J. Bio. & Env. Sci.

2012

Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES)

ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online)
Vol. 2, No. 6, p. 20-31, 2012
http://www.innspub.net
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS

Limnological features of Ikere Gorge Reservoir, Iseyin south-

western Nigeria: Plankton composition and abundance
Kehinde Festus Olasehinde1*, Ayoade Adedolapo Abeke2
1
Institute for Human Resource Development, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun
State
2
Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria
Received: 24 May 2012
Revised: 16 June 2012
Accepted: 17 June 2012

Key words: Phytoplankton, zooplankton, manmade lake, Nigeria.

Abstract
A study of plankton composition of Ikere gorge reservoir Iseyin, South Western Nigeria was conducted from July
to December 2007. The plankton taxa encountered were- Protozoa (10), Rotifera (9), Copepoda (4) Cladocera (4),
Ostracoda (1), Insecta (1), Arachnida (1), Cyanophyceae (7), Bacillariophyceae (8), Chlorophyceae (22) and
Euglenophyceae (1). Chlorophyceae were more abundant among phytoplankton throughout the study period with
highest species richness index (2.4) while Copepods dominated the zooplankton fauna. No mark spatial variation
was observed except for Bacillariophyceae. Rotifera, Ostracoda, Cyanophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and
Chlorophyceae are higher during the raining season months than dry season months but only Chlorophyceae
showed significant difference. Some indicators of pollution, Microcystis, Anabaena, and Oscillatoria, were
encountered. The high relative abundance of Chlorophyceae and Copepoda is an indication that the reservoir will
support fish production.
*Corresponding Author: Kehinde Festus Olasehinde  [email protected]

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 J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2012

Introduction
The knowledge of plankton composition of any
water body is of paramount importance based on its
vital roles to the productivity of water body. The
state of any water body can easily be estimated
based on the plankton community of such water
and plankton had been used as indicator of water
quality. Micro algal components respond rapidly to
perturbations and are suitable bio-indicators of
water condition which are beyond the tolerance of
many other biota used for monitoring (Nwankwo
and Akinsoji, 1992). Dakashini and Soni (1982)
used the distribution of diatoms to reflect the
average ecological condition of water bodies.
Munawar (1972) used the Euglenoids as biological
indicators of pollution. Other algae generally Fig. 1. Map showing Ikere Gorge Reservoir.
associated with organically enriched waters include
Scenedesmus (Vanlandingham, 1976), Cladophora, Plankton composition, abundance and distribution
Euglena, Nitzschia, Phacus and Closterium are affected by season as well as the prevailing
(Clasterlin and Reynolds, 1977; Munawar, 1972, physico-chemical condition of the water body.
1974). Phytoplankton is very important for the There is little or no previous study on the plankton
growth and development of young fishes but their composition of Ikere gorge reservoir and knowledge
excess growth also causes death to fish. They have of this will enhance its effective management and
been discovered to deplete the quality of oxygen in productivity.
any water body they inhabit (Graham, 1986).
Zooplankton constitutes the major food item of the The aim of this research work is to provide baseline
pelagic fishes particularly their larvae (Olaniyan, data on plankton composition of Ikere gorge
1975; Quasim, 1977) and they inturn feed on reservoir on which there is dearth of information.
phytoplankton. It has been observed that small
crustaceans seem to be the most suitable Materials and methods
invertebrates for introduction into reservoirs rich in Study area
phytoplankton. Ikere gorge reservoir is a man-made lake, located in
upper Ogun River 8 kilometers east of Ikere village
Some reports exist on the plankton populations of and 40 kilometers North East of Iseyin in Oyo State,
several water bodies in Nigeria. These include those Nigeria. Ikere gorge reservoir takes its source
of River Sokoto (Green, 1960); Eleyele reservoir, between longitude 80 101 and 80 201 and
Ibadan (Imevbore, 1965) and River Osun (Egborge, latitude30 401 and 30 501 N (Fig. 1). Toward the
1972). Others include New Calabar River (Nwadiaro Southern part of the reservoir were hills primarily
and Ezefili, 1986; Chindah, 1998); Oguta Lake made of rock and gravels. The rivers that run down
(Nwadiaro and Oji, 1986), and Nkisa and Orashi to the dam have gravels and sand as their major
Rivers River State (Yakubu et al., 2000). Studies on substrate (Adebisi, 1981). The water bed comprised
the identification of Nigerian planktonic organisms mainly of fine and coarse sand particles and gravels.
include the works of Adeniyi (1978), Jeje and Along the bank of the reservoir are distributed
Fernando (1986), Kadiri (1988) and Opute, (2000). forest and savanna trees and aquatic grasses and

