DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SOLAR ASSISTED BICYCLE

CHAPTER 01
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Mostly in India, the bicycles are going to be extinct from the market due to the boom of the petrol
and diesel vehicles which are being launched in the market almost every week. But the prices of
fossil fuels are increasing day by day and they also cause the pollution. In the present scenario of
energy crisis, saving of the power has become a major issue to overcome the above problems, a solar
bicycle has been designed. Solar bicycle is a battery operated bicycle which runs on the battery
power, but the thing which makes it different is its charging features. The major charging point is
specified by its name i.e. solar energy [1]. The solar energy is the largest source of energy in the
universe which is used now days to produce electricity in all over the world. Here, devices known as
As solar bicycle is a light weight entity and is as simple and smooth as a normal bicycle. This bicycle
is designed for those who want one time investment of money, since there is no further expenditure
except a general maintenance of the mechanical parts of the solar bicycle which includes oiling and
greasing of the parts [2]. These batteries are rechargeable and can be recharged by the solar energy as
well as by the electricity using a DC converter i.e. DC charger. Solar bicycle is operated by just
turning and accelerator which is provided on the handle. It is safe as the speed is not as high as that
of a racing motorcycle. Further now a days every person needs a vehicle for transportation, so
without vehicle life seems to be incomplete and if the fuel prices rise will not stop at this stage then it
would become a curse for the future generation. So to check the fuel price rise and to save the fuel
for future generations we have to introduce a substitute to it either as alternative fuel or change in
operating mechanism of the vehicle [3]. The solar energy is the largest source of sustainable energy
which would be present in the future for thousands of years. Thus solar bicycle is a very efficient and
useful entity for general purpose. For dreaming a healthy city, the electric Bicycle is the best among
three cycles. They emit fewer fumes, offer the city dwellers to work without being sweaty and
getting a car without waste. Here, in the below a list of solar powered vehicles which are constructed
in different areas of the world with its construction cost, year, places and features are shown Beside
all of this, a prototype hybrid solar vehicle has developed to do several experimental activities[4].
The beginning of the industrial revolution, the rate of energy consumption has increase at an
alarming rate due to the synergistic effect of individual energy consumption and population. By
using this method, solar vehicles can be run which reduce the pressure on the energy sector as well
as help to make the environment green. Although it is not a popular vehicle, but for reducing CO2
emission and to make the environment pollutant free, energy systems will require a large share of

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renewable energies, such as solar photovoltaic power, which is used in the Bicycle here[5]. The
motive force to a shaft by an electric motor which is run by solar energy after some important
conversion in electric vehicles instead of an internal combustion engine which is environmental
pollution free is the basic working principle of a solar assisted Bicycle. The electricity produced by
photovoltaic (PV) cells using sunlight powers the electric motor directly for driving of solar-powered
vehicles (SPVs). During sun shining the electricity is produced by PV cells otherwise, the vehicles
use consuming energy in its batteries [6]. There are different types of Bicycles which can be
classified as paddle Bicycle, motorized Bicycle, and electric Bicycle. Paddle Bicycle requires a lot of
energy to paddle the Bicycle which makes the user tired. Concentrate on the lesson become very
tough when they reach their educational institution after peddling a paddle Bicycle. Next, the
motorized Bicycle is powered by fuel but which is costly. Besides that, this Bicycle will produce a
bad impact on our environment by warming the earth. Lastly, the electric Bicycle is based on the
battery is run by using solar energy. Also, a discussion about the environmental issues of solar power
assisted vehicle over conventional IC engine has performed [7]. The motive force to a shaft by an
electric motor which is run by solar energy after some important conversion in electric vehicles
instead of an internal combustion engine which is environmental pollution free is the basic working
principle of a solar assisted Bicycle. There are different types of Bicycles which can be classified as
paddle Bicycle, motorized Bicycle, and electric Bicycle. Paddle Bicycle requires a lot of energy to
paddle the Bicycle which makes the user tired. Concentrate [if the user is a student] on the lesson
become very tough when they reach their educational institution after peddling a paddle Bicycle [8].
Next, the motorized Bicycle is powered by fuel but which is costly. Besides that, this Bicycle will
produce a bad impact on our environment by warming the earth. Lastly, the electric Bicycle is based
on the battery is run by using solar energy. For dreaming a healthy city, the electric Bicycle is the
best among three cycles. They emit fewer fumes, offer the city dwellers to work without being
sweaty and getting a car without waste. Here, in the below a list of solar powered vehicles which are
constructed in different areas of the world with its construction cost, year, places and features are
shown [9]. The main concern of this Bicycle is to improve efficiency and lowering costs so that it
can be feasible to all. Before going to the topic we have to know the three sources of energy is used
to move a Bicycle. Here we have to know about one by one and how it is designed and what are the
parts used to build the solar assisted bicycle.

