THE CELL

High Yield Notes

 NOTES
NOTES
THE CELL
Introduction to cell and
its theory
Cell Theory: collectively proposed
by Schleiden (1838), Schwann 1. Louis Pasteur - 1862: found
(1839) and Virchow (1858) experimental proof for R.Virchow’s
Postulates of Cell Theory: hypothesis using bacteria’s
Cell is the smallest, structural & division.
functional unit of life, 2. August Weissman - 1880: all living
composed of protoplasm, beings have a common origin due
nucleus, cytoplasm and cell to similarities in structure,
membrane. molecule, etc.
All organisms are composed of
one or more cells Mnemonic:
New cells only arise by the
division of pre-existing cells.
☆ Hoor’s Landlord Dad Became
Subject Specialist Via Past Affair.
Scientists involved in Cell Hoor = Hooke
Theory: Landlord = Lorenz
1. Robert Hooke - 1665: discovered Dad = de-Lamarck
the cell. Became = Brown
2. Lorenz Oken - 1805: all living Subject = Sclieden
beings originate from and consist Specialist = Schwann
of cells Via = Virchow
3. Jean Baptist de-Lamarck - 1809:
Past = Pasteur
cells are necessary for life.
Affair = August Weismann
4. Robert Brown - 1831: found nucleus
5. Theodor Schwann & M.J. Schleiden Dates: the history starts from
- 1839: formulated cell theory. the digit 16 and touches the
figure 19, so at number one we
have 16 and they almost touch
19. In between, all dates lie in 18.

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 NOTES
TECHNIQUES USED IN
CELL BIOLOGY
Techniques used in Cell Light Electron
Features
Microscope Microscope
Biology:
→ Microscope: {Greek: micron = small + Illumination Visible Light Beam of Electrons
skopien= to look at }
An instrument for viewing objects Magnification 500x of naked eye
250,000x of
naked eye
too small to be seen by the naked
eye.
Resolution 2 2-4 A
The science of investigating small
objects using such an instrument:
Electromagnetic
Microscopy Components Glass Lenses
Lenses
The examination of cells and their
components depends upon the Sample Living & Dead Dead
magnification and resolution
power of the two convex lenses.
Medium Open Vacuum
Magnification Power: the number
of times larger an image is as
compared to the real size of the
object .
Resolution Power: the ability to Features TEM SEM
distinguish between two separate
points. Beam of Passed
Reflected
Resolution of the naked eye: electrons Through
1.0mm
Thin Scans
There are two types of Specimen
Sections Surfaces
Microscopes: Light and Electron
Microscopes. Field of
There are two types of electron Lesser Greater
Vision
microscopes: Transmission EM
(TEM) & Scanning EM (SEM) Shows Shows
Function Internal Surface
Structures Details of
of cell cell

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 NOTES Cell Fractionation:
The combination of various methods
used to separate the cell organelles
and other components based upon
their size, density and density of the
medium.
Consists of two steps:
homogenization & centrifugation.
Homogenization: grinding of cells in
a suitable medium with correct pH,
ionic composition and temperature
by using a blender, which gives rise
to a uniform mixture.
In plants, the middle lamella is
digested by pectinase.(LAMP)
Centrifugation: separates substances
under influence of centrifugal force
by using a centrifuge.
Density Gradient Centrifugation: cell
components of different sizes and
densities separated in different
layers. The upper layers are less
dense than the lower layers.
Differential Centrifugation: Size and
shape determine how fast a particle
settles.
Pellet: content settles at bottom
Supernatant: content suspended
above as liquid.
After each speed supernatant can be
centrifuged again. Series of pellets of
smaller size hence obtained.

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 NOTES
Compare the structure of
typical animal and plant cell

Features Animal Cell Plant Cell Flagella ✓ ×

Cell Wall × ✓ Phagocytosis ✓ ×

Plastids × ✓ Position of
Nucleus
Central Peripheral

Glyoxysomes × ✓ Mode of
Nutrition
Heterotrophs Autotrophs

Centrosomes ✓ × Vacuoles
Small &
Many
Large &
Single

Mitotic Spindles + Spindles Storage

Glycogen Starch
Apparatus Asters Only Products

Direction of Outwards → Inwards → Cellular No Fixed Fixed

Cytokinesis Inwards Outwards Shape Shape Shape

Lysosomes ✓ ×

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 NOTES

Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
This is a thin outer covering
that separates the contents A gel-like substance that
of the cell from other cells fills the spaces inside the
It also controls what cell to help retain its form.
materials go in and out
of the cell. Also known
as the plasma membrane.