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 J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2012

shrubs. There were several pieces of dead wood bathing, fetching of water, washing of cloth and
projecting out of the water. July and September are fishing nets takes place in Stations C and D.
the period of heavy rainfall and November is the
onset of dry season in the western part of Nigeria. Collection and analyses of plankton
The reservoir experienced frequent current as a Plankton were collected with plankton net
result of wind that blows on it from time to time. (75meshes/linear cm), which is 50cm deep and with
Sometimes, the current results to wave action which circular opening diameter 20cm. A standard sweep
frequently spread across the reservoir and was made by dragging the net along the side of the
sometime it could be violent particularly during the water for about 2 meters, turned and dragged back
raining season. The reservoir was formed by through the same distance (Oladimeji and Wade,
damming River Ogun - main source- River Owu and 1984). The samples collected were preserved
River Amaka which are minor tributaries. River immediately in 4% formalin. Identification was
Ogun is part of the dense network of inland water made with the works of Pennak, (1978); Kadiri,
course that flows southwards into Lagos Lagoon. (1988); Jeje and Fernando (1992); Okusanmi and
The reservoir has a storage capacity of 565 x 106m3. Odu, (1992); Yoloye, (1994); Graham and Wilcox
The reservoir was constructed by Ogun-Osun River (2000); and Opute (2000). The counting of the
Basin Development Authority in 1990. It was plankton was done by counting each cell as
constructed primarily for the following purposes: individual, that is, total count (Tash, 1971).
Provide water to Iseyin, Okeho, and Iganna and
environ, supplement out water supplies to Abeokuta Data analysis
and Lagos, provide irrigation water for 12,000ha, to Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for
generate 6 megawatt of hydro-electricity. Also, statistical difference between the mean of the
about 90% of the people comprising of people from plankton of the four stations (Ogbeibu, 2005).
seven villages around the reservoir have fishing as Student t-test was used to determine the difference
their primary occupation. between the plankton in the rainy season and dry
season months. The bio-diversity indices used to
Four sampling stations were selected along the determine the diversity of the plankton were
length of the reservoir for the present study. Shannon and Weiner diversity index (H1),
Station A: this is located at the core of the Equitability/Evenness (E), and Species richness
reservoir around the workshop (a 50m tower built index (d) (Ogbeibu, 2005).
at the core of the reservoir) toward the embankment
of the reservoir. Results
Station B: this is located at the region where River Composition and relative abundance of plankton
Owu, one of the Ogun river tributaries, entered into There were 67 genera of plankton encountered out
the reservoir. It is about 3.5 kilometers away from of which 38 were phytoplankton and 29 were
station A. Fishing is the only noticeable human zooplankton (Table 1). Chlorophyceae (82%) were
activity in Stations A and B. more abundant than other phytoplankton followed
Station C: this site is located very close to the by Bacillariophyceae (12%), Cyanophyceae (7%) and
spillway and the landing centre of the fishermen. It Euglenophyceae (0.02%) was the least abundant
is about five hundred meters away from station B. (Fig.2). Out of 21 genera of Chlorophyceae,
Station D: this is at the eastern part of the Staurastum (52.06%) were encountered most
reservoir and very close to the landing centre of the frequently in all the sites followed by Eudorina
fishermen at a village called Bendel. It is about two (14.26%), Closterium (13.53%), Volvox, (5.30%) and
kilometers east of station A. Domestic activities like Protococcus (3.03%). Apiocyst, Cladophora,

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 J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2012