1.2 Electrical Energy

Here the electrical energy is used to move the Bicycle. With the help of charging the battery. The
hub motor wheel is used to move the Bicycle. With the help of electrical energy which is produced

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from the battery. And solar energy It is bicycle which runs using the electrical energy of battery to
run the hub motor which is used to run Bicycle. The solar energy is used to run Bicycle. The solar
Energy is used to charge the battery two or more Photovoltaic cells or pv (cells) may be used to
generate voltage to charge the battery.it gives the required voltage to charge the batter. It gives the
required voltage to the hub motor mounted on the front wheel to run the bicycle. The electricity
produced by photovoltaic (PV) cells using sunlight powers the electric motor directly for driving of
solar-powered vehicles (SPVs). During sun shining the electricity is produced by PV cells otherwise,
the vehicles use consuming energy in its batteries. This situation can be overcome with mass
production of the photovoltaic (PV) cell which uses solar energy with low fluctuation converted into
electrical energy. The electrical energy is obtained by converting the Sun’s energy by the
photovoltaic (PV) cell. “Solar Panels” are used to convert the solar energy into the electrical energy
by various means. A solar panel is connected to a control system consisting of various circuits which
generate charge to drive. Solar bicycle has concentrated its major focus to satisfy the user. Another
major advantage in charging point of view is paddling. Just like a normal bicycle paddling has to be
done for just 15-20 and the battery well get charged up to 20- 22%. After this the bicycle can be
operated using this battery power.

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CHAPTER 02
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Solar Assisted Bicycle
Markel k. et al [1]. As what had been mention earlier, there are several types of bicycle that can be
categories that is paddle bicycle, motorized bicycle, and electric bicycle. The weakness of the bicycle
make people do not like to used bicycle. First, paddle bicycle need a lot of energy to paddle the
bicycle. The user will surely be tired after used the bicycle. This will not suitable for student to use to
go to the class because they will be tired when they are in the class and will lost their concentration
while hearing the lecture. Next, motorize bicycle that used fuel as it prime mover. The bicycle use
fuel that is costly. As a student, their allowance is limited and only can be used for their study
material and for their food to survive at the campus. Besides that, motorize bicycle will make
pollution that can be very bad for our environment especially in this period that global warming
happen.
Annette Muetze et al[2]. studied A Solar energy is one of the important sources of renewable energy
which can be a feasible alternative to fossil fuels. There are many works has been done in order to
incorporate solar energy to everyday transportation including Bicycle. However, most of the Bicycle
develops are expensive and not feasible for developing countries. In this study, a cheaper solar
Bicycle with more capability of utilizing the solar energy is designed for developing countries. The
main content of the Bicycle is Solar PV panel, Brushless PMDC motor, controller, and battery. The
power transmission of the solar Bicycle is also simple. It is found that Bicycle serves 24% back up
for running, by the solar panel. Also, the total construction cost of the tri-cycle is only 240$ with
near about zero impact on the environment. This paper highlights the advantages of the dual mode of
charging, including the economic and environmental feasibility of the Bicycle.
Yogesh Sunil Wamborikar et al [3]. The Solar powered hybrid Bicycle uses solar energy along with
dynamo for driving the Bicycle, which reduce the human effort. The Bicycle consists Mon
crystalline Solar panel, Hub motor, Battery, Charge controller, dynamo and the braking system The
design of Bicycle involves selection of solar panel, power calculation for hub motor and battery
charging and the required rated power of solar panel ,that is number of modules.
Pandit G. Patil et al [4]. as we all know the fuel prices especially the petrol is rising steadily day by
day. Again the pollution due to vehicles in metro cities & urban areas is increasing continuously. To
overcome these problems, an effort is being made to search some other alternative sources of energy
for the vehicles. Again, it is also not affordable to purchase vehicles (mopeds, scooters or
motorcycles) for all the class of society. Keeping this in mind, a search for some way to cater these

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economically poor people as well as to provide a solution for the environmental pollution was in
progress. The solar assisted bicycle developed is driven by DC motor fitted in front or rear axle
housing & operated by solar energy. The solar panels mounted on the carriage will charge the battery
& which in turn drive the hub motor. When the bicycle is idle, the solar panel will charge the battery.
This arrangement will replace the petrol engine, the gear box & the fuel tank in case of a two wheeler
or a chain sprocket, chain & gear shifting arrangement of a conventional bicycle being used by most
common man. As a part of dissertation work, the solar assisted bicycle is fitted with a dc hub motor
on front axle of a bicycle with power rating of 250W and with a travelling speed of around 25-30
kemp. It is provided with a pair of lead acid batteries of 35 Ah each, a photovoltaic solar panel with
capacity of 20 watt, a voltage regulator of 24v 10 Amp, accelerator and motor controller of 24v
25Amp. There is also a provision for charging of the battery with 220-240V, AC wall outlet supply,
in case of poor solar supply due to cloudy weather.
Jean-Marc Timmermns et al [5]. this paper gives the details about the research papers related to the
solar power Bicycle project and includes the methods and considerations regarding the proper
working of the Bicycle. The main content of this paper is Solar PV panel, Brushless PMDC motor,
Charge controller and battery. This paper will discuss about the main idea of the component and here
we compared the different component.
Chetan Mahadik et al [6]. As what had been mention earlier, there are several types of bicycle that
can be categories that is paddle bicycle, motorized bicycle, and electric bicycle. The weakness of the
bicycle make people do not like to used bicycle. First, paddle bicycle need a lot of energy to paddle
the bicycle. The user will surely be tired after used the bicycle. This will not suitable for student to
use to go to the class because they will be tired when they are in the class and will lost their
concentration while hearing the lecture. Next, motorize bicycle that used fuel as it prime mover. The
bicycle use fuel that is costly. As a student, their allowance is limited and only can be used for their
study material and for their food to survive at the campus. Besides that, motorize bicycle will make
pollution that can be very bad for our environment especially in this period that global warming
happen to the earth Lastly, electric bicycle that generate by battery can be only be sufficient for about
an hour. The user needs to find power supply to.
Chris Cherry et al [7]. this project is intended to do the design and analysis of the “Bicycle powered
by solar energy ". This paper gives the details about my research related to Bicycle project and
includes the methods and consideration regarding the proper working principle of Bicycle powered
solar energy. This research includes all the information regarding the solar powered Bicycle for
handicapped persons and its components used on it. Nowadays, transportation is inseparable part of

