• Obscure glass has one or both sides acid-etched or
sandblasted to obscure vision. Either process weakens the
glass and makes it difficult to clean.
• Spandrel glass is an opaque glass for concealing the
structural elements in curtain wall construction, produced by
fusing a ceramic frit to the interior surface of tempered or
heat-strengthened glass.
• Insulating glass is a glass unit consisting of two or more
sheets of glass separated by a hermetically sealed air space
to provide thermal insulation and restrict condensation; glass
edge units have a 3/16” (5) air space; metal edge units have
a ¼” or ½” (6 or 13) air space.
1. GLASS …other types

• Tinted or heat-absorbing glass has a chemical admixture

to absorb a portion of the radiant heat and visible light that
strike it. Iron oxide gives the glass a pale blue-green tint;
cobalt oxide and nickel impart a grayish tint; selenium
infuses a bronze tint.

• Reflective glass has a thin, translucent metallic

coating to reflect a portion of the light and radiant
heat that strike it. The coating may be applied to
one surface of single glazing, in between the
plies of laminated glass, or to the exterior or
interior surfaces of insulating glass.
1. GLASS …other types

• Low-emissivity (low-e) glass

transmits visible light while
selectively reflecting the longer
wavelengths of radiant heat,
produced by depositing a low-e
coating either on the glass itself or
over a transparent plastic film
suspended in the sealed air space
of insulating glass.
1. GLASS

Glass Product Type Nominal Thickness Maximum Area Weight

inch (mm) inches (mm) psf*

Sheet Glass AA, A, B SS 3/32 (2.4) 60 x 60 (1525 x 1525) 1.22

DS 1/8 (3.2) 60 x 80 (1525 x 2030) 1.63
Float or Plate Mirror ¼ (6.4) 75 sf (7 m2) 3.28 * Verify maximum sizes with
Glazing 1/8 (3.2) 74 x 120 (1880 x 3050) 1.64 glass manufacturer
¼ (6.4) 128 x 204 (3250 x 5180) 3.28
5/ *Any glass 1/8” or thicker can
Heavy Float or Glazing 16 (7.9) 124 x 200 (3150 x 5080) 4.10 be tempered, except for
Plate 3/8 (9.5) 124 x 200 (3150 x 5080) 4.92 patterned or wired glass;
½ (12.7) 120 x 200 (3050 x 5080) 6.54 tempered glass can also be
5/8 (15.9) 120 x 200 (3050 x 5080) 8.17 incorporated into insulating or
laminated glass units
¾ (19.1) 115 x 200 (2920 x 5080) 9.18
* Reflective coatings may be
7/8 (22.2) 115 x 200 (2920 x 5080) 11.45 applied to float, plate,
Patterned Glass Various 1/8 (3.2) 60 x 132 (1525 x 3355) 1.60 tempered, laminated or
patterns 7/32 (5.6) 60 x 132 (1525 x 3355) 2.40 insulating glass
Wired Glass Polished-mesh ¼ (6.4) 60 x 144 (1525 x 3660) 3.50
Patterned- ¼ (6.4) 60 x 144 (1525 x 3660) 3.50
mesh 7/32 (5.6) 54 x 120 (1370 x 3050) 2.82
Parallel wires ¼ (6.4) 60 x 144 (1525 x 3660) 3.50
3/8 (9.5) 60 x 144 (1525 x 3660) 4.45
Laminated Glass (2) 1/8” float ¼ (6.4) 72 x 120 (1830 x 3050) 3.30
Heavy float 3/8 (9.5) 72 x 120 (1830 x 3050) 4.80
½ (12.7) 72 x 120 (1830 x 3050) 6.35
5/8 (15.9) 72 x 120 (1830 x 3050) 8.00

*1 psf = 47.88 Pa
1. GLASS

Glass Product Type Nominal Thickness Maximum Area Weight

inch (mm) inches (mm) psf*

Tinted Glassd Bronze 1/8 (3.2) 35 sf (3 m2) 1.64

Gray 3/16 (4.8) 120 x 144 (3050 x 3660) 2.45
* Solar energy transmission
¼ (6.4) 128 x 204 (3250 x 5180) 3.27 reduced 35% to 75%
3/8 (9.5) 124 x 200 (3150 x 5080) 4.90 •Visible light transmission
½ (12.7) 120 x 200 (3050 x 5080) 6.54 reduced 32% to 72%
1/8 (3.2) 35 sf (3 m2) 1.64
3/16 (4.8) 120 x 144 (3050 x 3660) 2.45
¼ (6.4) 128 x 204 (3250 x 5180) 3.27
3/8 (9.5) 124 x 200 (3150 x 5080) 4.90
1/2 (12.7) 120 x 200 (3050 x 5080) 6.54

Insulating Glass Glass edge units

(2) 3/32” sheets 3/16” air space 3/8 (9.5) 10 sf (0.9 m2) 2.40 * R-value = 1.61
(2) 1/8” sheets 3/16” air space 7/16 (11.1) 24 sf (2.2 m2) 3.20 * R-value = 1.61
Metal edge units * R-value = 1.72
(2) 1/8” ¼” air space ½ (12.7) 22 sf (2.0 m2) 3.27 * R-value = 2.04
Sheet, plate or float ½” air space ¾ (19.1) 22 sf (2.0 m2) 3.27 * R-values for units w/
(2) 3/16” ¼” air space 5/8 (15.9) 34 sf (3.2 m2) 4.90 ½” air space and low-e
Plate or float ½” air space 7/8 (22.2) 42 sf (3.8 m2) 4.90 coating:
(2) ¼” ¼” air space ¾ (19.1) 50 sf (4.6 m2) 6.54 e = 0.20, R = 3.13
Plate or float ½” air space 1 (25.4) 70 sf (6.5 m2) 6.54 e = 0.40, R = 2.63
e = 0.60, R = 2.33

*1 psf = 47.88 Pa
2. HARDWARE
2.01 NAILS

Nails are straight, slender pieces of metal having one end pointed and
the other enlarged and flattened for hammering into wood or other
building materials as a fastener.
Material • Nails are usually of mild steel, but may also be of aluminum,
copper, brass, zinc or stainless steel.
• Tempered, high-carbon steel nails are used for greater
strength in masonry applications.
• The type of metal used should be compatible with the
materials being secured to avoid loss of holding power and
prevent staining of the materials.
Length and • Nail lengths are designated by the term penny (d).
Diameter of • Nails range in length from 2d, about 1” (25) long, to 60d
the Shank about 6” (150) long
• Nail length should be about 3 x thickness of the material
being secured
• Large diameter nails are used for heavy work while lighter
nails are used for finish work; thinner nails are used for
hardwood rather than for softwood.
2. HARDWARE
2.01 NAILS
Form of the • For greater gripping strength, nail shafts may be serrated,
Shank barbed, threaded, fluted or twisted.
• Nail shafts may be cement-coated for greater resistance
to withdrawal, or be zinc-coated for corrosion resistance.
Nail Heads • Flat heads provide the largest amount of contact area and
are used when exposure of the heads is acceptable.
• The heads of finish nails are only slightly larger than the
shaft and may be tapered or cupped.
• Double-headed nails are used for easy removal in
temporary construction and concrete formwork
Nail Points • Most nails have diamond-shaped points.
• Sharp-pointed nails have greater holding strength but
may tend to split some woods; blunt points should be
used for easily split woods.
2. HARDWARE
2.01 NAILS
Power-Driven • Pneumatic nailers and
Fasteners staplers, driven by a
compressor, are capable of
fastening materials to wood,
steel or concrete.
• Power-driven fasteners use
gunpower charges to drive
a variety of studs into
concrete or steel.
2. HARDWARE
2.02 SCREWS

Screws are metal fasteners having tapered, helically threaded

shanks and slotted heads, designed to be driven into wood or the
like by turning, as with a screwdriver. Because of their threaded
shafts, screws have greater holding power than nails, and are
more easily removable. The more threads they have per inch,
the greater their gripping strength. Screws are classified by use,
type of head, material, length and diameter.
• Material: steel, brass, aluminum, bronze,
stainless steel
• Lengths: ½” to 6” (13 to 150)
• Diameters: up to 24 gauge
2. HARDWARE
2.02 SCREWS

The length of a wood screw should be about 1/8” (3) less than the
combined thickness of the boards being joined, with ½ to 2/3 of the
screw’s length penetrating the base material. Fine-threaded screws
are generally used for hardwoods while coarse-threaded ones are
used for softwoods.
Holes for screws should be predrilled and be equal to the base
diameter of the threads. Some screws, such as self-tapping and
drywall screws, are designed to tap corresponding female threads as
they are driven.
2. HARDWARE
2.03 BOLTS

Bolts are threaded metal pins or rods, usually having a head at one end,
designed to be inserted through holes in assembled parts and secured
by a mating nut. Carriage bolts are used where the head may be
inaccessible to the placement of a nut or where an exceptionally long
bolt would be needed to penetrate a joint fully.