Table 1. Plankton composition, distribution and abundance in Ikere gorge reservoir, Iseyin.
Plankton Abundance/ml Percentage
PHYTOPLANKTON
Chlorophyceae A B C D Total %
Apiocyst 2 0 0 0 2 0.05
Chlorella 27 9 7 3 46 1.09
Chlorococcum 3 2 4 7 16 0.38
Cladophora 0 12 4 0 16 0.38
Chlamydomonas 6 0 2 19 27 0.64
Closterium 255 227 60 39 572 13.53
Cosmarium 26 29 14 1 70 1.66
Eudorina 45 291 213 54 603 14.26
Gonatozygon 16 13 6 9 44 1.04
Microspora 29 17 21 17 84 1.99
Monostroma 1 2 0 3 6 0.14
Mougeotia 12 11 10 11 44 1.04
Pleurotaenum 15 12 20 14 61 1.44
Protococcus 51 24 35 18 128 3.03
Richterella 3 0 0 0 3 0.07
Sphaerocystis 0 8 0 0 8 0.19
Spirogyra 3 17 4 7 31 0.73
Staurastum 705 725 458 313 2201 52.06
Tetraedron 0 1 0 3 4 0.09
Tetraspora 3 0 0 0 3 0.07
Ulothrix 17 10 5 3 35 0.83
Volvox 74 62 52 36 224 5.3

TOTAL 1293 1472 915 548 4228 100

Cyanopyhceae
Anabaena 40 46 25 5 116 31.44
Coelospharium 0 3 0 0 3 0.81
Microcystis 72 36 58 5 171 46.34
Nostoc 0 4 0 0 4 1.08
Oscillatoria 5 3 1 1 10 2.71
Polycystis 3 3 2 1 9 2.44
Total 120 95 86 68 369 100
Bacillariophyceae
Asterionella 3 13 2 0 18 3.31
Cymbella 51 44 42 24 161 20.6
Diatoma 16 15 9 5 45 8.27
Eunotia 0 1 4 0 5 0.92
Navicula 9 1 1 0 11 2.02
Nitzschia 30 7 22 9 68 12.5
Stephanodiscus 46 33 34 28 141 25.92
Synedra 32 38 17 8 95 17.46
Total 187 152 131 74 544 100
Euglenophyceae

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 J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2012

Euglena spp 3 1 3 2 9 100

ZOOPLANKTON
Protozoa
Bursella 0 1 0 0 1 2.13
Chilodonella 1 0 4 1 6 12.77
Coleps 0 1 2 1 4 8.51
Glaucoma 4 1 6 0 11 23.40
Podophrya 4 1 0 0 5 10.64
Stylodium 0 0 0 1 1 2.13
Tokophyna 0 1 0 0 1 2.13
Trachlophlum 2 0 0 0 2 4.26
Uroglenopsis 4 0 5 0 9 19.15
Xanthidium 3 3 0 0 6 12.77
Total 18 8 17 3 47 100
Rotifera
Asplanchria 1 0 0 0 1 1.35
Branchionus 6 1 4 0 11 14.86
Dicranophorus 11 0 2 0 13 17.57
Forcipate jaw 1 0 0 0 1 1.351
Keratella 12 2 1 0 15 20.27
Lecane 2 2 6 0 10 13.51
Philodina 1 1 0 0 2 2.70
Pleosoma 5 0 0 6 11 14.86
Trechocerca 2 1 2 6 11 14.86
Total 41 7 15 11 74 100
Copepoda

Calanoid 24 25 22 53 124 27.87

Cyclopoid 79 79 62 49 269 60.45

Harpacoid 4 3 3 4 14 3.15

Nauplius larvae 19 23 17 14 73 16.40

Total 126 130 104 85 445 100

Cladocera
Daphnia spp 44 27 28 4 103 66.03
Diaphonosome 10 4 10 4 28 17.95

Moina 1 1 2 0 4 2.56

Total 55 32 40 29 156 100

Insecta

Insecta spp 19 29 15 14 77 100

OSTRACODA

Cypridopsis 4 1 0 0 5 100

Arachnida

Water mite 2 4 6 3 15 100

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 J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2012

Table 2. Seasonal variation in plankton abundance of Ikere gorge reservoir, Iseyin using student t-test.
PLANKTONIC GROUPS PLANKTON SEASONAL STUDENT t-test
ABUNDANCE (ml)
Groups Raining Season Dry Season t-value Probability(p)
Months Months
PHYTOPLANKTON
Cyanophyceae 338 31 2.143 P>0.05
Bacillariophyceae 342 202 0.694 P>0.05
Chlorophyceae 4026 202 2.524 P>0.1*
Euglenophyceae 1 8 -0.1610 P>0.05
ZOOPLANKTON
Protozoa 32 15 0.086 P>0.05
Rotifera 66 8 1.732 P>0.05
Copepoda 266 179 -0.061 P>0.05
Cladocera 106 50 0.587 P>0.05
Ostracoda 5 0 1.279 P>0.05
Arachnida 10 5 0.238 P>0.05
Insecta 38 39 -0.977 P>0.05