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human life. Normal person can travel easily by utilizing the facilities such as bicycles, bikes, cars,
public transports, etc. but for disabled persons travelling is not so easy. Depending upon the
disability(i.e. which part of body is not in function), disabled person can avail travelling facilities
such as Bicycles, wheel chairs, customized vehicles like cars, bikes, buses etc. But these facilities are
not easily accessible for disabled persons due to some difficulties. This project discusses these
facilities for disabled persons. The purpose of this project is to help disabled people to use less effort
when moving, to protect environment and reduce fuel consumption which could be used once they
are occupied with thermal engine. This system will use Bicycle, solar panel, charge controller,
battery, DC motor and three wheels and is designed in metal tube. This study will help the researcher
to improve their knowledge in theory and practical skills about Bicycle powered by solar energy. It
will make them the spirit of creativity and innovation. And in this study we will have five chapters:
chapter one is the introduction, the second chapter concerns literature review, the third chapter deals
with design and data analysis, fourth research methodology, and the fifth is conclusion and
recommendation, then reference.
Dennis Y.C. Leung et al. [8]. they studied the fuel prices like the petrol is rising steadily day by day.
To overcome these troubles, an effort regarding this is made to search some other alternative sources
of energy for the vehicles. The solar assisted Bicycle is driven by DC hub motor mounted in front or
rear axle housing & operated by battery charged using solar energy. The solar panels placed on the
carriage will charge the battery & which in turn drives the hub motor. When the Bicycle is idle, the
solar panel charges the battery. During their testing they considered a hub motor of 250W 24V
capacity.
Gabriel Perez et al [9]. their study was related to a multi-wheeled vehicle not limited to a Bicycle.
The preferred arrangement consists of a standard conventional Bicycle with multi-speed
transmission, plus an electrical generating system and a solar charging arrangement. This preferred
arrangement is normally powered by a combination of motor and pedalling, coupled such that either
or both may provide power at any instance.
Lan Vince McLoughin et al [10]. they studied a bicycle which runs on solar energy consists of an
solar intensifying collectors. It also includes pair of rechargeable batteries. The panels are provided
with the energy intensifying lens which intensifies the solar rays received from sun. Solar bicycle is
an modification of conventional bicycle and driven by electrical energy.
Lavn EVTMOV et al. [11]. developed solar assisted bicycle driven by DC motor fitted in front or
rear axle housing &operated by solar energy. The solar panels mounted on the carriage will charge
the battery & which in turn drive the hub motor. When the bicycle is idle, the solar panel will charge

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the battery. This arrangement will replace the petrol engine, the gear box & the fuel tank in case of a
two-wheeler or a chain sprocket, chain & gear shifting arrangement of a conventional bicycle being
used by most common man’s a part of dissertation work, the solar assisted bicycle is fitted with a dc
hub motor on front axle of a bicycle with power rating of 250W and with a travelling speed of
around25-30 kemp. It is provided with a pair of lead acid batteries of 35 Ah each, a photovoltaic
solar panel with capacity of 20watt, a voltage regulator of 24v 10 Amp, accelerator and motor
controller of 24V 25Amp. There is also a provision for charging of the battery with 220-240V, AC
wall outlet supply, in case of poor solar supply due to cloudy weather.
Ahmad A. Pesaran et al [12]. published paper that includes Conventional energy sources like coal,
oil, natural gas, etc., are limited in quantity, and if these continue to be depleted the present rate,
these will be exhausted in the coming decades. Energy demand is resulting in the creation of fossil
fuel-based power plants leading to substantial greenhouse gas emissions having an adverse impact on
global warming and climate change Solar energy offers a clean, climate-friendly, abundant and
inexhaustible energy resource to mankind. The costs of solar energy have been falling rapidly and
are entering new areas of competitiveness. Solar Thermal Electricity (STE) and Solar Photo Voltaic
Electricity (SPV) are becoming competitive against conventional electricity generation in tropical
countries solar photovoltaic (SPV) cells convert solar radiation (sunlight) into electricity. A solar cell
is a semiconducting device made of Silicon materials, which, when exposed to sunlight, generates
electricity. Solar cells are connected in series and parallel combinations to form modules that provide
the required power.
Malvi, C. S. et al [13]. physically challenged persons have several challenges when it comes to
mobility in society. Physically challenged persons have been observed utilizing assistance equipment
such as crutches, prosthetic limbs or legs, and manual wheelchairs or three-wheelers for their daily
movements. However, the design of these wheelchairs or three-wheelers is primitive and inefficient,
making them unsuitable for outdoor use or ordinary terrain in the countryside. This project focuses
on the design and development of a solar-powered Bicycle that will assist physically challenged
persons in getting about. At critical speeds and higher, the vehicle's CG is behind the Neutral
Steering Point (NSP), causing the rear wheel slip angle to be larger than the front wheel, resulting in
a negative static margin for the Bicycle. As a result, the vehicle responds to side load by yawing, or
turning the CG in the opposite direction of motion. The results of the study revealed that the Bicycle
is in good working order. The Solar Electric Bicycle-based mobility assist wheelchair is designed to
travel in all directions, including to and fro and sides. The vehicle's movement is controlled by the
hub motor, which is utilized to commute from one location to another. The solar panel generates

