OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the lesson students are expected to:

Understand the Climate Change

Identify the Causes of Climate Change

Explore Evidences of Climate Change
Assess Impacts of Climate Change

Understand Climate Change Impact on Countries

Evaluate the Impact on Infrastructure

Analyze the possible solutions of Climate Change

“HEY! IT’S GETTING HOT IN HERE”
CLIMATE

CHANGE
A GLOBAL CRISIS
WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE?
 WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE?
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in global weather

patterns over extended periods, primarily attributed to human activities such as

burning fossil fuels, greenhouse gas emissions, industrial activities, natural

factors, deforestation, and industrial processes.

 WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE?
Since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of climate change,

primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.
IMPORTANCE OF ADDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE
HUMAN FUTURE AND WELL BEING

The impacts of climate change are far-reaching, affecting ecosystems,

economies, and human health. Addressing climate change is crucial for the

well-being of current and future generations and the sustainability of our

planet. It will promotes public health and enhances overall well-being by

reducing exposure to environmental hazards.

ENVIRONMENTAL PRESERVATION

Climate change poses significant threats to ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural

habitats. By addressing climate change, we can protect and preserve delicate

ecosystems, safeguarding the planet's natural resources and ensuring the survival of

countless plant and animal species.

MITIGATING EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS

Climate change intensifies extreme weather events such as hurricanes,

droughts, floods, and wildfires. Addressing climate change can help reduce

the frequency and severity of these events, protecting communities and

minimizing damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and economies.

SOCIO ECONOMIC STABILITY

Climate change threatens global food and water security, disrupts supply

chains, and exacerbates poverty and inequality. By addressing climate

change, we can promote socioeconomic stability, foster sustainable

development, and build resilient communities that are better equipped to

withstand environmental challenges.

GLOBAL SECURITY AND DIPLOMACY

Climate change has the potential to exacerbate geopolitical tensions,

displacement of populations, and conflicts over dwindling resources.

Addressing climate change promotes global cooperation, fosters diplomatic

relations, and reduces the risk of instability and conflict in vulnerable

regions.
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
 GREENHOUSE EFFECT

Greenhouse gases:
Carbon dioxide,
water vapor
and methane
 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION

➢ Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases into the atmosphere that trap heat, contributing to the greenhouse

effect and global warming.

➢ These gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and fluorinated gases. Human activities

such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes are major sources of greenhouse gas emissions.

➢ The accumulation of these gases in the atmosphere leads to an increase in Earth's temperature, disrupting ecosystems,

weather patterns, and causing climate change.

