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Solutions Points

The document discusses key points about solutions and solubility including that 1 part per million fluoride prevents tooth decay while higher concentrations can be poisonous. It also discusses saturated solutions where no more solute can dissolve, and how solvent determines the physical state of a solution. The document provides examples of ideal and non-ideal solutions and discusses osmotic pressure and its use in determining molar masses.

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8 views

Solutions Points

The document discusses key points about solutions and solubility including that 1 part per million fluoride prevents tooth decay while higher concentrations can be poisonous. It also discusses saturated solutions where no more solute can dissolve, and how solvent determines the physical state of a solution. The document provides examples of ideal and non-ideal solutions and discusses osmotic pressure and its use in determining molar masses.

Uploaded by

Gaming Guruji
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IMPORTANT POINTS FROM NCERT

Chapter-Solutions
• 1 part per million (ppm) of fluoride ions in water prevents tooth decay,
while 1.5 ppm causes the tooth to become mottled and high
concentrations of fluoride ions can be poisonous
• Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more than two
components.
• Solvent determines the physical state in which solution exists.
• A 35% (v/v) solution of ethylene glycol, an antifreeze agent, is used in
cars for cooling the engine.
• While sodium chloride and sugar dissolve readily in water, naphthalene
and anthracene do not. On the other hand, naphthalene and anthracene
dissolve readily in benzene but sodium chloride and sugar do not.
• Such a solution in which no more solute can be dissolved at the same
temperature and pressure is called a saturated solution.
• The solubility of gases increases with decrease of temperature. It is due
to this reason that aquatic species are more comfortable in cold waters
rather than in warm waters.
• To avoid bends, as well as, the toxic effects of high concentrations of
nitrogen in the blood, the tanks used by scuba divers are filled with air
diluted with helium (11.7% helium, 56.2% nitrogen and 32.1% oxygen).
• At high altitude, pressure of oxygen is less than that of ground level,
climbers get less concentration of oxygen in blood and tissues making
them weak and unable to think clearly. This condition is called anoxia.
• Raoult’s law becomes a special case of Henry’s law in which KH becomes
equal to P10.
• IDEAL SOLUTION→ n-heptane and n-hexane
NON-IDEAL SOLUTION:- 1.+ve deviation: Ethanol and Acetone
2.-ve deviation: Phenol and Aniline
• Kb is called Boiling Point Elevation Constant or Molal Elevation Constant
(Ebullioscopic Constant).
• For Water→ Kb=0.52 K Kg/mol and Kf=1.86 K Kg/mol
• The important point to be kept in mind is that solvent molecules always
flow from lower concentration to higher concentration of solution.
• Measurement of osmotic pressure provides another method of
determining molar masses of solutes. This method is widely used to
determine molar masses of proteins, polymers and other
macromolecules.
• The technique of osmotic pressure for determination of molar mass of
solutes is particularly useful for biomolecules as they are generally not
stable at higher temperatures and polymers have poor solubility.
• People taking a lot of salt or salty food experience water retention in
tissue cells and intercellular spaces because of osmosis. The resulting
puffiness or swelling is called edema.

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