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energy, which is stored in the batteries and used to power the motor. If there is not enough sunlight
to run the vehicle, the Bicycle is also equipped with a hand to peddle. For safety reasons, this Bicycle
is meant to go at a modest speed of no more than 20 km/hr. The Bicycle maintains stability at a low
speed below its critical speed, according to the centre of gravity calculations.
Bachche, A. B. Hanamapure et al [14]. this project is intended to do the design and analysis of the
"Bicycle powered by solar energy ". This paper gives the details about my research related to Bicycle
project and includes the methods and consideration regarding the proper working principle of
Bicycle powered solar energy. This research includes all the information regarding the solar powered
Bicycle for handicapped persons and its components used on it. Nowadays, transportation is
inseparable part of human life. Normal person can travel easily by utilizing the facilities such as
bicycles, bikes, cars, public transports, etc but for disabled persons travelling is not so easy.
Depending upon the disability(i.e. which part of body is not in function), disabled person can avail
travelling facilities such as Bicycles, wheel chairs, customized vehicles like cars, bikes, buses etc.
But these facilities are not easily accessible for disabled persons due to some difficulties. This project
discusses these facilities for disabled persons. The purpose of this project is to help disabled people
to use less effort when moving, to protect environment and reduce fuel consumption which could be
used once they are occupied with thermal engine. This system will use Bicycle, solar panel, charge
controller, battery, DC motor and three wheels and is designed in metal tube. This study will help the
researcher to improve their knowledge in theory and practical skills about Bicycle powered by solar
energy. It will make them the spirit of creativity and innovation. And in this study we will have five
chapters: chapter one is the introduction, the second chapter concerns literature review, the third
chapter deals with design and data analysis, fourth research methodology, and the fifth is conclusion
and recommendation, then reference. The specific objectives are: a) Reduced the physical effort to
drive the Bicycle, b) Top speed limit up to 30km/hr and average speed up to 20km/hr, c) To
developed Bicycle for the longer distance traveling.

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CHAPTER 03
SCOPE OF PROJECT

Solar Bicycle is pollution-free and causes no greenhouse gases to be emitted after installation. More
economical than fuel-powered cars and motorcycles. And cheaper than buying an electrical vehicle
for the city. You can adapt your traditional bike using a kit, and you can do it yourself in a few
minutes, so you don't need to buy a new one. No contamination, forget about CO2 emissions
Reduced dependence on foreign oil and fossil fuels. Renewable clean power that is available every
day of the year, even cloudy days produce some power. Return on investment unlike paying for
utility bills. Virtually Less maintenance as solar bicycle Creates jobs by employing solar panel
manufacturers, solar installers, etc. and in turn helps the economy.

3.1 Objective
1) To Develop A Bicycle That Use Renewable Energy, Environmentally Friendly And Cheap.
2) To Develop A Solar Bicycle That Can Charge The Battery When It Is Not In Used.
3) To Develop Low Speed Bicycle, But For A Longer Distance.
4) Manage Future Electrical Costs.
5) Ensure A Backup Power Source
6) Protect The Environment.

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CHAPTER 04
METHODOLOGY
4.1 Solar Panel
The solar bicycle is operated by solar energy. The lead acid battery is charged with voltage
generated due to solar energy with the help of a photovoltaic cell. Solar cells convert the solar
energy directly into electricity using photovoltaic effect. The photovoltaic effect involves conversion
of electromagnetic radiation into electrical energy. The photoelectric and photovoltaic effects are
related to sunlight, but are different in that electrons are ejected from a material’s surface
upon exposure to electromagnetic radiation of sufficient energy in photoelectric, and thus the
electrons that are generated are transferred to different bands of valence to conduction within the
material thus this results into build-up of voltage between two electrodes in photovoltaic. Solar
cells are connected electrically and manufactured as a module with a sheet of glass on top to
allow light to pass and protect the semiconductor from the weather. To obtain the voltage of 24
V two panels of 12V each are connected in series

Figure 4.1: Solar Panel

4.2 Lead Acid Battery
Lead acid batteries are very common in our day to day life. It is the most frequently used battery in
electronics. Although it has lower energy density than the lithium ion batteries but since is

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very safe to use lead acid battery with proper precautions taken. It has many advantages like low
cost, frequently available, and is also explosion free thus is the most frequently used battery in
solar hybrid bicycles. Current supplied from battery it indicates the flow of energy from the
battery and is measured in amperes (or Amps). The higher the current rating the slower the
battery will discharge. A battery is rated in ampere-hours (abbreviated Ah) and this is called
the current rating. This project revolves around charging and discharging energy within a high

voltage battery. Thus this project demands for a battery with longer running hours, lighter
Figure 4.2: Lead Acid Battery
weight with respect to its high output voltage and higher energy density. Among all the
available battery types the lead acid batteries are the most suitable ones to be used in solar
hybrid bicycles
Table 4.1 Lead Acid Battery
Parameter Corresponding factor/value
Type Li-ion
Number of Battery 2
Voltage 12V x 2
❑ 8Ah x 2
Ampere-Hour Rating ❑