• Lengths: ¾” to 30”
(75 to 760)
• Diameters: ¼” to
1-¼” (6 to 32)
2. HARDWARE
2.03 BOLTS
• Washers are perforated disks of metal, rubber or plastic
used under the head of a nut or bolt or at a joint to distribute
pressure, prevent leakage, relieve friction or insulate
incompatible materials.
• Lock washers are specially constructed to prevent a nut
from shaking loose
• Load-indicating washers have small projections that are
progressively flattened as a bolt is tightened, the gap
between the head or nut and the washer indicating the
tension in the bolt.
2. HARDWARE
2.03 BOLTS
• Expansion bolts are anchor bolts having a
split casing that expands mechanically to
engage the sides of a hole drilled in
masonry or concrete.
• Molly is a trademark for a brand of
expansion bolt having a split, sleevelike
sheath threaded so that turning the bolt
draws the ends of the sheath together and
spreads the sides to engage a hole drilled
in masonry or the inner surface of a hollow
wall.
• Expansions shields are lead or plastic
sleeves inserted into a predrilled hole and
expanded by driving a bolt or screw into it.
• Toggle bolts are used to fasten materials to
plaster, gypsum board and other thin wall
materials. They have two hinged wings that
close against a spring when passing through
a predrilled hole and open as they emerge
to engage the inner surface of a hollow wall.
2. HARDWARE
2.03 BOLTS
• Rivets are metal pins that are used for permanently joining
two or more structural steel members by passing a headed
shank through a hole in each piece and hammering down
the plain end to form a second head. Their use has been
largely superseded by the less labor-intensive techniques
of bolting or welding.

• Explosive rivets, used when a joint is accessible from

one side only, have an explosive-filled shank that is
detonated by striking the head with a hammer to
expand the shank on the far side of the hole.
2. HARDWARE
2.04 ADHESIVES
Adhesives are used to secure the surfaces of two materials together.
Numerous types of adhesives are available, many of them being tailor-
made for use with specific materials and under specified conditions.
They may be supplied in the form of a solid, liquid, powder or film;
some require a catalyst to activate their adhesive properties. Always
follow the manufacturer’s recommendations in the use of an adhesive.
Important considerations in the selection of an adhesive include:

• Strength: Adhesives are usually strongest in resisting tensile

and shear stresses and weakest in resisting cleavage or
splitting stresses.
• Curing or setting time: This ranges from immediate bonding to
curing times of up to several days.
• Setting temperature range: Some adhesives will set at room
temperature while others require baking at elevated
temperatures.
• Method of bonding: Some adhesives bond on contact while
others require clamping or higher pressures.
• Characteristics: Adhesives vary in their resistance to water,
heat, sunlight and chemicals as well as their aging properties.
2. HARDWARE
2.04 ADHESIVES

Common types of adhesives:

• Animal or fish glues are primarily for indoor use where
temperature and humidity do not vary greatly; they may be
weakened by exposure to heat or moisture.
• White or polyvinyl glue sets quickly, does not stain and is
slightly resilient.
• Epoxy resins are extremely strong, waterproof and may be
used to secure both porous and nonporous materials; they
may dissolve some plastics. Unlike other adhesives, epoxy
glues will set at low temperatures and under wet conditions.
• Resorcin resins are strong, waterproof and durable for
outdoor use, but they are flammable and their dark color may
show through paint.
• Contact cement forms a bond on contact and therefore does
not require clamping. It is generally used to secure large sheet
materials such as plastic laminate.
END OF
DIVISION 08
DOORS AND WINDOWS
HARDWARE
HARDWARE
• Metal products used in construction, such as:
bolts, nails, screws (as in rough hardware); and
fittings, such as, catches, hinges, locks, etc. (finish
hardware); and tools. They are classified as:

• ROUGH HARDWARE – Hardware meant to be

concealed, such as bolts, nails, screws, spikes, and
other metal fittings.
• FINISH HARDWARE – also called Architectural
Hardware, Builders’ Finish Hardware, Finish Builders’
Hardware. Hardware, such as hinges, locks, catches,
etc., that has a finished appearance as well as a
function esp. that used with doors, window, and
cabinets; may be considered part of the decorative
treatment of a room or building.
TYPES OF ROUGH HARDWARE
n Common Wire Nail or Common Nail – a cut or
wire low-carbon steel nail, having a slender
plain shank and a medium diamond point; used
in work where finish is unimportant, as in
framing.
n Finishing Nail – a slender nail made from finer
wire than the common nail; has a brad-type
head which permits it to be set below the
surface of the wood, leaving only a small hole
which can be puttied easily; used in finishing
work.
n Brad Nail – a small finishing nail, usually of the
same thickness throughout, with a head that is
almost flush with the sides or a head that
projects slightly to one side.
n Box Nail – similar to a common nail but thinner;
has a long shank which may be smooth or
barbed.
n Casing Nail – a slender nail with a small, slightly
flared head used for finishing work.
6. Ring-shank Nail – a nail having a number of
ring-like grooves around the shank to increase
its holding power.
7. Clinch or Clench Nail – any nail designed for
clinching, after driving. Clinching is securing a
nail, staple, screw or bolt, by hammering the
protruding point so that it is bent over.
8. Roofing Nail – a short nail having a barbed or
ring shank and a comparatively large flat head;
may be galvanized or bright[1]; often provided
with a neoprene, lead, or plastic washer; used
to secure roofing felt or shingles to a roof-deck
or roof boards.

•
[1] Bright – a metal finish using a dip to give a bright surface
to brasses; often amixture of sulfuric acid, nitric acid,
hydrochloric acid, and water.
9. Metal Lath Nail – a nail designed for securing
a metal lath. A metal lath is a base for plaster
fabricated: (a) by slitting metal and then
stretching it to form a diamond-shaped mesh
or (b) by punching and forming sheet metal.
Usually classified as rib lath, diamond-mesh
lath, sheet lath, or wire lath.
10. Electrician’s Staple Nail – a u-shaped piece of
metal or heavy wire, with pointed ends,
driven into a surface to secure a sheet
material, hold a hasp, etc.
11. Concrete nail – a hardened steel nail having
a flat countersunk head and a diamond
point; used for nailing to concrete or
masonry.
12. Masonry nail – a hardened steel nail with a
knurled or fluted shank; esp. used for
fastening to masonry.
TYPES OF NAIL CONSTRUCTION
• Face-nailing – nailing in which the
nails are driven perpendicular to
the face of the material.
• Blind-nailing – also called
concealed or secret nailing. Nailing
in such a way that the nail heads
are not visible on the face of the
work. In finished roofing, the use
of nails that are not exposed to
the weather.
• Toe-nailing – also called skew or
tusk nailing. Nailing obliquely to
the surfaces being joined.
Screws – are externally threaded fasteners.

1. Wood screw – a helically threaded metal

fastener having a pointed end; forms its
own mating thread when driven into wood
or other resilient material.
2. Metal screw – fastened by screwing into
metal.
3. Lag screw, lag bolt, coach screw – a bolt
having a square head and a thin, coarse-
pitched thread.
4. Screw anchors – an anchor (similar to an
expansion bolt) having a metal shell with a
screw along its central axis; when the shell
is placed in a hole and the screw is driven
in, the shell expands, tightly securing the
anchor in the hole. Locally called a tux
screw with a plastic shell.
5. Tekscrew – a screw used to fasten metal
roofing sheets to the purlins.
• Bolts – A metallic pin or rod having a head on one
end and an external thread on the other for
screwing up a nut[1]; used for holding members or
parts of members together.

[1] Nut – a short metal block having a central hole which is threaded to receive a bolt, screw, or other
threaded part.
• Machine bolt – a threaded bolt having a straight
shank and a conventional head such as a square,
hexagonal, button, or countersunk type.
• Stove bolt –
• Carriage bolt – a threaded bolt having a circular
head, an oval or flat bearing surface, and a means
(such as a square shoulder under the head) of
preventing rotation of the bolt.
• Toggle bolt – a bolt having a nut with pivoted
flanged wings that close against a spring when it is
pushed through a hole, and open after emerging
from the hole; used to fasten objects to a hollow
wall or to a wall which is accessible only from one
side.
• Expansion Bolts – same as expansion shields. An
anchoring device having an expandable socket
that swells as a bolt is tightened into it; used in
masonry walls for attaching timber, etc.
TYPES OF FINISH HARDWARE
• DOOR HARDWARE
• Functions of Door Hardware
• Hanging the door: hinges, pivots, and combination
pivots and closers.
• Operating the door: handles, latches, push plates,
and pull bars.
• Closing the door: door closers and combination
pivots and closers.
• Locking the door: locksets, dead bolts, flush bolts,
electric locks, and other special devices.
• Sealing the door: weather stripping, sound seals,
smoke seals.
• Protecting the door: kick plates, corner protection,
and similar materials.
Hinges – are movable joints used to attach,
support, and turn a door (or cover)
about a pivot; consist of two plates
joined together by a pin which support
the door and connect it to its frame,
enabling it to swing open or closed.

The types of door hinges are:

• Butt hinge – referred to as butts
because they are usually attached to
the butt edge of a door. Hinges consist
of two leaves with an odd number of
knuckles on one leaf and an even
number of knuckles on the other. The
knuckles are attached with a pin. The
pin and knuckles form the barrel of the
hinge, which is finished with a tip. There
are four basic types:
The Four Basic Types of Hinges are:

¡Full Mortise Hinge – is the most common

type and has both leaves fully mortised into
the frame and edge of the door.
¡Half-Surface Hinge – has one leaf mounted
on the face of the door and the other leaf
mortised into the frame.
¡Half-Mortise Hinge – leaves are surface-
applied to the frame and mortised into the
edge of the door.
¡Full-Surface Hinge – is applied to the face
of both the door and frame.