*Significant at 10%

Table 3. Spatial variation in mean plankton abundance of Ikere gorge reservoir, Iseyin.
PLANKTON ABUNDANCE (cell/ml) ANOVA
Groups A B C D F –value Probability(P)
PHYTOPLANKTON
Cyanophyceae 120 95 86 68 0.111 P>0.05
Bacillariophyceae 214 161 138 35 2.872 P>0.01*
Chlorophyceae 1293 1473 915 939 0.445 P>0.05
Euglenophyceae 3 1 3 2 1.533 P>0.05
ZOOPLANKTON
Protozoa 18 8 17 3 0.799 P>0.05
Rotifera 41 7 15 11 1.112 P>0.05
Copepoda 126 130 104 85 0.296 P>0.05
Cladocera 55 32 40 29 0.683 P>0.05
Ostracoda 4 1 0 0 1.042 P>0.05
Arachnida 2 4 6 3 0.414 P>0.05
Insecta 19 29 15 14 0.171 p>0.05
*Significant at 10%.

Monostroma, Richterella, Sphaerocystis and Synedra (.46%) and Nitzschia (12.50%) were
Tetraedron were encountered either once or twice encountered more frequently in all the stations
during sampling in few stations (Table 1). among Bacillariophyceae while Asterionella
Microcystis (46.34%) and Anabaena (31.44%) were (3.31%), Eunotia (0.92%) and Navicula (2.02%)
encountered more frequently in all the stations occurred only in few stations. Euglenophyceae
among Cyanophyceae and Coelospharium (0.81%) occurred less frequently in all the stations.
and Nostoc (1.08%) occurred only in station B.
Stephanodiscus (25.92%) Cymbella (20.60%),

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 J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2012

Copepoda (54%) were more abundant than other

zooplankton followed by Cladocera (19%), Rotifera
and Insecta, (9% each), Protozoa (6%), Arachnida
(2%) and Ostracoda (1%) was the least abundant
(Fig.3). Among the Protozoa, Bursella (2.13%),
Stylodium (2.13%), Tokophyna (2.13%) were
encountered once during sampling. Also,
Asplanchria (1.35%) and Forcipate jaw (1.35%) were
encountered once during sampling among Rotifera.
All the four genera of the Copepoda were
encountered frequently in all the four stations.
Daphina occurred in all the stations throughout the
Fig. 2. Abundance of Phytoplankton Taxa of Ikere
period of sampling. Likewise Insecta and Arachnida
Reservoir, Iseyin.
occurred throughout the sampling station.
Ostracoda was rarely encountered during the
sampling period.

Seasonal and spatial variation of plankton in Ikere

gorge reservoir
All the plankton taxa were more abundant in rainy
season except Euglenophyceae and significant
difference between the seasons was only recorded in
Chlorophyceae, Table 2. Variations were recorded in
the abundance of plankton taxa with sites and more
plankton were encountered in site B. Only
Bacillariophyceae differed significantly between
stations (P>0.01).

Fig. 3. Abundance of Zooplankton Taxa of Ikere

Biotic diversity indices
Reservoir, Iseyin.
For phytoplankton, Chlorophyceae had the highest
Species Richness Index (d=2.4) and highest
Shannon Index (2.0). Bacillariophyceae had the
highest Evenness Index (0.9), Fig.4. For
Zooplankton, Protozoa had the highest Species
Richness Index (2.3), Rotifera had the highest
Evenness Index (0.9) and both Protozoa and
Rotifera had the highest Shannon Index (2.0). (Fig.
5)

Fig. 4. Phytoplankton Diversity Indices of Ikere

Gorge Reservoir.

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 J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2012

months may be as a result of influx of nutrients into

the reservoir. Some of the genera encountered;
Microcystis, Anabaena, Oscillatoria, are identified
with polluted water and are used as index of
pollution (Sowunmi, 2001; Akin-Oriola, 2003a and
Aneni and Hassan, 2003). Bacillariophyceae
exhibited the greatest diversity and equitability in
the reservoir during this study and this was also
observed by Aneni and Hassan (2003) in Kudeti
and Onireke stream. They further emphasized that
Fig. 5. Zooplankton Diversity Indices of Ikere
Gorge Reservoir. seasonal fluctuation has an impact on overall
equitability on phytoplankton species.