Charging Time 8 hr
Amp-Hour Rating 16 Ah
Discharge cut-off voltage 8V
Safety Environment Friendly

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4.3 Motor Controller

A motor controller is an important element of the solar hybrid bicycle or can be called as the
brain of the vehicle. It controls the amount of power supplied to the hub motor and also to the lights
and horn if required. The motor controller performs the function of conversion of the DC
voltage from battery to an alternating voltage with variable amplitude and frequency that drive
the hub motor at different speeds. It basically consists of MOSFET transistors and small
microprocessor that vary from detecting any malfunctions with the motor hall sensors, the
throttle, to protect functions against excessive current and under-voltage

Figure 4.3: Motor Controller

4.4 Gear Motor
MY1016Z2 24V,250Watt Geared DC motor is a popular reduction dc motor & it’s simply the most
commonly used motor for scooters, bikes, and quads available in the market! Also due to its
robustness, it is also in many DIY projects like Segway, e-cars, etc. and in many robots like ATV
robots, combat robots, etc. It is normally found in the better-quality quads and scooters on the market
and is classed as a mid-range combination. The low range (usually in the cheap kiddie carts) unit is
generally a Johnson or Mabuchi 550 motor hooked together to a plastic toy gearbox (pretty poor

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quality). Most people use this 250W motor as a starting block for building their own carts, warbot,
Segway’s, etc. It’s suitable for kids up to about 5-7 years old (after that they may be getting a little
heavy, and any younger and you won’t be able to catch the kids). These use a common mounting
block which makes the replacement of a worn or broken motor a painless swap over. They are quite

powerful for their small size and extremely reliable.

Figure 4.4: Gear Motor

4.5 Battery Charging Controller
Battery Charging Controller (BCC) is also called the Solar Charger Controller (SCC), its function is
to regulate the current for charging to the battery, to avoid overcharging and overvoltage, to regulate
the current released/taken from the battery so that the battery does not fully discharge or overload.
SCC is also equipped with monitoring displays for temperature, voltage, current, and battery
capacity. There are two types of technology used in solar charge controllers, namely Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM) and Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) to regulate the battery charging
function and current release from the battery to the load PWM is a device that indicates that the
charging controller works by emitting electrical pulses to the battery with varying wavelengths. At
the end of each pulse, the charge controller shuts down briefly to measure battery capacity and
adjusts the output value accordingly. The PWM charge controller acts as an intelligent switch
between the battery and the solar panel which controls the voltage and current flowing to the battery.
The battery voltage can be 33 V when empty to more than 36 V when charging. It is the task of the
solar charge controller to take the 35-38 V rated voltage from the solar panels and charge safely the

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solar charge battery. PWM usually integrates three different charging stages namely: bulk stage,
absorption, and float [11]. Figure 3 shows the working principle schematic and photograph of Solar
Charge Controller type PWM. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is an algorithm included in
the power control which is used to extract the maximum power available from the PV module under
certain conditions. MPPT is a DC to DC converter which operates by taking the DC input from the
PV module, converting it to AC, and converting it back to a different DC voltage and current to fit
the FV module to the battery. The working principle of MPPT is to extract the maximum power
available from the PV module by making it operate at the most efficient voltage (Maximum
PowerPoint). The MPPT will check the output of the PV module, compare it to the battery voltage,
then correct what power the PV module can generate to charge the battery and convert it to the best
voltage to get the maximum current to the battery. It can also supply power in a DC load, which is
directly connected to the battery battery charge controller for solar electric vehicle.MPPT works
most effectively in the following conditions cold weather, cloudy or cloudy days. Usually, PV
modules perform better in cold temperatures and MPPT is used to extract the maximum power
available from them. when the battery is very low, MPPT can extract more current and charge the
battery if the battery charge condition is lower.

Figure 4.5: Battery Charging Controller

4.6 Electric Bicycle Throttle
Electric bicycle throttle operates in a very similar way many motorcycles (or scooters) operate. As
soon as you engage the throttle button, the motor is powered on and it propels your bicycle forward.
Most electric bicycle throttles can be adjusted to different power outputs, allowing riders to choose
how much power exactly they need. This is also very useful at saving the battery and prolonging the

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range. However, when you’re battling the hills, full power is often the best throttle mode to use.
While some throttles offer a level-type mode to choose the power output, others work in a pressure-
sensitive mode. This means, the further you press the button, the more power you will receive on

your bike wheels. When you aren’t using an electric bicycle the motor stays in the “idle” mode until
you are ready to take advantage of its features.

Figure 4.6: Electric Bicycle Throttle

4.7 “U” Clip
U clip is required for fattening the pipe on the stand to complete the whole process. The main aim of
clip is to hold the pipe tightly at stationary position and not fall down even makes inclined with
respect to ground. There are one pair of u clips are required and two pairs of bolts. Then bolt use on
carrier to fitted the solar frame of tight of solar panel and also use u clip of fitted the gear motor.