Tonoplast
A partially permeable
Nucleus membrane surrounding the
central vacuole of a
This houses the cell's DNA.
plant cell.
It directs the synthesis of
ribosomes and proteins.

Vacuoles
These are membranous
Endoplasmic sacs that are used
Reticulum to store other things
A series of folded in the cell.
membranes in cells that
move material around.

Cell Wall
A rigid outer covering
Starch Grain that is only present in the
plant cells. It helps the cell
Granules of starch used
retain its shape and also
to store the sugars
prevents osmotic lysis.
synthesized by the
plant during the process
of Photosynthesis.

Chloroplast Mitochondria
An organelle that results The mitochondrion makes a
in the formation of sugars compound from the broken
during the process of chemical bonds of food
photosynthesis. It contains molecules (like sugar)
Chlorophyll which is a called adenosine
green-colored pigment triphosphate (ATP) and is
Golgi Apparatus it is stored here until needed.
involved in light absorption.
It is also known as the
A series of flattened sacs "powerhouse of the cell."
that helps sort proteins
synthesized in the rough
endoplasmic reticulum.

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 NOTES Cell Wall
Cell Wall: Middle Lamella False wall:
It is the outermost non-living First formed in between primary
covering present in plants, algae, walls of the neighbouring cells.
fungi and prokaryotic cells while Formed of sticky gel-like
absent in animal cells. This is magnesium and calcium salts
probably due to their locomotory and pectin
mode of life. Helps stick the neighbouring
The cell wall of plant cells is cells together.
different from that of prokaryotes,
both in structure and chemical Secondary Wall:
composition. Formed between the primary
Prokaryotic cell walls lack cellulose; cell wall and plasma membrane,
their strengthening material is when the cell is fully grown.
peptidoglycan or murein while Comparatively thick and rigid as
fungal cell wall contains chitin It is compared to the primary wall.
secreted by the cell's protoplasm Composed of inorganic salts,
and has a variable thickness in silica, waxes, lignin, and cutin etc
different cells of the plant. Lignin cements and anchors
The cell wall is porous (called pits) cellulose micro-fibrils and is
and allows free passage of water responsible for rigidness.
and dissolved material.
The plant cell wall consists of three
main layers which are the primary
Functions of Cell Wall:
wall middle lamella and secondary
It provides a definite shape to
wall.
the cell.
It prevents the cells from
Primary Cell Wall: osmotic lysis when cells are
A true wall that develops in newly placed in a hypotonic external
growing cells. environment.
Leaves, storage and young It provides protection to the
growing cells only have primary inner parts of cells and does not
wall. act as a barrier to the materials
Composed of cellulose; micro- passing through it.
fibrils are arranged in a crisscross
arrangement by hydrogen .
bonding to give high tensile
strength.
Pectin and hemicellulose are also
deposited in it.
The outer part of plant epidermis is
impregnated with cutin and wax,
forming a permeability barrier
known as plant cuticle.

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 NOTES Plasma Membrane
It is the boundary of protoplasm Carrier proteins selectively
found in all living prokaryotic and interact with a specific molecule
eukaryotic cells or ion so that it can cross the
Plasma membrane is about 7 m plasma membrane.
thick. Some membrane proteins have
Chemically, it is composed of 60- enzymatic functions i.e. performing
40% proteins & 20-40% lipids. metabolic reactions directly {e.g.
Small amounts of carbohydrates, is adenylate cyclase catalyses the
also present in the form of transformation of ATP to CAMP, a
glycolipids and glycoproteins. secondary messenger, used for
intracellular signal transduction,
such as transferring into cells the
Unit Membrane Fluid Mosaic effects of hormones like glucagon
and adrenaline because they
Model Model
cannot pass through the plasma
membrane.}
Presented by Proposed by S.I. Some proteins act as receptors and
David Robertson receive signals from the other
Singer and G.L.
cells/endocrine glands.
1959. Nicolson in 1972.
Glycoproteins and glycolipids on
Composed of a Proteins are the cell surface help in recognition
lipid bilayer embedded in lipid and act as cell surface markers.
sandwiched layers in a
between inner mosaic manner. Functions of Plasma
and outer layers Membrane:
of proteins.
Plasma membrane regulates the
This model at cell's interaction with its
present is the environment by controlling the
most accepted transport of materials across the
one. cell.
Transport across plasma
membrane occurs to;
Role of Different Molecules: Obtain nutrients
Phospholipids forms lipid bilayer. Excrete waste substances
Cholesterol helps to stabilize this
Secrete useful substances
lipid bilayer.
Generate ionic gradients
Carrier proteins selectively
essential for nervous and
interact with a specific molecule
muscular activities
or ion so that it can cross the
Maintain a suitable pH within
plasma membrane.
the cells for enzyme activity