The various types of hinges are used when

either the door or frame cannot be mortised.
For example, a half-mortise hinge may be
bolted or welded to a heavy steel frame.
1. Other types of butt hinges are:
1. Fast pin hinge – a hinge in which the pin is
fastened permanently in place.
2. Loose pin hinge – a hinge having a removable pin
which permits its two parts to be separated.
3. Loose joint hinge – a hinge having two knuckles;
one of which has a vertical pin that fits into a
corresponding hole in the other by lifting the
door up off the vertical pin. The door may be
removed by unscrewing the hinge.
2. Olive-knuckle hinge – a paumelle hinge with
knuckles forming an oval shape.
3. Invisible hinge – a hinge so constructed that no
parts are exposed when the door is closed. A
famous brand name is SOSS.
4. Spring hinge – a hinge containing one or more
springs, when a door is opened, the hinge
returns to its closed position automatically; may
act in one direction only, or in both directions
(as on a swinging door). There are two types:
1. Spring butt hinge
2. Spring pivot hinge
Latches and Locksets – are devices to hold a door in
the closed position and lock it. A latchset only holds
the door in place with no provision for locking. It has
a beveled latch extending from the face of the door
edge and automatically engages the strike mounted
in the frame when the door is closed. A lockset has a
special mechanism that allows the door to be locked
with a key or thumbturn.
There are four types of latches and locks:
1. Mortise lock or latch – is installed in a rectangular area cut out of the
door.
1. more secure than a bored lock;
2. wider variety of locking options;
3. allows the use of a dead bolt[1] and a latch bolt[2], both of which can be
retracted with a single operation; and
4. with a variety of knob and lever handle designs.

2. Preassembled lock and latch – also called unit lock. Is a complete unit
slid into a notch made in the edge of the door and requires very little
adjustment. They are often found in older buildings.
3. Bored lock and latch – also called cylindrical lock. Is installed by boring
holes through the face of the door and from the edge of the door to the
other bored opening.
1. relatively easy to install;
2. less expensive than mortise locks;
3. offer fewer operating functions than do mortise locks.

4. Interconnected lock – have a cylindrical lock and a dead bolt. The two
locks are interconnected so that a single action of turning a knob or
lever handle on the inside releases both bolts.

• Other local classifications of door locks are:

• Entrance lockset – an intricately designed lockset; operated inside with
a key and a thumbturn or a universal button which when pushed stays
put and locks the door.
• Bedroom lockset – same as the entrance lockset but simpler in design.
• Toilet lockset – a simply designed lockset which is locked from the
inside by pushing, without a key, a universal button. To release, the
cylindrical knob is turned from the inside only.

[1] Dead bolt – a type of door lock; the bolt which is square in cross section, is operated by the door
key or a turn piece.
• Other important terminology in relation to
locks and latches are:
• Knob – a handle, more or less spherical, usually
for operating a lock.
• Knob rose – a round disk or plate fastened to
the face of a door around the hole in the door
through which the doorknob spindle passes.
• Escutcheon – a protective plate surrounding
the keyhole of a door, a light switch, etc.; also
called a scutcheon.
• Strike, strike plate, striking plate – a metal
plate or box which is set in a doorjamb and is
either pierced or recessed to receive the bolt
or latch of a lock, fixed on a door.
• Lip strike – the projection from the side of a
strike plate which the bolt of a lock strikes first,
when a door is closed; projects out from the
side of the strike plate to protect the frame.
• Closers – are devices that automatically return the door to its
closed position after it is opened. They also control the
distance a door can be opened and thereby protect the door
and surrounding construction from damage. Closers can be
surface mounted on the door or head frame or concealed in
the frame or door.
• Pivots – provide an alternative way to
hang doors where the visual appearance
of hinges is objectionable or where a
frameless door design may make it
impossible to use hinges. Pivots may be
center hung or offset and are mounted in
the floor and head of the door.
• Panic Hardware – This type of operating hardware is
used where required by the building code for safe
egress during a panic situation. Push bars extending
across the width of the door operate vertical rods that
disengage latches at the top and bottom. The vertical
rods can be surface mounted or concealed.
• Push plates and pull bars – are used to operate a
door that does not require automatic latching. They
are also used on doors to commercial kitchens.
• Door stops and bumpers – are small metal
fabrications with rubber bumpers attached and are
used to keep a door from damaging adjacent
construction.
• Astragals – are vertical members used between
double doors to seal the opening, act as a door stop,
or provide extra security when the doors are closed.
Bolts and Fasteners

• Door bolt or barrel bolt[1] – a manually

operated sliding rod or bar attached to a door
for locking it; a spring is not part of the
locking mechanism.
• Chain door fastener – a device attached to a
door and its jamb which limits the door
opening to the length of the chain.
• Chain bolt – at the top of a door, a spring bolt
which is actuated by a chain attached to it.
• Foot bolt – a bolt which is fixed at the bottom
of a door and can be operated by foot; usually
when the door is unbolted, the bolt is held up
by a spring.
• Flush bolts – are used on the inactive leaf of a
pair of doors to lock the door in place. They
may be surface mounted or mortised into the
edge of the door.

[1] Barrel bolt or tower bolt – a door bolt which moves into a cylindrical
casing; not driven by a key.
• Automatic Door Bottoms – are devices that are
mortised or surface applied to the bottom of the
door to provide a sound or light seal. When the
door is open the seal is up; as the door is closed a
plunger strikes the jamb and forces the seal
down.
• Weather stripping – is used along the edge and
bottom of doors to provide a tight seal against
water and air infiltration. Different types of
neoprene, felt, metal, vinyl, and other materials
are used.
• Thresholds – are used where floor materials
change at a door line, where weather stripping is
required, where a hard surface is required for an
automatic door bottom, or where minor changes
in floor level occur.
Furniture Hinges
1. Butt hinges
1. Standard brass butt – for general
usage.
2. Back flap hinge – with wide plates for
table leaves and rabbeted full flaps.
3. Strap hinge – for narrow sections.
4. Lift-off butt (same as loose joint hinge
for doors) – for cabinet doors which
have to be removed from time to time
without disturbing setting.
5. Loose pin hinge or ball-tipped hinge –
where it is necessary to throw door
clear of carcass frame with the whole
or the hinge knuckle protruding.
6. Stopped hinge – opens through 90
deg. only for box lids, etc.
7. Piano hinge, continuous hinge – a
hinge having the same length as the
moving part to which it is applied.
8. Clock case hinge – one plate is wider
to allow for a projecting door.
2. Concealed hinges-
3. Pivot hinges –
4. T-hinge, Tee hinge – a
surface-mounted door
Concealed hinges

hinge in the shape of a

letter T, of which one
leaf, the strap, is
fastened to the door,
and the other (short Pivot hinge

and wide) is fixed to

the door post.
5. Glass door hinges -

Glass door hinge

Cabinet Catches
• Friction catch – any catch which, when it
engages a strike, is held in the engaged
position by friction.
• Magnetic pressure catch -
• Bullet or ball catch – a fastener which
holds a door in place by means of a
projecting spring-actuated steel ball which
is depressed when the door is closed.
Cabinet Knobs
• Screw-in knob
• Bolt-on knob
• Flush knob
• Flush ring
• Pull
Lid Stays
Drawer runners
• E-single extension –
withdrawal distance
designed to be less than
installation length.
• V-full extension –
incorporates a pull-out
distance as great as, or
greater than the
installation length.
• T-telescopic extension –
are full extending systems.
Locks
• Rim locks
• Mortise locks
• In-laid flap locks
• Lever locks
• Glass door locks

rim mortise In-laid lever Glass door

Shelf supports
• Pin-mounted
• Plug-in
• Screw-in
• Screw-mounted
• Glass shelf supports

Pin-mounted Plug-in Screw-in Screw-mounted Glass shelf

1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish
1.08 Steel Trowelled
1.09 Integral Colored-
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor

6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 1. CONCRETE SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 1.01 STUCCO OR CEMENT PLASTER FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish Stucco is a mortar consisting of cement, sand and water.
1.05 Sand-blast Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr Hydrated lime is often added to make the mortar easier to
1.07 Wood Float Finish work. It is applied in three coats:
1.08 Steel Trowelled
1.09 Integral Colored-
- scratch and brown coats are mixed in the proportion of
Cement Finish 1 part Portland cement to 3 parts of sand, with about
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH 10lbs. of hydrated lime.
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo - The finish coat is usually richer in the proportion of
3. TILE FINISHES 1 part of Portland cement to 2 parts of sand.
3.01 Cement Tile - Coarse sand is used for the base coats and fine sand
3.02 Ceramic Tile
for the finish coat.
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
Before applying the stucco or cement plaster, the concrete
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet
4.05 Linoleum Sheet (or masonry) surface should be roughened to ensure good
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
bonding.
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor Old concrete surfaces are roughened with a bush hammer
6. CEILING FINISHES or small pick, and then washed thoroughly with acid and
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile water to remove all dirt and loose particles.
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
New concrete can be roughened with a heavy wire brush
7.03 Paint Defects or a special scoring tool.
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 1. CONCRETE SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 1.01 STUCCO OR CEMENT PLASTER FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
The scratch coat is then trowelled onto the wall surface.
1.07 Wood Float Finish Just as soon as the first coat is but not hard, it is scratched
1.08 Steel Trowelled with a small rake to form a key for the second coat.
1.09 Integral Colored-
Cement Finish Average thickness of the scratch coat is 3/8”.
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo The brown coat is applied a few days after the first coat
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
has set firm and hard, also to a thickness of 3/8”. It is
3.02 Ceramic Tile applied with a wood float and leveled to a flat, even and
3.03 Asphalt Tile relatively smooth surface.
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet The finish coat is applied over the brown coat after all work
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet
4.05 Linoleum Sheet is free from waves and cracks, and set and dry. Thickness
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN of the finish coat is 1/8” minimum and rarely exceeds ¼”
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring except for finishes requiring rough texture. The finish coat
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor should be kept damp but not wet for a few days, to prevent
6. CEILING FINISHES hairline cracks.
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 1. CONCRETE SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 1.02 RUBBED FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
This consists of grinding down the surface of the
1.07 Wood Float Finish concrete a day or two after it is poured, using a brick of
1.08 Steel Trowelled carborundum, emery or soft natural stone.
1.09 Integral Colored-
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH With the rubbing, which is done with a circular motion, a
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo thin grout of cement and sand is applied to the surface
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
and well rubbed in to fill surface imperfections, and the
3.02 Ceramic Tile work afterward washed down with clean water.
3.03 Asphalt Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet If fine sand is used instead of a grout, the method is
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet called a sand-float finish .
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor

6. CEILING FINISHES The surface should be thoroughly washed after the acid
6.01 Ceiling Board treatment as otherwise it will have a mottled, streaky
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES appearance.
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 1. CONCRETE SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 1.04 TOOLED FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Concrete surfaces may be finished by tooling by any of
1.07 Wood Float Finish the methods employed for dressing or finishing natural
1.08 Steel Trowelled stone.
1.09 Integral Colored-
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH Bush hammering, either by hand or by pneumatic tool, is
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo the most popular method used in tooling concrete
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
surfaces. The best results are obtained on surfaces
3.02 Ceramic Tile which are thoroughly hard.
3.03 Asphalt Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet The concrete should preferably be about 2 months old.
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet
4.05 Linoleum Sheet Only small-sized aggregate should be used in the facing
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN material, as it is hard to dress and obtain uniform results
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring where large angular stones are encountered.
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor

6. CEILING FINISHES Tooling cannot ordinarily be performed satisfactorily on

6.01 Ceiling Board gravel concrete, as the pebbles will be dislodged before
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES being chipped.
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 1. CONCRETE SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 1.05 SAND-BLAST FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
A sand-blast finish is very much the same in appearance
1.07 Wood Float Finish as that obtained by brushing the concrete while it is still
1.08 Steel Trowelled green.
1.09 Integral Colored-
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH Sand blasting produces a granulated finish somewhat
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo similar to sandstone but not so uniform, because the
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
aggregates are likely to be brought out irregularly.
3.02 Ceramic Tile
3.03 Asphalt Tile The concrete should be thoroughly hardened before
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet sand-blasting.
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet
4.05 Linoleum Sheet A clean, sharp, thoroughly dried silica sand or crushed
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN quartz is most effective for sand-blasting. A 3/8”nozzle
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring may be used, but under ordinary conditions ¼” or even
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor 1/8” have been found to give good results.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board The best results are obtained on a thoroughly hardened
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES concrete surface at least a month old, and for such work
7.01 Transparent Fin a nozzle pressure of from 50 to 80 lbs. will be required.
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 1. CONCRETE SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 1.06 EXPOSED AGGREGATE FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
The color is obtained from exposed aggregate and not
1.07 Wood Float Finish by adding coloring material to the mixture.
1.08 Steel Trowelled
1.09 Integral Colored-
Cement Finish Facing plaster of I part Portland cement, 1-1/2 parts
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH sand, and 3 parts of special screenings or pebbles of the
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo desired color shall be placed against the forms to a
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
thickness of about 1 inch sufficiently in advance of the
3.02 Ceramic Tile body concrete to prevent the latter from coming into
3.03 Asphalt Tile contact with the forms.
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet Such colored or other
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
special aggregate used
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN for finish shall be
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring exposed by scrubbing as
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor in 1.03.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 1. CONCRETE SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 1.06 EXPOSED AGGREGATE FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish
1.08 Steel Trowelled
1.09 Integral Colored-
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
3.03 Asphalt Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor

6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 2. GRANOLITHIC and TERRAZZO FLOOR FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 2.01 GRANOLITHIC FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
This consists of a topping with a mixture of 1 part cement,
1.07 Wood Float Finish 1 part sand and 1 part finely crushed stone. It is called
1.08 Steel Trowelled granolithic because fine aggregate chips were originally
1.09 Integral Colored-
Cement Finish used in the aggregate.
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH
2.01 Granolithic Finely ground corundum may also be a part of the
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
aggregate to produce an enduring and non-slip surface .
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile 2.02 TERRAZZO FINISH
3.03 Asphalt Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet Terrazzo is a mixture of cement, marble chip aggregates
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet and water laid as a topping or as a wall finish, and ground
4.05 Linoleum Sheet to a fine, smooth surface.
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring It is used for floor and bases where durability, resistance to
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor wear, and minimal maintenance are necessary. It is
6. CEILING FINISHES
available either in precast form e.g. tile, or cast-in-place
6.01 Ceiling Board form, with either a smoothly polished or non-slip surface.
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin For non-slip surfaces, abrasive granules are added to the
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
mixture.
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 2. GRANOLITHIC and TERRAZO FLOOR FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 2.02 TERRAZO FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish The terrazzo topping shall consist of
1.06 Exposed Aggr
200 lbs. of marble chip aggregate to
1.07 Wood Float Finish
1.08 Steel Trowelled 1 bag (94 lb.) of cement. The matrix
1.09 Integral Colored- may either be white or gray Portland
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH cement as desired.
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
For non-slip heavy duty floors the
3.01 Cement Tile mixture shall consist of 150 lbs. of
3.02 Ceramic Tile
3.03 Asphalt Tile marble chip aggregate and 50 lbs.
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN of abrasive granules to one bag of
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet cement.
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet Common specifications require that 70% of the marble
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN aggregate for terrazzo topping must show;
5.01 StripFlooring - for heavy-duty non-slip topping a proportion of three
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor marble granules to one abrasive must show ; and
- for light-duty non-slip topping, where the abrasive is
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board sprinkled on the finish, a proportion of four marble to
6.02 Acoustic Tile one abrasive granule must show.
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects Minimum thickness of terrazzo topping is 5/8”.
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 3. TILE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 3.01 CEMENT TILE FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Cement tile is manufactured by pressing in moulds a
1.07 Wood Float Finish plastic mixture of cement and sand. Surface color of the
1.08 Steel Trowelled tile is achieved by the addition of mineral oxide colors.
1.09 Integral Colored-
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH Thickness of cement tile is 25mm (1”).
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES Common sizes are squares 200mm x 200mm (8”x8”),
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile 300mm x 300mm (12”x12”), and 400mm x 400mm
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN (16”x16”).
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet When installing cement tile, the top of the base slab shall
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
be left 50mm (2”) below the finish floor.
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor
The tiles shall be thoroughly soaked in water before laying
on a setting bed of cement mortar (1 part of Portland
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board cement to three parts of sand).
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 3. TILE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 3.02 CERAMIC TILE FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Ceramic tile are small surfacing units made from clay or
1.07 Wood Float Finish mixture of clay with other ceramic materials and fired
1.08 Steel Trowelled according various processes.
1.09 Integral Colored-
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH Tiles differ principally in:
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo (1) composition of the body
3. TILE FINISHES (2) surface finish, that is, glazed or unglazed
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile (3) process of manufacture; and
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN (4) the degree of vitrification or fusion of the tile body
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet after firing, as indicated by the extent to which it
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet absorbs moisture
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor

6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 3. TILE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 3.02 CERAMIC TILE FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Glazes are produced in a large variety of colors, ranging
1.07 Wood Float Finish from pure white to jet black. Glaze finishes are of two
1.08 Steel Trowelled general classes in their light reflecting qualities:
1.09 Integral Colored-
Cement Finish 1) bright glazes, which have a highly polished surface
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH and reflect an image clearly; and
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo 2) matte glazes, or those which do not clearly reflect an
3. TILE FINISHES image or are entirely without sheen.
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN All degrees of semilustrous or satinlike finish may be
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet produced between the two extremes of reflection and
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet nonreflection.
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring In addition, glazes may have:
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor
- Plain
- textured
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board - polychrome
6.02 Acoustic Tile - mottled
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin - stippled or
7.02 Opaque Fin - rippled surface
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 3. TILE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 3.02 CERAMIC TILE FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Manufacture:
1.07 Wood Float Finish
1.08 Steel Trowelled (a) Dust-press Process. Dust-pressed tiles are shaped
1.09 Integral Colored-
Cement Finish in steel dies by applying heavy pressure to the damp
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH ceramic mix while it is in finely pulverized form. The
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo dust-press method of production gives greater
3. TILE FINISHES mechanical precision and a more regular appearance
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile to the tiles than other methods.
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet (b) Plastic Process. Plastic-made tiles are shaped from
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet clay rendered plastic by mixing with sufficient water.
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
They are made either by hand molding or by extrusion
5.01 StripFlooring from an auger-machine. When shaped by machine,
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor
the extruded ribbon of clay is cut into the desired sizes
as it emerges from the die. Most types of tile made by
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board the plastic method vary slightly from the true
6.02 Acoustic Tile geometric forms and therefore have a more hand-
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin made appearance than to dust-pressed tiles.
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 3. TILE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 3.02 CERAMIC TILE FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Vitrification:
1.07 Wood Float Finish
1.08 Steel Trowelled Vitrification is a measure of the tile’s density and relative
1.09 Integral Colored-
Cement Finish absorption which depends partly on the tile’s composition
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH and partly on the degree of burning. There are four
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo degrees of vitrification:
3. TILE FINISHES - Nonvitreous tiles have a degree of density that permits
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile moisture absorption of more than 7% of the weight of
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN the tile but does not prevent the tile from having a high
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet degree of strength.
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet - Semivitreous tiles have a degree of density that limits
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
moisture absorption to from 3 to 7% of the weight of
5.01 StripFlooring the tile.
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor
- Vitreous tiles have a moisture absorption of less than
3% and a body density which prevents any penetration
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board of dirt that cannot be easily removed.
6.02 Acoustic Tile - Impervious tiles are the hardest. Their moisture
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin absorption is negligible and they are readily cleansed
7.02 Opaque Fin of stains and dirt.
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 3. TILE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 3.02 CERAMIC TILE FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Types of Ceramic Tiles:
1.07 Wood Float Finish
1.08 Steel Trowelled a. Glazed interior tiles
1.09 Integral Colored-
Cement Finish are non-vitreous product made by the dust-
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH press-process .
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor

6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 4. RESILIENT FLOOR FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 4.01 ASPHALT TILE & SHEET FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Asphalt tile may be installed on any smooth concrete
1.06 Exposed Aggr
subfloor above or below grade and on any wood subfloor
1.07 Wood Float Finish
1.08 Steel Trowelled with sufficient strength so that no deflection can occur.
1.09 Integral Colored-
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH In either case there should be no dampness:
2.01 Granolithic - It should not be used out-of-doors or for interiors
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
subject to strong direct sunlight;
3.01 Cement Tile - on concrete floors where dampness or hydrostatic
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
pressure exists;
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet - on any under floor that is not smooth, even and clean
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet (as the flooring will reveal exactly the contours of the
4.05 Linoleum Sheet under flooring surface);
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring - in many areas where water may be constantly
5.02 Plank Flooring splashed on the floor, e.g. shower rooms and toilet
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor
rooms; and
6. CEILING FINISHES - in areas where grease can accumulate unless
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile greaseproof asphalt tile is used.
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 4. RESILIENT FLOOR FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 4.02 VINYL TILE & SHEET FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Vinyl resilient flooring materials are divided into three
1.06 Exposed Aggr
major types:
1.07 Wood Float Finish
1.08 Steel Trowelled a. solid vinyl
1.09 Integral Colored- b. vinyl and asbestos combined
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH c. a thin vinyl layer applied to other types of resilient
2.01 Granolithic flooring materials .
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile Tiles:
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN Vinyl tiles (all vinyl) are made into the ff thicknesses:
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet - 1.5mm
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet - 2.0mm
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
- 2.5mm and
5.01 StripFlooring - 3mm
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor
in squares 300mm x 300mm

6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board Sheet:
6.02 Acoustic Tile in rolls 2.0mm and 2.5mm thick x 1.80m (6’) wide and
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin in 50m lengths. The thicker sheet is used in areas
7.02 Opaque Fin where heavy traffic will be encountered.
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 4. RESILIENT FLOOR FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 4.02 VINYL TILE & SHEET FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Vinyl flooring is recommended where a colorful,
1.06 Exposed Aggr
textured, tough, durable, easily maintained, grease-
1.07 Wood Float Finish
1.08 Steel Trowelled resistant type of finish flooring is required for areas of
1.09 Integral Colored- both light and heavy human traffic.
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH
2.01 Granolithic It may be used for above-grade, on-grade and below-
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
grade floors.
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
Vinyl flooring should not be used:
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet - for exterior floor surfaces
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet - in areas where specific chemicals that attack vinyl
4.05 Linoleum Sheet are used
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor
5.05 Linoleum Sheet
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 4. RESILIENT FLOOR FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 4.03 RUBBER TILE & SHEET FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Tiles:
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Rubber floor tiles are as a rule made of neutral rubber
1.07 Wood Float Finish
1.08 Steel Trowelled for greatest resilience.
1.09 Integral Colored-
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH Sizes, thicknesses, as well as methods of application
2.01 Granolithic and precautions to follow in installation, are much the
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
same as for vinyl floor tiles
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
Sheet:
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet Rubber sheet flooring is manufactured in rolls 3’ wide,
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet in thicknesses of 3/32”, 1/8” and 3/16”, with 3/32” most
4.05 Linoleum Sheet commonly used in home installations. Rubber sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring flooring is applied according to the general rules given
5.02 Plank Flooring for linoleum.
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor
5.05 Linoleum Sheet
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 4. RESILIENT FLOOR FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 4.03 RUBBER TILE & SHEET FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Advantages of rubber flooring are:
1.06 Exposed Aggr
- It is the quietest floor possible with the exception of
1.07 Wood Float Finish
1.08 Steel Trowelled thick cork tile;
1.09 Integral Colored- - its color are more brilliant than those of other types.
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH
2.01 Granolithic Rubber flooring, however, is not as resistant to soap,
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
oil and many household solvents, as vinyl and linoleum
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor
5.05 Linoleum Sheet
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 4. RESILIENT FLOOR FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 4.04 LINOLEUM TILE & SHEET FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Linoleum is resilient, waterproof floor covering that
1.06 Exposed Aggr
consists of a backing covered with a relatively thick
1.07 Wood Float Finish
1.08 Steel Trowelled layer of wearing surface. This wearing surface is a
1.09 Integral Colored- mixture that contains oxidized linseed oil processed in
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH a special way, combined with wood or cork flour,
2.01 Granolithic various fillers, stone dust, whiting, diatomite), resins
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
binders, driers and inert color pigments.
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor
5.05 Linoleum Sheet
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 4. RESILIENT FLOOR FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 4.04 LINOLEUM TILE & SHEET FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Linoleum can be divided
1.06 Exposed Aggr
into five classifications:
1.07 Wood Float Finish
1.08 Steel Trowelled - plain
1.09 Integral Colored- - marbled
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH - spatter
2.01 Granolithic - straight-line inlaid, &
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
- molded inlaid.
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN It is available in three
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet gauges:
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet - service (1/16”)
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
- standard (3/32”), and
5.01 StripFlooring - heavy (1/8”).
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor
5.05 Linoleum Sheet It comes in rolls 2’ and 6’ wide and up to 30 ft. in
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board length, and in 9”x9” tiles for plain and marbled
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 4. RESILIENT FLOOR FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 4.04 LINOLEUM TILE & SHEET FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Linoleum is recommended in areas:
1.06 Exposed Aggr
- where a resilient, durable, colorful, greaseproof,
1.07 Wood Float Finish
1.08 Steel Trowelled waterproof type of flooring is needed;
1.09 Integral Colored- - where there is spillage of water such as baths and
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH toilet rooms;
2.01 Granolithic - where there is spillage of grease, fruit juices, etc.
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
such as kitchens, cafeterias; for countertops and
3.01 Cement Tile desk tops where heavy wear, grease and cooking
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
spillage occur.
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet It should not be used:
4.05 Linoleum Sheet - on concrete slabs below grade and subflooring
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring where dampness can penetrate from below;
5.02 Plank Flooring - for exteriors;
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor
5.05 Linoleum Sheet
- where any strong alkalis and acids may be present.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile When specifying linoleum, the latest colors, patterns,
7. PAINT FINISHES and textures should always be checked because many
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin of these are quickly discontinued
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 5. WOOD FLOOR FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 5.01 STRIP FLOORING
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish This type of flooring consists of
1.06 Exposed Aggr
tongue-and-grooved (T&G)
1.07 Wood Float Finish
1.08 Steel Trowelled boards 6” or less in width.
1.09 Integral Colored- Nominal sizes of strips are
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH - 1” x 3”, 1” x 4” and 1” x 6”;
2.01 Granolithic - net (face) widths are 2-1/4”,
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3-1/4”, and 5-1/4”
3.01 Cement Tile respectively.
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
- Net thickness is 7/8”.
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet In laying strip flooring, the strips are started square the
4.04 Linoleum Sheet room against either side wall. The first strip is placed
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring with the grooved edge towards the wall and shall be
5.02 Plank Flooring face-nailed as close to the wall as possible so that the
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor
5.05 Linoleum Sheet
baseboard will conceal the nailing. All succeeding
6. CEILING FINISHES strips are blind-nailed. The strips should be laid in such
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile a manner that joints in successive courses do not
7. PAINT FINISHES come together.
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 5. WOOD FLOOR FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 5.01 STRIP FLOORING
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Strip flooring is often laid over a concrete slab
1.06 Exposed Aggr
subfloor, nailed to 2x3 or 2x4 sleepers or screeds
1.07 Wood Float Finish
1.08 Steel Trowelled embedded or anchored to the concrete floor.
1.09 Integral Colored-
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH The sleepers should be treated with a suitable wood
2.01 Granolithic preservative.
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile The space between the finish floor and the top of the
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
concrete slab is filled with cinder concrete or other
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet damp-proof composition fill
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet
4.04 Linoleum Sheet In laying strip flooring, the strips are started square with
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN the room against a wall. The first strip is placed with
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring the grooved edge towards the wall and shall be face-
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor nailed as close to the wall as possible so that the
5.05 Linoleum Sheet
6. CEILING FINISHES baseboard will conceal the nailing. All succeeding
6.01 Ceiling Board strips are blind-nailed. The strips should be laid in such
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES a manner that joints in successive courses do not
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
come together.
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 5. WOOD FLOOR FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 5.02 PLANK FLOORING
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish This type of flooring consists of square-edged boards
1.06 Exposed Aggr
8” or more in width as are commonly found in old
1.07 Wood Float Finish
1.08 Steel Trowelled Spanish- period houses.
1.09 Integral Colored-
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH Plank flooring is usually faced-nailed.
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor
5.05 Linoleum Sheet
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 5. WOOD FLOOR FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 5.03 PARQUET TILE FLOORING
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr Also called block flooring, consists of square pieces or
1.07 Wood Float Finish blocks which have been built up in several layers like
1.08 Steel Trowelled
1.09 Integral Colored- plywood and having a veneered surface, or consists of
Cement Finish several parquet strips assembled at the factory to form
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH
2.01 Granolithic a tile.
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
This type of flooring may also be nailed to a wood
3.02 Ceramic Tile subfloor or set in mastic to a concrete subfloor.
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor
5.05 Linoleum Sheet
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 5. WOOD FLOOR FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 5.03 PARQUET TILE FLOORING
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Tiles are 3/8” or 5/15” in thickness,
1.06 Exposed Aggr
in squares of 9-5/8” x 9-5/8”, 14-1/2” x 14-1/2”, 19-1/4”
1.07 Wood Float Finish
1.08 Steel Trowelled x 19-1/4” and 24” x 24”.
1.09 Integral Colored-
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH For wooden subfloors, lumber must be properly kiln-
2.01 Granolithic dried (or use 12mm or 19mm plywood). An 11mm
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
depression below the finish floor level is necessary for
3.01 Cement Tile 10mm thick parquet tile flooring.
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor
5.05 Linoleum Sheet
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 5. WOOD FLOOR FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 5.03 PARQUET TILE FLOORING
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Concrete subfloors must be level and flat.
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish
1.08 Steel Trowelled Freshly poured concrete should be allowed to cure for
1.09 Integral Colored- at least two weeks before laying parquet.
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH
2.01 Granolithic Slab construction must be such that it will stay dry.
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile For concrete subfloors directly over fill, the base of the
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
surrounding slab should be above ground level and/or
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet finish grade. It is desirable that the slab be constructed
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet with a vapor-moisture barrier (see PLASTICS).
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN Asphalt-type underlayment, felt paper, should not be
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring used.
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor

6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 6. CEILING FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 6.01 CEILING BOARD
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish These are shiplapped boards with a bead running
1.06 Exposed Aggr
along the center of the board and along the joint,
1.07 Wood Float Finish
1.08 Steel Trowelled hence it is often referred as beaded ceiling board
1.09 Integral Colored- (B.C.B.) Thickness are 3/8 and ½ in. Widths of boards
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH are 4 and 6 in.
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor

6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 6. CEILING FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 6.02 ACOUSTIC TILE
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish There are several types of acoustic tile:
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish
1.08 Steel Trowelled a. Cellulose fiber tile.
1.09 Integral Colored- These are made from compressed sugar cane or
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH wood fibers with perforations on the surface of the
2.01 Granolithic tile.
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile b. Mineral wool tile.
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
Felted rock wool with a fissured surface. Mineral
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet wool tile has limited acoustic values, is flame
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet retardant but will not withstand rough usage and
4.04 Linoleum Sheet cannot be painted. It is available in ½, 5/8, 2/4, 7/8
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN and 1 in. thickness. Sizes are 12”x12”, 12”x24” and
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring 24”x24”.
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor

6. CEILING FINISHES c. Glass fiber tile.

6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile These are made of glass fibers held together by
7. PAINT FINISHES binder. Thickness is 1-1/4”. Sizes are 23-3/4” x 23-
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin 3/4” or 47-3/4”.
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 7.01 TRANSPARENT FINISHES
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish
a. Wood Stains
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish • Oil Wood Stains
1.08 Steel Trowelled Pigments are derived from various
1.09 Integral Colored-
Cement Finish
earth clays. After they are dissolved
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH in linseed oil, the coloring particles
2.01 Granolithic
remain suspended between the oil
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES molecules. For spreading the color
3.01 Cement Tile particles over large surfaces, the
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN ground oil color is thinned with
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet turpentine .
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet
4.04 Linoleum Sheet • Water Stains
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN These are made from anilyne dyes
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring and mineral extracts which have
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor been dissolved in hot water ”.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile • Spirit or Alcohol Stain
7. PAINT FINISHES These are mixed with alcohol-
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin solution anilyne powders and
7.03 Paint Defects
warmed alcohol.
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 7.01 TRANSPARENT FINISHES
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish
a. Wood Stains
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish The method of applying wood stains:
1.08 Steel Trowelled 1. Clean wood surface by planing, scraping and
1.09 Integral Colored-
Cement Finish
sanding.
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH 2. If water stain is to be used, sponge wood with damp
2.01 Granolithic
rag and allow to dry.
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES 3. Resand with finer grit paper.
3.01 Cement Tile 4. Fill holes, dents, cracks, etc. with crack filler colored
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN to match stains. When dry, sand smooth.
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet 5. Dust and clean with benzene rags.
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet 6. Apply stain, using brush or sponge with grain.
4.04 Linoleum Sheet 7. Apply shellac wash coat – 6 parts alcohol to 1 part
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN shellac.
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring 8. Scuff surfaces lightly with fine sandpaper by hand.
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor 9. Apply paste filler and wash off in 10 minutes.
6. CEILING FINISHES 10. Sand, dust and clean.
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile 11. Apply shellac wash coat.
7. PAINT FINISHES 12. Sand, dust and clean.
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin 13. Select any of the ff. finishes: a.) shellac and wax, b)
7.03 Paint Defects
varnish, c.) lacquer
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 7.01 TRANSPARENT FINISHES
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish
b. Wood Fillers
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish • Paste Fillers.
1.08 Steel Trowelled Composed of silex (stone dust), japan-drier, linseed
1.09 Integral Colored-
Cement Finish
oil, turpentine, and sometimes colors ground in oil
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH Filler is applied with the grain and allowed to dry
2.01 Granolithic
“flat” for about 10 minutes. It is then wiped off across
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES the grain with burlap or some other coarse material.
3.01 Cement Tile Paste fillers requires about 24 hours for drying
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN before it can be sanded.
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet • Crack Fillers.
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet Plastic wood putty, stick shellac, etc. They are used
4.04 Linoleum Sheet for filling nails holes, cracks and dents.
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor

6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 7.02 OPAQUE FINISHES
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish
a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish VEHICLE:
1.08 Steel Trowelled
1.09 Integral Colored-
Cement Finish
• The vehicle or liquid portion of the paint consists of:
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH - a binder which forms the film
2.01 Granolithic
- the drier to speed up formulation of the film and
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES - the thinner or the volatile solvent .
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile The volatile solvent facilitates application and
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet contributes, through its evaporation, to the drying of
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet the paint, but is not a permanent part of the film.
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
The type of solvent used in a paint determines
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring whether it is a
5.02 Plank Flooring - water-base paint (where the solvent is water) or
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor
- oil-base paint (where the solvent is an
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board organic liquid).
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin The vehicle of a paint should not contain more than
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
35% of the paint’s volume by weight .
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 7.02 OPAQUE FINISHES
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish
a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish The principal paint for exterior wood surfaces is oil
1.08 Steel Trowelled
paint, which contains white lead as the white paint
1.09 Integral Colored-
Cement Finish pigment, color pigments and extenders in a vehicle
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH
2.01 Granolithic
consisting of a drying oil, usually linseed oil, dryers,
2.02 Terrazo and turpentine as the solvent or thinner.
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile Other drying oils used are
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN - tung or china oil,
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet - soybean and
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet - fish oils.
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN Driers are added to the vehicle of paints containing
5.01 StripFlooring drying oils to accelerate the hardening of paint by
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor speeding the union of the oil with oxygen from the air.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board A good paint’s vehicle will contain 85 to 95% drying oil
6.02 Acoustic Tile and the rest thinners and driers.
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 7.02 OPAQUE FINISHES
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish
a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish Driers:
1.08 Steel Trowelled
1.09 Integral Colored-
Cement Finish
may be classified into two types:
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH - oil driers, used in powdered or crystalline form
2.01 Granolithic
such as litharge (monoxide of lead),
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES manganese dioxide, borate; and
3.01 Cement Tile - liquid driers, inorganic compounds of lead,
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN manganese and cobalt, which are dissolved in
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet turpentine or benzene and which mix readily
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet with the oil at ordinary temperatures.
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor

6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board Latex paint is the preferred paint for the plaster,
6.02 Acoustic Tile cement, concrete and masonry
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 7.03 PAINT BEHAVIOR AND DEFECTS
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish
a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish Well-formulated paint, skillfully applied over a properly
1.08 Steel Trowelled
prepared surface wears by gradual “chalking” and
1.09 Integral Colored-
Cement Finish maintains a smooth, tough and durable film that
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH
2.01 Granolithic
constitutes a satisfactory surface for repainting. Such a
2.02 Terrazo paint film will remain an effective protective coating for
3. TILE FINISHES a period of three to five years depending upon the
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile locality and the characteristics of the original surface. It
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN requires little treatment beyond surface dusting in
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet preparation for repainting
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor

6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 7.02 OPAQUE FINISHES
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish
a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish Portland cement-base paints
1.08 Steel Trowelled
1.09 Integral Colored-
Cement Finish
a water-base paint (where the solvent is water) used
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH for painting concrete and masonry surfaces
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES Enamel paints
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile paints which use varnish as a vehicle. They have the
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet ability of levelling brush marks, are more resistant to
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet washing and rough usage, and have a harder and
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet
4.04 Linoleum Sheet tougher film. They can have either a glossy, semi
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN glossy or matt finish.
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor Rust-inhibiting paints
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
protective paints for ferrous metal and are of two types:
7. PAINT FINISHES - priming paint, e.g. red lead, litharge, lead chromate;
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
- finish paints, e.g., lead sulfate and zinc dust.
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 7.03 PAINT BEHAVIOR AND DEFECTS
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Well-formulated paint, skillfully applied over a properly
1.06 Exposed Aggr
prepared surface wears by gradual “chalking” and
1.07 Wood Float Finish
1.08 Steel Trowelled maintains a smooth, tough and durable film that
1.09 Integral Colored- constitutes a satisfactory surface for repainting.
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH
2.01 Granolithic Such a paint film will remain an effective protective
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
coating for a period of three to five years depending
3.01 Cement Tile upon the locality and the characteristics of the original
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
surface. It requires little treatment beyond surface
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet dusting in preparation for repainting.
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet
4.04 Linoleum Sheet Defective paint behavior and surface failures, on the
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN other hand, are traceable to three main causes:
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring 1. Improper paint formulation.
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor 2. Inadequate surface preparation and careless
6. CEILING FINISHES application.
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile 3. Faulty construction or building materials
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 7.03 PAINT BEHAVIOR AND DEFECTS
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr Film defects may result from one or any combination
1.07 Wood Float Finish of these. The following are the various paint defects,
1.08 Steel Trowelled
1.09 Integral Colored- their causes, prevention
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH a. Excessive or premature chalking
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo • evidenced by surface
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile dusting and rapid
3.02 Ceramic Tile thinning of the film,
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet sometimes to bare
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet wood.
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
• caused by improper
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring formulation or paint
5.02 Plank Flooring application.
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor

6. CEILING FINISHES • too high a percentage

6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile of volatile thinner forms
7. PAINT FINISHES a porous film subject
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin has completely worn
7.03 Paint Defects away.
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 7.03 PAINT BEHAVIOR AND DEFECTS
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish a. Excessive or premature chalking
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish • too high a percentage of volatile thinner forms a
1.08 Steel Trowelled
1.09 Integral Colored- porous film subject has completely worn away.
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor

6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin • May be prevented by strict adherence to high
7.03 Paint Defects standards of paint formulation and application.
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 7.03 PAINT BEHAVIOR AND DEFECTS
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish b. Sagging and running
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish • marked by irregular wavy lines that texture an
1.08 Steel Trowelled
1.09 Integral Colored- otherwise smooth finish film.
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH
2.01 Granolithic • cause is usually paint formulation with too low a
2.02 Terrazo pigment volume, or too heavy and careless an
3. TILE FINISHES application of a thin-consistency paint. It occurs
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile sometimes when repainting an interior if an
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
original gloss surface has not been cut by light
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet sanding.
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
• Cure of condition necessitates sanding the
5.01 StripFlooring irregularities and repainting. Prevention involves
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor
maintaining proper proportions of pigment and
linseed oil as to formulation and careful brushing
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board of properly thinned paint as to application
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 7.03 PAINT BEHAVIOR AND DEFECTS
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish c. Storm spotting
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish • usually occurring after
1.08 Steel Trowelled
1.09 Integral Colored- continuous rains and
Cement Finish electric storms, are
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH
2.01 Granolithic characterized by
2.02 Terrazo unsightly and irregular
3. TILE FINISHES color changes.
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
• Rain sometimes absorbs
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet nitrates and peroxides
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet formed by electrical
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
discharges and
5.01 StripFlooring penetrates the paint film,
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor
changing the refractive
index of the coating.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile • Cure of condition can sometimes be
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin accomplished by rubbing spots with alcohol.
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
Subsequent weathering usually restores the
original color within a month or two.
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 7.03 PAINT BEHAVIOR AND DEFECTS
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish d. Washing
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish • is characterized by streaking on the surface,
1.08 Steel Trowelled
1.09 Integral Colored- fading color, the final exposure of the original
Cement Finish surface and accumulation of pigment particles
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH
2.01 Granolithic below the painted area.
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES • caused by water-soluble compounds in
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile pigments of poor paints or soluble compounds
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
which develop by chemical reactions in the paint
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet are dissolved during rain storms and wash out of
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet the film.
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring • also when paints are applied during periods of
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor
high humidity and low temperatures, the film
structure may be injured during the drying
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board period.
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 7.03 PAINT BEHAVIOR AND DEFECTS
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish e. Stains
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish • are surface discolorations which often disappear
1.08 Steel Trowelled
1.09 Integral Colored- gradually as the paint film wears. Sometimes,
Cement Finish however, they go through the film necessitating
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH
2.01 Granolithic its removal and subsequent repainting.
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES • Metal stains are sometimes caused by water
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile dripping from exposed metal.
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet • Prevention involves coating metal. Galvanized
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet iron should be painted with metallic zinc dust in
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
spar varnish or paint containing zinc oxide.
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor

6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 7.03 PAINT BEHAVIOR AND DEFECTS
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish f. Checking
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish • characterized by minute cracks on the surface of
1.08 Steel Trowelled
1.09 Integral Colored- elastic paint films. Usually it is not a serious film
Cement Finish defect, for checks do not extend through the film.
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo • cause is improper application or improper
3. TILE FINISHES formulation of undercoats. The finish film is applied
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile over a body coat not quite enough for a proper
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
foundation. Unequal tensions occur in drying and
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet small surface checks result.
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
• cure of condition involves wire brushing affected
5.01 StripFlooring areas and repainting if checking does not disappear
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor
under influence of normal wear.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board • prevention involves allowance of sufficient drying
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
time between coats and formulation of the body coat
7.01 Transparent Fin with a minimum amount of oil in order to develop a
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects hard foundation for finish
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 7.03 PAINT BEHAVIOR AND DEFECTS
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish g. Alligatoring
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish • an advance state of checking, varying in degree to
1.08 Steel Trowelled
1.09 Integral Colored- a coarse texturing of the finish film.
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH
2.01 Granolithic • cause involves application of a harder drying finish
2.02 Terrazo over soft or slow-drying under-coats. As in
3. TILE FINISHES checking, poor formulation with too much linseed
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile oil in the priming or body coat may result in
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
alligatoring.
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet • cure of condition, if extensive, requires removal of
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
the film and repainting.
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor
• prevention necessitates precautions noted above
to prevent checking
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 7.03 PAINT BEHAVIOR AND DEFECTS
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish h. Cracking and scaling
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish • characterized by irregular cracks that
1.08 Steel Trowelled
1.09 Integral Colored- subsequently curl at the edge, flake and finally
Cement Finish scale off. Over wood, scaling is usually most
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH
2.01 Granolithic marked in direction of or across the grain.
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES • cracking is a wear characteristic of hard-drying
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile paints that contain large proportions of zinc oxide
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
pigment.
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet • scaling comes from the water pressure when
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
moisture seeps through the crack to the original
5.01 StripFlooring surface. The condition is common to any surface
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor
coated with paint improperly formulated to
withstand local conditions.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 7.03 PAINT BEHAVIOR AND DEFECTS
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish h. Cracking and scaling
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish • cure of condition at an early stage requires
1.08 Steel Trowelled
1.09 Integral Colored- vigorous brushing and recoating with a less brittle
Cement Finish film.
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo • prevention involves formulation to produce a
3. TILE FINISHES tougher, more elastic film. Usually this means an
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile increased percentage of white lead.
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor

6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects

Making Stained Glass Lamps
From Everand
Making Stained Glass Lamps
Michael Johnston
No ratings yet
D Limonene Uses
100% (1)
D Limonene Uses
7 pages
Doors & Windows
No ratings yet
Doors & Windows
21 pages
M C D 8 - D W: 1. Glass
No ratings yet
M C D 8 - D W: 1. Glass
7 pages
Division VIII Doors and Windows
No ratings yet
Division VIII Doors and Windows
21 pages
GLASS
No ratings yet
GLASS
8 pages
Module 09 Doors and Windows 1
No ratings yet
Module 09 Doors and Windows 1
99 pages
Building Tech Report
No ratings yet
Building Tech Report
9 pages
Hard, Brittle, With A Flux and A Stabilizer: Doors and Windows Glass and Glazing Glass Plate Glass
No ratings yet
Hard, Brittle, With A Flux and A Stabilizer: Doors and Windows Glass and Glazing Glass Plate Glass
6 pages
Part 2 Glass
No ratings yet
Part 2 Glass
13 pages
Unit 1 Manufactured Building Materials
No ratings yet
Unit 1 Manufactured Building Materials
37 pages
Types of Glass Using in Building Construction
No ratings yet
Types of Glass Using in Building Construction
14 pages
A List of Most Common Glass Types in The Flat Glass Industry
100% (1)
A List of Most Common Glass Types in The Flat Glass Industry
11 pages
types of glass
No ratings yet
types of glass
23 pages
Lecture-6 Glass
No ratings yet
Lecture-6 Glass
103 pages
Glass PDF
No ratings yet
Glass PDF
39 pages
BMC V - Unit-1-Glass
No ratings yet
BMC V - Unit-1-Glass
13 pages
Chapter 5 Glass Glazing
100% (1)
Chapter 5 Glass Glazing
53 pages
BMC V - Unit-1-Glass
100% (1)
BMC V - Unit-1-Glass
12 pages
Report 2 Glass and Glazing PDF
No ratings yet
Report 2 Glass and Glazing PDF
76 pages
BC Notes Sem 6
No ratings yet
BC Notes Sem 6
27 pages
Types and Uses of Glasses
No ratings yet
Types and Uses of Glasses
18 pages
NTN PRO 006 Glass Types Used in Buildings
No ratings yet
NTN PRO 006 Glass Types Used in Buildings
2 pages
Waterproofing, Bitumen, Glazing
No ratings yet
Waterproofing, Bitumen, Glazing
19 pages
GLASS - ALSTONa
No ratings yet
GLASS - ALSTONa
17 pages
Structural Glazing A Report: Case Study of Ansal Plaza & Select City Walk, New Delhi
100% (1)
Structural Glazing A Report: Case Study of Ansal Plaza & Select City Walk, New Delhi
16 pages
Glass and Glazing (Document)
No ratings yet
Glass and Glazing (Document)
10 pages
Glass: Name: Taaha Muzaffar Imam ROLL NO.: 19011AA002 Sem/Sec: Ii/A Branch: B.Arch College: Spa' Jnafau
No ratings yet
Glass: Name: Taaha Muzaffar Imam ROLL NO.: 19011AA002 Sem/Sec: Ii/A Branch: B.Arch College: Spa' Jnafau
12 pages
Glass
No ratings yet
Glass
40 pages
E.4.4 Guardian Glass Technical Info
No ratings yet
E.4.4 Guardian Glass Technical Info
36 pages
Sun Guard
No ratings yet
Sun Guard
32 pages
Glass
No ratings yet
Glass
11 pages
Glass
No ratings yet
Glass
59 pages
Glass
50% (2)
Glass
32 pages
Architecturalglass
No ratings yet
Architecturalglass
30 pages
Window Types
No ratings yet
Window Types
7 pages
Module 4__Glasses and Glazing
No ratings yet
Module 4__Glasses and Glazing
114 pages
Glass Materials
No ratings yet
Glass Materials
9 pages
Glassolutions Uk Glossary 0
No ratings yet
Glassolutions Uk Glossary 0
27 pages
Glass As A Building Material
No ratings yet
Glass As A Building Material
25 pages
2001 - AR423 - BCT04 - 21 - Glass Construction PDF
No ratings yet
2001 - AR423 - BCT04 - 21 - Glass Construction PDF
67 pages
Glass Manufacture
No ratings yet
Glass Manufacture
3 pages
Glass
No ratings yet
Glass
130 pages
Facade Presentation
100% (1)
Facade Presentation
44 pages
I. Module 1 Title: Glass and Glazing Building Technology
100% (1)
I. Module 1 Title: Glass and Glazing Building Technology
9 pages
Unit V - Glass: Qualities & Features
No ratings yet
Unit V - Glass: Qualities & Features
9 pages
e751eb84-b0ef-4d82-96e2-44fc5337ee7f
No ratings yet
e751eb84-b0ef-4d82-96e2-44fc5337ee7f
44 pages
Glass
No ratings yet
Glass
15 pages
Advantages & Disadvantages of Glass As A Building Material
No ratings yet
Advantages & Disadvantages of Glass As A Building Material
9 pages
Glass Specification
100% (2)
Glass Specification
36 pages
Glass
No ratings yet
Glass
14 pages
CIE 316 Glass
No ratings yet
CIE 316 Glass
11 pages
Technical Information: What You Need To Know To
No ratings yet
Technical Information: What You Need To Know To
36 pages
BMC Unit1
No ratings yet
BMC Unit1
59 pages
GLASS C.MAT
No ratings yet
GLASS C.MAT
5 pages
Glass Architecture - Unit 1 - Types of Glass
No ratings yet
Glass Architecture - Unit 1 - Types of Glass
18 pages
MMBC Mod1 Glasssss
No ratings yet
MMBC Mod1 Glasssss
44 pages
Sunguard Technical
No ratings yet
Sunguard Technical
19 pages
Glass and Glazing BMC
No ratings yet
Glass and Glazing BMC
13 pages
Glass 1 Continue
No ratings yet
Glass 1 Continue
5 pages
How to make a concrete garden seat
From Everand
How to make a concrete garden seat
Les Kenny
5/5 (1)
12th-Chemistry-EM-First-Revision-Exam-2024-Question-Paper-Trichy-District-English-Medium-PDF-Download
No ratings yet
12th-Chemistry-EM-First-Revision-Exam-2024-Question-Paper-Trichy-District-English-Medium-PDF-Download
2 pages
Condenser: CH 1407-Chemical Process Equipment Design and Drawing / Compiled By, R.ARUL KAMALAKUMAR
No ratings yet
Condenser: CH 1407-Chemical Process Equipment Design and Drawing / Compiled By, R.ARUL KAMALAKUMAR
8 pages
Short Practice Test 04 - Chemistry - (Lakshya NEET 2.0 2023)
No ratings yet
Short Practice Test 04 - Chemistry - (Lakshya NEET 2.0 2023)
3 pages
Erasers Sharpeners GB 11483
No ratings yet
Erasers Sharpeners GB 11483
13 pages
Types of Rocks
No ratings yet
Types of Rocks
102 pages
Procedimiento Radar Solido PDF
No ratings yet
Procedimiento Radar Solido PDF
32 pages
Firespan Catalogue
No ratings yet
Firespan Catalogue
8 pages
Gulf Per Lite Loose Fill Insulation Tds
No ratings yet
Gulf Per Lite Loose Fill Insulation Tds
4 pages
0011management Systems
No ratings yet
0011management Systems
11 pages
IC Residential Renovation Timeline Template 8531 V1
No ratings yet
IC Residential Renovation Timeline Template 8531 V1
38 pages
Two-Dimensional Elasticity Problems and Airy Stress Function
No ratings yet
Two-Dimensional Elasticity Problems and Airy Stress Function
8 pages
Process Overview For The Production of Hydrogen by Natural Gas Pyrolysis - Schneider - 2020
No ratings yet
Process Overview For The Production of Hydrogen by Natural Gas Pyrolysis - Schneider - 2020
28 pages
Compression Test On Open Coil Helical Springaim
No ratings yet
Compression Test On Open Coil Helical Springaim
1 page
Kaushik 2006
No ratings yet
Kaushik 2006
18 pages
ASME Sec VIII Div 1 Table UHT-56
No ratings yet
ASME Sec VIII Div 1 Table UHT-56
1 page
Experiment-3 Metals and Their Properties Updated
No ratings yet
Experiment-3 Metals and Their Properties Updated
4 pages
Evaluation of Alternatives To Electrodeposited Cadmium For Threaded Fasteners Applications (III)
No ratings yet
Evaluation of Alternatives To Electrodeposited Cadmium For Threaded Fasteners Applications (III)
13 pages
Dome Tank Instruction Manual
No ratings yet
Dome Tank Instruction Manual
20 pages
01 Transformer Construction
100% (1)
01 Transformer Construction
32 pages
Estokote Grey
No ratings yet
Estokote Grey
2 pages
Eni Cladium 300 Sae 30
No ratings yet
Eni Cladium 300 Sae 30
1 page
Band Gap Estimation of Multilayer 2D Semiconductor Channels Using Thin Graphite Contact
No ratings yet
Band Gap Estimation of Multilayer 2D Semiconductor Channels Using Thin Graphite Contact
24 pages
HAZMAT
No ratings yet
HAZMAT
30 pages
PRED AEE Road Design
No ratings yet
PRED AEE Road Design
49 pages
SMKCL Chemistry Monthly Test 1 F5 2009
No ratings yet
SMKCL Chemistry Monthly Test 1 F5 2009
5 pages
Intermolecular Forces - Key: For Questions 1-5, Identify The Main Type of Intermolecular Force in Each Compound
No ratings yet
Intermolecular Forces - Key: For Questions 1-5, Identify The Main Type of Intermolecular Force in Each Compound
2 pages
ABr Dust Trap Double-Side Tape (TDS-En)
No ratings yet
ABr Dust Trap Double-Side Tape (TDS-En)
2 pages
Schnaid Et Al (2004) in Situ Test Characterization of Unusual Geomateriais Schnaid Et Al 2004
No ratings yet
Schnaid Et Al (2004) in Situ Test Characterization of Unusual Geomateriais Schnaid Et Al 2004
25 pages
Refractories Final
No ratings yet
Refractories Final
19 pages

Building Materials Part 3

Uploaded by

Building Materials Part 3

Uploaded by

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I

1. GLASS AND GLAZING

Glass is a hard, brittle, chemically inert substance produced by

Glass fibers are used in textiles and for material

Glass block is used to control light transmission, glare,

Glass, however, is used most commonly to glaze the

The three major types of flat glass are the following:

Sheet glass is fabricated by drawing the molten glass from a

Plate glass is formed by rolling molten glass into a plate that

Float glass is manufactured by pouring molten glass onto a

• Annealed glass is cooled slowly to relieve internal

• Wired glass is flat or patterned glass having a square or

• Tinted or heat-absorbing glass has a chemical admixture

• Reflective glass has a thin, translucent metallic

• Low-emissivity (low-e) glass

Glass Product Type Nominal Thickness Maximum Area Weight

Sheet Glass AA, A, B SS 3/32 (2.4) 60 x 60 (1525 x 1525) 1.22

Glass Product Type Nominal Thickness Maximum Area Weight

Tinted Glassd Bronze 1/8 (3.2) 35 sf (3 m2) 1.64

Insulating Glass Glass edge units

Screws are metal fasteners having tapered, helically threaded

• Explosive rivets, used when a joint is accessible from

• Strength: Adhesives are usually strongest in resisting tensile

Common types of adhesives:

• ROUGH HARDWARE – Hardware meant to be

1. Wood screw – a helically threaded metal

The types of door hinges are:

¡Full Mortise Hinge – is the most common

The various types of hinges are used when

• Other local classifications of door locks are:

• Door bolt or barrel bolt[1] – a manually

hinge in the shape of a

and wide) is fixed to

Glass door hinge

rim mortise In-laid lever Glass door

Pin-mounted Plug-in Screw-in Screw-mounted Glass shelf

6. CEILING FINISHES Tooling cannot ordinarily be performed satisfactorily on

6. CEILING FINISHES c. Glass fiber tile.

6. CEILING FINISHES • too high a percentage

You might also like