Figure
4.7:
“U”
Clip

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4.8 Headlight with Battery Indication and Horn

Turn on your bike by pressing the power button. Once the bike is on, press and hold the + (plus)
button for 3 seconds to turn on your headlight.
This practical LED bike headlight with 1200 mah rechargeable Li-ion battery, you can charge it with
your phone charger, computer. The solar panel can also charge the headlights when you are cycling
during the day This bicycle headlight offers 1 super bright LED light, 240 Im and 4 modes: High -
Low - Strobe - Sos, it will last 6-12 hours on full charge Lifespan is 100000 hours or more, no need
to consider replacing the bulb Quick and easy installation, Adjustable mount with non-slip rubber
pad will hold tight to your bicycle, no tools required, Light set fits most bike handlebars in diameter
23mm -33mm Made of ABS, not easy to break. Level ipx4 water resistant design will be suitable for
rainy season, give you more safety and convenience Package Includes: 1x Solar Headlight, 1x Light
Mount with Non-Slip Rubber Pad, 1x Micro USB Cable, 1x Gift Box In-box Contents: 1 Bicycle
Headlight Bicycle Light with Solar Panel

Figure 4.8: Headlight

4.9 Electric Brake
Electric Brakes Information. Electric brakes are devices that use an electrical current or magnetic
actuating force to slow or stop the motion of a rotating component. They are used in industrial and
vehicular braking applications that require fast response times and precise tension control. It is a
brake system that has a mechanism which presses the disc brake pad against the brake rotor by a
direct motor driven instead of electric current power. The ECU (electronic computer unit) judges the

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electronic signals from the brake pedal and vehicle dynamic information from vehicle sensors, and
operates the electric actuator to control the braking force.

Figure 4.9: Electric Brake

4.10 Drive Chain
A bicycle chain is a roller chain that transfers power from the pedals to the drive-wheel of a bicycle,
thus propelling it. Most bicycle chains are made from plain carbon or alloy steel, but some are
nickel-plated to prevent rust, or simply for aesthetics.

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Figure 4.10: Chain

4.11 Key Lock
The power board act as a switch from which from supply is turned on and all the circuit elements are
activated and the current is supplied to the whole setup. This power switch board also contains a
head light which can be used during the night driving as a light source. A key is provided in the
switch board which is the switch for the control board. After turning on that all reputable lock
manufacturers will send more than one key with their locks. You may have purchased your lock a
long time ago, but it's worth trying to remember if you received a spare key with it. If you did
receive a spare key, it's time to start looking for it there are three main types of lock – Cable, Chain
and D-lock. This short guide will tell you the advantages and disadvantages of each. A good lock is
your first, and strongest line of defense against having your stolen.
Key an instant supply of direct current from the battery is provided to the motor and all other
equipment’s.

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Figure 4.11: Key Lock

4.12 Bicycle Rim
It makes up the outer circular design of the wheel on which the inside edge of the tire is mounted
On vehicles such as automobiles. For example, on a bicycle wheel the rim is a large hoop attached to
the outer ends of the spokes of the wheel that holds the tire and tube.

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Figure 4.12: Bicycle Rim

4.13 Chain Drive
A Chain is an array of links held together with each other with the help of steel pins. This type of
arrangement makes a chain more enduring, long lasting and better way of transmitting rotary motion
from one gear to another Sprockets have teeth on the periphery that gets engaged with the chain
links. When the driver sprocket rotates, it pushes the chain links. Those chain links then rotate the
driven shaft, and this is how a chain drive transfer power.

Figure 4.13: Chain Drive

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4.14 Cycle Frame (Body)

Steel, Aluminum Alloy and Carbon Fiber are the three most popular materials used for
manufacturing Bicycle Frames. The main structural part of the bicycle, commonly made of steel,
aluminum, titanium, or carbon fiber. Composed of a top tube, head tube, down tube, bottom bracket
shell, seat tube, seat stays, and chain stays (see image). A frame and fork sold as a combination are
referred to as a frameset.

Figure 4.14: Cycle Frame (Body)

4.15 Bell
The most common bells are actuated by a thumb-operated lever that is geared to rapidly rotate two
loosely slung metal discs inside the bell housing. Said discs repeatedly rattle and strike the bell to
produce a sound not unlike that of an electric bell. This type of bell comes in left and right handed
versions.

Figure 4.15: Bell

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4.16 Pipes
Rectangular and square HSS are also commonly called tube steel or structural tubing. We use square
pipe for making solar panel frame also used support on the carrier through the panel.

Figure 4.16: Pipes

4.17 Rear Wheel Axle

Wheel and axle Machine based on the principle that a small force applied to the rim of a wheel will
exert a larger force on an object attached to the axle. The mechanical advantage is the ratio of the
radius of the wheel to that of the axle.

Figure 4.17: Rear Wheel Axle

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CHAPTER 05
DESIGN AND CALCULATION
5.1 Problem Statement

Diameter Of wheel (D) = 60cm

Average Speed (v) = 25 kmph

Weight of Bicycle= 40 kg

Weight of Rider= 80 kg

5.2 Power Calculations

1) Normal reaction (N) on each tire = W/2 = 120/2

= 60kg

=60 ×9.81

= 588.6 N

2) Friction Force (F) acting on each tyre:

For Static Friction, u = 0.03

F= u × N= 0.03 × 588.6

= 17.658 N

5.3 For Dynamic friction u=0.004

F= u × N= 0.004 × 588.6

= 2.3544N

5.4 Torque requirement (t)

For static Friction, T = F × R = 17.658 N × 0.30

= 5 Nm

For Dynamic Friction, T = F × R = 2.3544N × 0.30

= 1Nm

5.5 Speed calculations

w=V / R=25000/(0.30 ×3600)=23.14 rad /sec

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5.6 Power requirement

A) On plain ground,

1) For Dynamic Friction, P= T × w

= 23.14 watt

2) For Static Friction, P = T ×w = 5 A=π r 2 23.14 watt

=115.7

Overall power requirement ¿ 115.7× 2

¿ 231.4 watt

B) On Inclined Surface, @=2

1) Total force required to move vehicle

F=u ×mg ×cos (a)+mg ×sin (a)