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 NOTES Glycoprotein
Phospholipid

Glycolipid

Phospholipid Bilayer

Hydrophobic Tails

Proteins Channel

Integral Proteins Peripheral Proteins

Cholesterol

Transport Mechanisms
across Plasma Membrane: Passive Active
Cell membrane is a Transport Transport
differentially/selectively
permeable membrane,
allowing only the selective
High →
Low Low → High
substances to pass through it. conc. conc.
Lipid-soluble substances pass
through the cell membranes
Along conc. Againsr conc.
more easily than others.
Many small gas molecules and gradient gradient
water etc. being neutral can
easily cross.
lons being charged particles
Downhill Uphill
have some difficulty in crossing. movement movement

No use of Uses ATP

energy as energy

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 NOTES
Diffusion: passive movement of solute molecules eg. respiratory gases

Osmosis: passive movement of water molecules

Facilitated Diffusion: carrier-mediated passive transport

Endocytosis: intake of materials along the infoldings of the cell membrane in the
form of the vacuole.
Pinocytosis: intake of material in solid form is called phagocytosis while intake in
fluid form
Exocytosis: the process by which cells remove materials from within the cell into the
extracellular fluid. Occurs when a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, allowing
its contents to be released outside the cell

Passive Transport

Active Transport
Extracellular

ATP
Intracellular

Simple Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion

Extracellular

Fluid Particle Solid Particle Specific Particle

Plasma Membrane

Receptor
Cytoplasm

Receptor Medicated
Pinocytosis Phagocytosis Endocytosis

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 NOTES
Cytoplasm and Organelles
Cytoplasm: 1. Cell Organelles:
The word cytoplasm literally In living cells, the cytoplasm
means 'living gel of the cell’ and contains several cell organelles
is described as the region such as endoplasmic reticulum,
between the nuclear membrane mitochondria, Golgi complex,
and plasma membrane. nucleus, plastids, ribosomes,
This is the common component lysosomes and centrioles.
of both prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells.
Functions of Cytoplasm:
The living contents of the
It acts as a storehouse of vital
eukaryotic cell are divided into
chemicals.
the nucleus and the cytoplasm,
It is a site of certain metabolic
the two collectively form
pathways e.g. translation,
protoplasm.
glycolysis, glycogenolysis and
Cytoplasm consists of an
gluconeogenesis.
aqueous ground substance
A circular streaming movement
containing a variety of cell
can also be observed in the
organelle and other inclusions
cytoplasm due to the contractile
such as insoluble waste and
activity of microfilaments. This
storage products.
movement is called Cyclosis
Composition:
which is responsible for the
Cytosol
distribution of cell contents in
Fundamental molecules of
the cytoplasm.
life
Cell organelles
1. Cytosol: Cell Organelles:
It is the soluble part of An organelle is a sub-cellular
cytoplasm. structure that has one or more
Chemically, it is about 90% water specific jobs to perform in the
and forms a solution containing cell, much like an organ does in
all the fundamental molecules of the body.
life. Prokaryotic cells are equipped
2. Fundamental Molecules of Life: with a few types of organelles
Some of them are in ionic form. while eukaryotic cells are
Small molecules such as salts, equipped with many different
sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, types of organelles, forming the
nucleotides, vitamins and true division of labor in these
dissolved gases form true cells.
solutions.
Some large molecules such as
proteins form colloidal solutions.
A colloidal solution may be sol
(non-viscous) or gel (viscous).

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 NOTES
Non- Single Double Ribosomes:
Membranous Membranous Membranous Ribosomes were first observed
Endoplasmic using electron microscope as
Ribosomes Mitochondria tiny and dense granules.
Reticulum
Golgi These are roughly spherical, non-
Centrioles Plastids
Apparatus membranous bodies found in
both eukaryotic as well as
Cytoskeleton Lysosomes Nucleus
prokaryotic cells.
Glyoxysomes
Composition:
Ribosomes are
Peroxisomes
ribonucleoprotein particles.
Ribosomes consist of RNA and
Vacuoles proteins in almost equal
proportion!

