140 Relations and Functions

1.7.1 Exercises
Suppose (2, −3) is on the graph of y = f (x). In Exercises 1 - 18, use Theorem 1.7 to find a point
on the graph of the given transformed function.

1. y = f (x) + 3 2. y = f (x + 3) 3. y = f (x) − 1

4. y = f (x − 1) 5. y = 3f (x) 6. y = f (3x)

7. y = −f (x) 8. y = f (−x) 9. y = f (x − 3) + 1

10. y = 2f (x + 1) 11. y = 10 − f (x) 12. y = 3f (2x) − 1

13. y = 12 f (4 − x) 14. y = 5f (2x + 1) + 3 15. y = 2f (1 − x) − 1

 
7 − 2x f (3x) − 1 4 − f (3x − 1)
16. y = f 17. y = 18. y =
4 2 7

The complete graph of y = f (x) is given below. In Exercises 19 - 27, use it and Theorem 1.7 to
graph the given transformed function.
y

4
3
2
(−2, 2) (2, 2)
1

x
−4 −3 −2 −1 (0, 0) 2 3 4

The graph for Ex. 19 - 27

19. y = f (x) + 1 20. y = f (x) − 2 21. y = f (x + 1)

22. y = f (x − 2) 23. y = 2f (x) 24. y = f (2x)

25. y = 2 − f (x) 26. y = f (2 − x) 27. y = 2 − f (2 − x)

28. Some of the answers to Exercises 19 - 27 above should be the same. Which ones match up?
What properties of the graph of y = f (x) contribute to the duplication?
1.7 Transformations 141

The complete graph of y = f (x) is given below. In Exercises 29 - 37, use it and Theorem 1.7 to
graph the given transformed function.
y

4 (0, 4)
3
2
1

x
−4 −3 −1 1 3 4
(−2, 0) −1 (2, 0)
−2
(4, −2)
−3
−4

The graph for Ex. 29 - 37

29. y = f (x) − 1 30. y = f (x + 1) 31. y = 12 f (x)

32. y = f (2x) 33. y = −f (x) 34. y = f (−x)

35. y = f (x + 1) − 1 36. y = 1 − f (x) 37. y = 21 f (x + 1) − 1

The complete graph of y = f (x) is given below. In Exercises 38 - 49, use it and Theorem 1.7 to
graph the given transformed function.
y
(0, 3)
3

−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x
(−3, 0) −1 (3, 0)

The graph for Ex. 38 - 49

1 2


38. g(x) = f (x) + 3 39. h(x) = f (x) − 2 40. j(x) = f x − 3

41. a(x) = f (x + 4) 42. b(x) = f (x + 1) − 1 43. c(x) = 53 f (x)

2
46. m(x) = − 41 f (3x)


44. d(x) = −2f (x) 45. k(x) = f 3x

49. q(x) = − 21 f x+4

47. n(x) = 4f (x − 3) − 6 48. p(x) = 4 + f (1 − 2x) 2 −3
142 Relations and Functions

The complete graph of y = S(x) is given below.

y
(1, 3)
3

1
(−2, 0)
(0, 0)
−2 −1 1 x
(2, 0)
−1

−2

−3
(−1, −3)

The graph of y = S(x)

The purpose of Exercises 50 - 53 is to graph y = 12 S(−x + 1) + 1 by graphing each transformation,

one step at a time.

50. y = S1 (x) = S(x + 1) 51. y = S2 (x) = S1 (−x) = S(−x + 1)

52. y = S3 (x) = 21 S2 (x) = 21 S(−x + 1) 53. y = S4 (x) = S3 (x) + 1 = 21 S(−x + 1) + 1

√
Let f (x) = x. Find a formula for a function g whose graph is obtained from f from the given
sequence of transformations.

54. (1) shift right 2 units; (2) shift down 3 units

55. (1) shift down 3 units; (2) shift right 2 units

56. (1) reflect across the x-axis; (2) shift up 1 unit

57. (1) shift up 1 unit; (2) reflect across the x-axis

58. (1) shift left 1 unit; (2) reflect across the y-axis; (3) shift up 2 units

59. (1) reflect across the y-axis; (2) shift left 1 unit; (3) shift up 2 units

60. (1) shift left 3 units; (2) vertical stretch by a factor of 2; (3) shift down 4 units

61. (1) shift left 3 units; (2) shift down 4 units; (3) vertical stretch by a factor of 2

62. (1) shift right 3 units; (2) horizontal shrink by a factor of 2; (3) shift up 1 unit

63. (1) horizontal shrink by a factor of 2; (2) shift right 3 units; (3) shift up 1 unit
1.7 Transformations 143

√
64. The graph of y = f (x) = 3 x is given below on the left and the graph of y = g(x) is given
on the right. Find a formula for g based on transformations of the graph of f . Check your
answer by confirming that the points shown on the graph of g satisfy the equation y = g(x).

y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1

−11
−10−9−8−7−6−5−4−3−2−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x −11
−10−9−8−7−6−5−4−3−2−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
−1 −1
−2 −2
−3 −3
−4 −4
−5 −5

√
3
y= x y = g(x)

65. For many common functions, the properties of Algebra make a horizontal scaling the same
as
√ a vertical scaling by (possibly) a different factor. For example, we stated earlier that
√
9x = 3 x. With the help of your classmates, find the equivalent vertical scaling produced
√
2
by the horizontal scalings y = (2x)3 , y = |5x|, y = 3 27x and y = 12 x . What about
√
2
y = (−2x)3 , y = | − 5x|, y = 3 −27x and y = − 12 x ?

66. We mentioned earlier in the section that, in general, the order in which transformations are
applied matters, yet in our first example with two transformations the order did not matter.
(You could perform the shift to the left followed by the shift down or you could shift down
and then left to achieve the same result.) With the help of your classmates, determine the
situations in which order does matter and those in which it does not.

67. What happens if you reflect an even function across the y-axis?

68. What happens if you reflect an odd function across the y-axis?

69. What happens if you reflect an even function across the x-axis?

70. What happens if you reflect an odd function across the x-axis?

71. How would you describe symmetry about the origin in terms of reflections?

72. As we saw in Example 1.7.5, the viewing window on the graphing calculator affects how we see
the transformations done to a graph. Using two different calculators, find viewing windows
so that f (x) = x2 on the one calculator looks like g(x) = 3x2 on the other.