F=0.03 ×120 × 9.81× cos ( 2 ) ×120 × 9.81× sin ( 2 )

F=76.37 N

5.7 There for power required=F × V

¿ 17.65 ×25

¿ 441.25 W

Extra power required=441.25 – 231.4

¿ 209.85 W

2) Considering dynamic friction

F=0.004 × 120× 9.81 ×cos (2)+ 120× 9.81 ×sin(2)

¿ 45.78 N

Power ( P )=F ×V =45.78 ×25

¿ 150.81 W

5.8 Motor selection

We selected gear motor because our cycle on total load carry with equipment is 120.

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We selected Gear motor of watt = 250 watt

We select gear motor of volt = 24 volt

We selected gear motor of rpm = 3300

5.9 Battery selection

We are selected photon company battery since motor selected is of 24V hence battery voltage rating
should also be 24. Therefore, we select two batteries of 12V and 12 Ah in series combination of we
get 24 V and 24 Ah.

We selected battery of volt =12V

We selected battery of Ah=12 Ah

5.10 Charging time

Time required to charge the battery by adapter 12 V 12Ah

P=12 ×12=144 W

24 ×12
Τ=
144

2 hrs .

By using solar panel

T =(24 ×7)/ 40

¿ 8.4 hrs .

5.11 Panel Selection

We selected∧use one panel of 40 watt

Each having dimensions

Height=660 mm

Length=400 mm

Width=30 mm

By using panel
T =(Volt × Ah)/Watt

T =(24 ×12)/40

T =6 hrs .

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5.12 DESIGN

Figure1 5.1: Top view, Front View and Side view

Figure 5.2: Top view

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Figure 5.3: Front view

Figure 5.4: Solar fitting Frame

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Diameter Of wheel (D) = 60cm

Figure 5.5: Cycle rim

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CHAPTER 6
RESULT AND APPLICATION
6.1 Charging the Battery with solar
At the very first a sunny placed was selected for charging the battery of the bicycle. Then solar
panels and batteries were made the series connection and then connected with each other to complete
the circuit. A diode was used to the flow of current in one direction. After completing the circuit
connection, bicycle was placed at the selected sunny place. Between 1-hour time interval, voltage
and current were measured by a mustimeter. Voltage was measured directly, but the current was
measured with respect to 15-ohm resistor. Then the power was calculated which showed the level of
charge of the battery. This procedure also followed to run the tri-cycle with only the battery which
was charged fully. It took 11 hours to complete charging of the battery.

6.2 Discharging the Battery

At the beginning, 5 km area was selected at a certain sunny place to run the bicycle. After one round
within that selected area, the level of charge was measured. This procedure was repeated until the
bicycle was stopped due to discharge the battery. After 5 rounds, the biycle was stopped. But the
level of charge was about 15 percent. The tri-cycle served 25 km. It took about 2 hours and 30
minutes.
6.3 Charging and Discharging Simultaneously
At the starting, battery was charged fully with the help of electricity. Then solar panel was
connected to the battery. Then it was run within that selected 5 km area. After one round within that
selected area, the level of charge was measured. This procedure was repeated until the bicycle was
stopped due to discharge the battery. It was found that, after 6 rounds, the bicycle was stopped. But
the level of charge was about 15 percent. The bicycle served 31 km. It took about 3 hours.

6.4 Results and Discussions

From the experimental values, the findings that are obtained by observation are shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Important data that are found from the experiment

Features Capacity
Maximum load carrying capacity in (kg 120
Maximum speed in (km/hr) 30
Charging time of battery without operation in (hr) 7
Movement of fully charged battery in (hr) 2.30 (equivalent to 25 km)

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Movement with charging the battery by using solar

3.00 (equivalent to 31 km)
energy in (hr)

It can be said that, the bicycle construct with low cost and light weight, which can carry a 150 kg
load with 26 km/h speed which is really a better one. It can also move a greater distance as found
from the Table 3 which is equivalent to 25 km with a full charged battery, but 31 km in the case of a
battery which charging in the running time. So, when the solar system is active, the storage system
can get back up about 24% which is equivalent to 6 km.

6.5 Discharging the Battery with a Solar Panel

The battery was connected to the motor that runs the solar bicycle. While running the bicycle
discharging was started. Discharging the battery while running the bicycle is a linear phenomenon.
the relation between the levels of charges (%) with a time of the bicycle. It clearly displays the
decreasing of the storing energy due to consumption with the increasing of time.

Fig. 6.1 Level of charge vs time curve

6.6 Charging and Discharging Simultaneously

In this portion two curves were found, one of which rep- resents discharging the battery without
connecting to the solar panel and the second one shows the discharging characteristics of the battery
when it is connected to the solar panel. The vari- ation of the level of charges with discharging
without solar and discharge with solar is the main outcome of the two curves of discharging the
battery. The green line on the curve indicates discharging the battery without solar panel and the red
line indicates discharging the battery when the solar is acting. Red line curve passed over the green
line curve because some charge was accumulated in the battery during discharging. As a result, the
red line ends at 31 km which is 6 km far from the green line end point. It shows the performance of

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solar assisted bicycle. So by activating the solar panel during discharge of the battery, solar bicycle

runs more 24% than the running without the solar panel.