Assembly of Ribosomes:
Organelles Discovered By Ribosomes are assembled in the
nucleolus. From the nucleolus,
Ribosomes George Emil Palade they are transported to the
cytoplasm through nuclear
Centrioles Edouard Van Beneden pores

Form and Physical Structure:

Cytoskeleton Nikolai K/ Koltsov
They exist in two forms, either
dispersed in the cytoplasm or
Keith R.Porter, Albert attached with rough
Endoplasmic Claude, Brody Meskers
Reticulum endoplasmic reticulum (RER) as
and Ernest F.
tiny granules.
Golgi Camillo Golgi, 1898 Ribosomes consist of two
Apparatus subunits: a larger subunit and a
smaller subunit.
Lysosomes C.R. De Duve, 1949 The attachment is controlled by
the presence of Mg ion
Peroxisomes C.R. De Duve concentration or forming salt
bonds between the phosphate
group of RNA and the amino
Glyoxysomes Harry Beevers
group of amino acid or both by
Mg and salt bonds.
Mitochondria Albert von Kolliker
Ribosomes are attached to the 5'
end of mRNA through smaller
Nucleus Robert Brown subunits.

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 NOTES Functions of Ribosomes:
Ribosomes are the factory for Secreted proteins,
protein synthesis (translation). Integral plasma
A group of ribosomes attached proteins, Lysosomal
to mRNA is known as a proteins, ER
polysome or polyribosome. In proteins, Golgi
this way, several copies of same ER Membrane
complex proteins,
polypeptide can be produced in Bound Ribosomes
Extrinsic membrane
very less time. proteins localized to
the extra- cytosolic
surface (e.g.,
Type Size Larger Smaller Fibronectin)
Sub-Unit Sub-Unit

Prokaryote Smaller, 50s 30s Endoplasmic Reticulum:

70s An interconnected network of
cisternae/elongated closed sacs
which generally extended from
Eukaryote Larger, 60s 40s
80s nuclear membrane to the plasma
membrane throughout the
cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells.
They vary in appearance from cell
to cell.
Cisternae are spherical or tubular
Location of Classes of Proteins membranes which separate the
Ribosomes Synthesized material present in these channels
from that of cytoplasmic material.
Soluble cytosolic In skeletal and cardiac muscle
proteins, Extrinsic cells, the modified form of SER is
membrane proteins, known as sarcoplasmic reticulum
Localized to the which is specialized for the storage
Membrane cytoplasmic surface of Ca 2+ ions in their lumen.
Free (e.g., actin, spectrin), If many ribosomes are attached to
Ribosomes Mitochondrial and the small parallel cisternae of RER,
chloroplast proteins then it is called ergastoplasm.
encoded by nuclear In nerve cells, the ergastoplasm is
DNA, Peroxisomal known as Nissl's granules/bodies.
proteins

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 NOTES Features Smooth Rough
All membranous organelles
ER ER except mitochondria and
chloroplast are formed by the
Present;
Ribosomes attached to Not Present endoplasmic reticulum.
outer surface
Connection
Directly Not
Golgi Apparatus:
with Nuclear
Connected Connected Single cisternal sac is called the
Membrane
Golgi body.
Stability More Stable Less Stable Stack of cisternae sacs is called
the Golgi apparatus.
Mainly Composed of Stack of cisternae sacs with
Composition composed of tubular and
cisternal vesicular form associated vesicles is called the
form Golgi complex.
Occurs in cells Occurs in cells Golgi apparatus in plants is
Presence in involved with concerned
protein with glycogen called Dictyosomes which are
body
synthesis and lipid used in the construction of cell
metabolism
walls.
Examples of Liver,
Adipose tissue,
tissues/org pancreas and
goblet cells muscles, etc Structure:
ans
Golgi apparatus is a stack of
Protein Metabolism flattened, membrane-bound
synthesis of molecules
After particularly sacs called cisternae.
synthesis, lipids Golgi complex is a complex
Functions either stored Detoxificatio
in cytoplasm n of drugs system of interconnected
or Transmission tubules around the central
transported of impulses
out of the cell Intracellular stacks.
through them transport
At one end of the stack, new
cisternae are constantly being
formed by the fusion of vesicles
from the SER.
General Functions of ER Golgi apparatus has two faces i.e.
They provide mechanical forming face and maturing face
support to the cell so that its Forming face (convex) is the
shape is maintained outer face also called the 'cis
They are also involved in the face'. Vesicles that bud off from
transport of materials from one smooth endoplasmic reticulum
part of the cell to the other. are fused together to form
Fragmented elements of the cisternae of Golgi apparatus at
disintegrated nuclear forming face.
membrane and endoplasmic Maturing face (concave) is the
reticulum arranged around the inner face also called the 'trans
chromosomes to form a nuclear face'. Secretory granules and
membrane during cell division. Golgi vesicles