Discussion
There were more species of Chlorophyceae The investigated impoundment seems rather poor

encountered during the study than any other group quantitatively in rotifers composition and the few
species of rotifer encountered during the study is in
and this indicates that the water is productive.
contrast to what is obtainable in Nigerian water as
Bacillariophyceae has been reported to dominate
rotifers dominate the zooplankton community.
water with low nutrient levels while Cyanophyceae
Rotifers occurred mostly during the raining season
identifed with water of high organic nutrient level
and this may be attributed to the influx of water
but Chlorophyceae was identified with water of
from the tributaries into the reservoir. Akinbuwa
moderate nutrient (Osuji et al., 2003). Water with
and Adeniyi (2008) also reported the maximal
high relative abundance of Chlorophyceae has been
identified as being productive (Barnabe, 1994). abundance of rotifers during the raining season in
Opa reservoir. The most abundant rotifers recorded
Seasonallity had significant effect on Chlorophyceae
agreed with the work of Sowunmi (2001), who
and this is due to drastic change in transparency
found Lecane, Branchionus and Keratella as
which greatly affect Chlorophyceae abundance.
dominant species. In the work of Ayodele and
Tranparency is the major factor that determine the
Adeniyi (2005) who investigated the six
photic property of water and the water with low
transparency receive little light illumination which impoundments on River Osun, Branchionus,

directly affect the density of green algae. Kehinde Keratella and Lecane dominated the Rotifers
assemblage. The highest Evenness index and
and Ayoade (in press) reported higher transparency
of Ikere Gorge reservoir in rainy season months highest biodiversity index recorded for Rotifera had
been reported also by many authors among who are
which coincided with period of abundant
Chlorophyceae. Cyanophyceae being the least Aneni and Hassan (2003). The ability of rotifers to
undergo vertical migration, which minimizes
abundant of the three main phytoplankton
encountered suggest that the water is not polluted. competition, was attributed by Moss (1988) as
responsible for their high species diversity. The high
High abundance of Cyanophyceae normally
signifies polluted water as observed by Oben Evenness index implies that rotifers were more
evenly distributed in the resevoir than any other
(2000). Eutrophication has been identified as one
zooplankton. The dominance of Copepod among the
of the major controling the abundance of
zooplankton of the reservoir during this study may
Cyanophyta (Akin-Oriola, 2003a). They proliferate
be attributed to the presence of food. This agrees
and sometime form noxious bloom in fresh water
with the works of Oben (2000) in Awba reservoir,
enviroments (Reynolds, 1984). Cyanophyceae peak
and Sowunmi (2001) in Ologe lagoon, Nigeria. The
abundance that was obtained in rainy season

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 J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2012

Cyclopoid being dominant group of Copepods abundance of phytoplankton. The protozoan

agrees with Akin-Oriola (2003a) where Cyclopoid maximal apparently coincided with full flood and
dominate the copepods in Ogunpa and Ona rivers. early dry season as observed by Egborge, (1970) and
Oben (2000) who investigated three manmade Sowunmi, (2001) for different inland water.
lakes namely Awba, Golf and Main Lakes found that Homogenity exists within the reservoir despite the
Cyclopoid (Thermocyclop) dominated the Copepod wide surface area and this can be atributed to
community. The further dominance of Copepod frequent water current across the reservoir. Station
during the dry season confirms their preference for B which had the highest species richness could be
lentic condition particularly the Cyclopoid. Many due to the proximity of this station to where River
works have revealed that Cladocera occurred and Owu join River Ogun. The poor community
abound most in water with high organic nutrient. structure obtained from station D may be as a result
In the work of Saliu and Eruteyal (2006) who of lower level of nutrient concentration in this
investigated the gutter in Lagos metropolis found station as reported by Kehinde and Ayoade (in
that Cladocera was the most abundant zooplankton press).
in the gutter with high organic constituent. In the
work of Oben (2000), Cladocera occurred most in Conclusion
Golf Lake a situation attributed to high organic Cyanophyceae is the least abundant of the three
nutrient. Golf lake had the highest BOD over the main phytoplankton encountered which indicate
two other lakes investigated 26mg/l an index of that the reservoir is not polluted. The high relative
high organic enrichment. The low concentration of abundance of Chlorophyceae as well as crustacean
Cladocera encountered in this reservoir may be as a indicates that the Ikere gorge reservoir is highly
result of low organic nutrient. Low species spectra productive.
of Cladocera recorded was also observed by Jeje and
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