Fig. 6.2: Level of charge vs distance

Fig. 6.3: Torque vs Velocity Curve

In order to determine the right number of solar cells for powering each electric bicycle a simple load
experimental test was first conducted. The electric bicycle with two sets of 24Ah lead-acid batteries
and the 50W solar cell in the back seat, which was tested upon during sunny summer weather, when
only depending on the built-in batteries to run has a range of about 25 kilometres; conversely if the
solar cell is used, the range increases to 30km. In the winter, the experimental results respectively
were 25km and 30km.

6.7 Application
1 This system is eco-friendly in operation
2) Maintenance cost is low

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3) Greater range, a less traumatic life for the battery, plus greater efficiency because of the direct
motor supply.

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
7.1 Conclusion
Solar assisted bicycle is modification of existing bicycle and driven by solar energy. It is suitable for
both city and country roads, that are made of cement, asphalt,. This bicycle is cheaper, simpler in
construction & can be widely used for short distance travelling especially by school children, college
students, office goers, villagers, postmen etc. It is very much suitable for young, aged, and caters the
need of economically poor class of society. It can be operated throughout the year free of cost. The
most important feature of this bicycle is that it does not consume valuable fossil fuels thereby saving
crores of foreign currencies. It is eco-friendly & pollution free, as it does not have any emissions.
Moreover it is noiseless and can be recharged with the AC adapter in case of emergency and cloudy
weather. The operating cost per kilometre is minimal, around Rs.0.70/km. It can be driven by manual
pedalling in case of any problem with the solar system. It has fewer components, can be easily
mounted or dismounted, thus needless maintenance.

7.2 Future Scope

1. By using of solar powered bicycles, pollution can be decreased and mainly it will save large
amount fossil fuels.
2. It can be used all age group people up to the weight of 145 Kg. It can be travel up to 30 to 35 km
with one full charge.
3. In future we can improve speed of the bicycle up to 35 to 40 km/h. We can say our project can
be a success considering the changes we had to make in the spring once we actually found out
how the hybrid solar bicycle was for. We can achieve our five aims, and we believe that we have
a system that will be effective in providing mobility for persons who have disabilities.
4. The BLDC (Brushless DC) motor to convert the electrical energy into rotations of wheel and to
convert and store the same rotation energy into electrical energy we have employed dynamos.
5. Bicycle. To be more specific about this project, there will be using several things that are:
6. Use solar energy to recharge the battery.
7. Use PIC Microcontroller for charging system.
8. Use high torque motor to drive the bicycle.

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REFERENCES
[1] Tony Markel, Michael Kuss, and Paul Denholm “Communication and Control of Electric Drive
Vehicles Supporting Renewables” Conference Paper of Center for Transportation Technologies and
Systems National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/CP-540-46224August 2009.
[2] Annette Muetze & Ying C. Tan, “Electric Bicycles: A performance evaluation”, IEEE Industry
Applications Magazine • July| Aug 2007.

[3] Nunez, P., Farias, T., Brito, M. C. "Day charging electric vehicles with excess solar electricity for
a sustainable energy system." Energy. 80, pp. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.11.069

[4] The Pandit G. Patil, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory “Advanced Battery
Technology for Electric Two-Wheelers” Journal of Energy Systems Division, Argonne National
Laboratory June 2009.

[5] Jean-Marc Timmermns1, Julien Matheys, Philippe Lataire, Joeri Van Mierlo, Jan Cappelle2 “A
Comparative Study of 12 Electrically Assisted Bicycles” World Electric Vehicle Journal Vol. 3 -
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[6] Chetan Mahadik & Sumit Mahindrakar, "An Improved & Efficient Electric Bicycle system with
the power of Real Time Information Sharing", Multidisciplinary Journal of Research in Engineering
and Technology, ISSN: 2348-6953.

[7] Chris Cherry at all, “TRB Bicycle and Pedestrian Safety Analysis”, Civil and Environmental

Engineering University of Tennessee, Knoxville, January 14, 2015.

[8] Dennis Y.C. Leung, “An overview of current status of carbon dioxide capture and storage

technologies”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, Volume 39, November 2014,

Pages 426-443.

[9] Gabriel Perez at all, “Vertical greenery system (VGS) for energy sawing in building: A review”,

“Renewable & sustainable energy review”, Elsevier, 2014: 139-5.

[10] Ian Vince McLoughlin at all, “Campus Mobility for the Future: The Electric Bicycle”, “Journal

of Transportation Technologies”, Scientific Research, 2012, 2, 1-12.

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[11] Ivan EVTIMOV et all, "Transport problems", University of Ruse, Department Engines &

vehicles, Volume 10 Issue 3, 2015:131-140.

[12] Ahmad A. Pesaran and Tony Markel, Harshad S. Tataria, David Howell “Battery Requirements

for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles – Analysis and Rationale” Conference Paper of National

Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA NREL/CP-540-42240 July 2009. Singh, R., Gaur, M. K.,

[13] Malvi, C. S. "Study of Solar Energy Operated Hybrid Mild Cars: A Review." International
Journal of Scientific Engi-neering and Technology. 1(4), pp. 139-148. 2012.

[14] Bachche, A. B., Hanamapure, N. S. "Design and Development of solar assisted Bicycle."
International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT). 2(6), pp. 452-457. 2012.

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APPEXNDIX

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