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 NOTES Maturing face (concave) is the
An endomembrane system is a
group of membranes and
inner face also called the 'trans
organelles in eukaryotic cells that
face'. Secretory granules and
work together to modify package,
Golgi vesicles are pinched off
and transport lipids and proteins. It
from the maturing surface.
includes the nuclear envelope,
endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi
Functions: apparatus, lysosomes and vesicles.
The main function of Golgi
bodies is cell secretion.
They are involved in the
modification of molecules. The
most important modifications
are the addition of carbohydrates
into proteins and lipids and the
subsequent synthesis of
glycoconjugates.
During cytokinesis in plant cells,
these are involved in the
formation of phragmoplast
An important function of the
Golgi apparatus is the formation
of primary lysosomes
Formation of acrosomes during
spermatogenesis.

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 NOTES Lysosomes: Functions of Lysosomes:
(Lyso - Splitting: Soma - Body) In order to perform its function,
They are cytoplasmic organelles the lysosomes fuse with
which are found in most endosomes, phagosomes or
eukaryotic cells except (RBCs) autophagosomes forming
and are different from others secondary lysosomes.
due to their morphology. The bio-molecules are further
broken down into smaller
Structure: monomers which are then
These are roughly spherical in recycled in the cells.
shape and bound by a single Major functions of lysosomes
membrane and are simple sacs include intracellular digestion,
(vesicles) rich in acid autophagy, autolysis, and
phosphatase and several other sometimes the release of
digestives or hydrolytic enzymes extracellular enzymes.
(about 40) like carbohydrases, During intracellular digestion,
lipases, proteases and nucleases. food particles are stored in food
These enzymes are synthesized vacuoles which will fuse with
on RER and are further lysosomes, the resulting
processed in the Golgi structure are called secondary
apparatus. lysosomes in which food begins
The processed enzymes are to digest.
budded off as Golgi vesicles and The digested products are
are called primary Lysosomes. absorbed by the cytoplasm while
Secondary lysosomes are formed the remaining wastes containing
vesicles (contractile vacuole) fuse
by the fusion of primary
with the cell membrane
lysosome with food vacuole
(exocytosis) to eliminate
Some are known as phagosomes
undigested wastes.
(phagocytic food vacuole).
The process by which unwanted
Tertiary lysosomes or residual
structures within the cells are
bodies contain undigested
engulfed and digested within
material after the absorption of
the lysosomes is called
digested food into the
autophagy.
cytoplasm. In unicellular
organisms, these are removed
outside of eat cell by exocytosis
while in multicellular organisms;
these are retained in the cells as
od lipofuscin granules.

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 NOTES This process either takes place in In glycogenosis type II disease,
the liver and muscle appear to
starvation period in order to
obtain energy or it occurs in be filled with glycogen within
routine in order to control membrane-bound organelles. In
number of specific organelles. this disease, an enzyme that
For example, if someone starts to degrades glycogen to glucose is
perform heavy muscular absent.
exercise, the number of Tay-Sachs disease is because of
mitochondria begins to increase the absence of an enzyme that is
involved in the catabolism of
in his muscle cells, but if he
lipids. Accumulation of lipids in
leaves exercise, the number of
brain cells leads to mental
mitochondria is again decreased
retardation and even death.
by the process of autophagy.
During developmental phase,
when a particular cell is required Peroxisomes and
to be disintegrated, a type of cell Glyoxysomes:
death is committed, called Peroxisomes and glyoxysomes
autolysis. This is a programmed are collectively called
cell death in which lysosomes microbodies.
burst and their enzyme contents They are similar to lysosomes in
are quickly dispersed the sense that they are single
throughout the cytoplasm, thus membranous, vesicular
disintegrating the cell into structures.
fragments which are They contain enzymes (although
phagocytosed by the other cells. different than lysosomes)
They are smaller than lysosomes,
having a diameter of 0.5 um
Lysosome Storage Diseases:
approximately.
Both diseases are autosomal
recessive.
Several congenital diseases have
been found to be due to the
accumulation within the cell of
substances such as glycogen or
glycolipids. These are called
storage diseases. 20 such
diseases have been discovered
so far.
These diseases are produced by
a mutation that affects one of
the lysosomal enzymes involved
in catabolism.

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 NOTES Functions of Vacuoles:
Feature Peroxisomes Glyoxysomes In animal cells, food vacuoles are
formed by phagocytosis.
Many freshwater protists have
Present in all Present in contractile vacuoles that pump
Occurence types of plants/ excess water out of the cell,
eukaryotic Germinating
cells seedlings thereby maintaining a suitable
concentration of ions and
molecules inside the cell.
In young plants, many small
Present in all vacuoles are present which can
Peroxidase, Catalase,
glycolic acid hold reserves of important
Enzymes catalase, oxidase, other
glycolic acid organic compounds.
oxidase etc. enzymes etc.
These vacuoles may help in the
protection of plants against
herbivores by storing
Detoxification Lipid compounds that are poisonous
of alcohol metabolism
Formation Conversion of or unpleasant to animals.
and stored fatty
decompositio acids to
Mature plant cells contain a
Roles n of H₂O₂ carbohydrate central vacuole which contains
Involved in s (Succinate
photorespira through cell sap. It is the plant's main
tion glyoxylate reservoir of inorganic ions and
metabolic intermediates.
They serve to expand the plant
Vacuoles: cells without diluting their
cytoplasm
Vacuoles are large vesicles that
They maintain the cells' turgor,
originate from the endoplasmic
responsible for mechanical
reticulum, Golgi complex and cell
support, and rigidity of the leaves
membrane. They are present both
and young parts of the plant.
in plant and animal cells.
The membrane separating the
vacuole from the cytoplasm is
called the tonoplast.
In a plant cell, a large central
vacuole is present that is formed
by the coalescence of smaller
vacuoles.
In animal cells, small but
numerous vacuoles are present.

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 NOTES The second compartment,
Mitochondria:
The powerhouse/ battery mitochondrial matrix, is enclosed
/furnace of the cell by the inner
The busiest and most active Mitochondrial matrix contains
organelle in the cell. small circular DNA, all kinds of
Their size and number vary from RNA, 70S ribosomes, enzymes, co-
one to many thousand per cell enzymes and organic and
depending upon the inorganic salts.
physiological activity of the cell.
They are self-replicating, contain Functions of Mitochondria:
circular DNA (1% of the total DNA They are the sites of aerobic
of cell) and 70s ribosomes; thus, cellular respiration.
some proteins may also be Enzymes in the mitochondrial
synthesized in them. matrix help in metabolic
The diameter of mitochondria is processes like pyruvic acid
0.2-1.0 um while length is 1-4 um. oxidation, cycle, aerobic
When seen under a compound respiration, and fatty acid
microscope they appear as metabolism. These processes
vesicles, rods, filaments. extract energy from the organic
When seen under electron food and convert them into ATP,
microscope, it shows that they an energy rich compound, which
are bounded by two provides energy to the cell on
membranes, a smooth outer demand.
membrane which somewhat like ADP is regenerated by
a sieve due to presence of porins mitochondria into ATP.
(hence freely permeable) and an
inner one forming infoldings
(cristae) in mitochondrial matrix.
The inner surface has granular
structures called Fo-Fi particles
which are actually ATP synthase
in nature.
In addition, several other
complexes
are also found in the cristae,
which serve as electron carriers
in ETC.
The inner membrane divides the
mitochondrion into two internal
compartments.
The first is the inter-membrane
space, the narrow region
between the inner and outer
membranes.

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 NOTES Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
Peptidoglycan/
Differences Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Cell Wall Murein Cellulose/Chitin
Cells Cells Sacculus

Well defined Sterols in

Absent Present Cell
Nucleus Absent Present
Membrane
DNA Submerged in Present in
cytoplasm nucleus Mesosomes Present Absent

Type of Circular DNA Linear DNA in

as nucleoid nucleus Cell Division Binary Fission Mitosis/
DNA Meiosis

Membrane
Proteins in Flagellin
Bounded Absent Present Tubulin
Flagella
Organelles
Small sized, 70S Large sized, 80S
ribosomes (50S ribosomes (608 Histones Absent Present
Ribosomes larger sub-unit larger sub-unit
and 30S smaller and 40S smaller
sub-unit) sub-unit) Cytoskeleton Absent Present
Bacterial cell, Plant and
Examples Cells of blue Animal cells,
green algae fungi and
protists

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