 CAUSES OF

CLIMATE CHANGE
A G R I C U LT U R E
Agriculture contributes to greenhouse gas emissions primarily
through the use of synthetic fertilizers, which release nitrous oxide, a
potent greenhouse gas. Certain agricultural practices such as rice
cultivation generate methane emissions from anaerobic
decomposition in flooded fields. Soil management techniques like
tilling can also release carbon dioxide stored in the soil into the
atmosphere.
D E F O R E S TAT I O N
Deforestation releases carbon dioxide stored in trees into the
atmosphere when they are cut down or burned, contributing to
increased levels of greenhouse gases. Trees act as carbon sinks,
absorbing carbon dioxide during photosynthesis, so when they're
removed, this natural process is disrupted. Additionally,
deforestation reduces the number of trees available to absorb carbon
dioxide, exacerbating the greenhouse effect and global warming.
MINING
Mining contributes to greenhouse gas emissions primarily through
the combustion of fossil fuels like diesel and coal in mining
operations, which release carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere.
Also,the extraction and transportation of raw materials require heavy
machinery and vehicles that run on fossil fuels, further adding to
emissions. Moreover, mining activities often involve processes such
as blasting, crushing, and processing minerals, which can release
methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas, from underground sources
or during mineral processing.
E N E R G Y S U P P LY
Energy supplier companies contribute to greenhouse gas emissions
primarily through the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and
natural gas to generate electricity. This combustion releases carbon
dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
Some energy suppliers may have inefficient infrastructure or
outdated technologies that exacerbate emissions, while others may
lack incentives to transition to cleaner energy sources.
OVERDEVELOPMENT
Overdevelopment occurs when urban expansion exceeds the
capacity of existing infrastructure and resources to support it
sustainably. It often leads to congestion, strain on utilities, and
environmental degradation as natural habitats are replaced by
buildings and roads. Overdevelopment can disrupt ecosystems,
exacerbate pollution, and diminish quality of life for residents.
WA S T E L A N D / WA T E R
Wastelands, such as landfills and degraded ecosystems, emit
greenhouse gases like methane and carbon dioxide due to
decomposition processes of organic matter. Water bodies,
particularly those affected by pollution or eutrophication, release
methane and carbon dioxide through microbial activities during
organic matter decomposition. The presence of nitrogen and
phosphorus in wastewater can stimulate the growth of methane-
producing microorganisms, further increasing emissions.
T R A N S P O R TAT I O N
Transportation contributes to greenhouse gas emissions primarily
through the combustion of fossil fuels in vehicles, releasing carbon
dioxide (CO2) and other pollutants into the atmosphere. The
widespread reliance on cars, trucks, airplanes, and ships powered by
gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel significantly increases the amount of
greenhouse gases emitted globally. Factors such as inefficient
transportation systems, urban sprawl, and a lack of viable
alternatives further exacerbate the environmental impact of
transportation on climate change.
COMMERICAL BUILDINGS
Commercial buildings contribute to greenhouse gas emissions
primarily due to their energy consumption for heating, cooling,
lighting, and powering equipment. The reliance on fossil fuels for
electricity and heating systems within these structures releases
carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
Inefficient building designs, poor insulation, and outdated
technologies further exacerbate these emissions.
LIVESTOCKS
Livestock, particularly ruminants like cows, emit methane during
digestion through a process called enteric fermentation. Additionally,
manure management releases methane and nitrous oxide, potent
greenhouse gases. Land use changes, such as deforestation for
pasture or feed crops, also contribute by reducing carbon sinks and
releasing stored carbon dioxide.
N AT U R A L P H E N O M E N A
Volcanic eruptions release vast amounts of carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases stored within the Earth's crust, contributing to
greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, volcanic eruptions can emit
sulfur dioxide, which can lead to the formation of sulfate aerosols in
the atmosphere, impacting climate patterns. Although volcanic
emissions are sporadic and often short-lived compared to human
activities, they can still have significant effects on the Earth's climate
system.
 AGRICULTURE DEFORESTATION MINING

ENERGY SUPLLY WASTELAND/WATER TRASNPORTATION

COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS LIVESTOCKS NATURAL PHENOMENA

EVIDENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE
EVIDENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE

MELTING GLACIERS
 EVIDENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE

TEMPERATURE RISE MELTING GLACIERS EXTREME WEATHER

Global temperatures have been steadily Glaciers around the world are rapidly retreating and Over the past few decades, there has been a notable
increase in the frequency and intensity of tornadoes
increasing since the late 19th century, with the losing mass due to rising temperatures. As
in many parts of the world. This rise in tornado
past few decades experiencing the most rapid temperatures increase, glaciers melt at accelerated activity correlates with the warming of the Earth's
warming. This rise is supported by extensive rates, contributing to rising sea levels and freshwater atmosphere due to increased greenhouse gas
emissions. Not only are tornadoes becoming more
data from weather stations, satellites, and other shortages in regions dependent on glacier runoff.
frequent, but their patterns are also changing. There
sources, showing a clear trend of higher This phenomenon is not only observed in polar
has been an observed shift in the geographical
average temperatures worldwide. regions but also in mountainous regions worldwide. distribution of tornadoes.
EVIDENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE

Temperature rises refer to the consistent increase in average global

temperatures over time, primarily attributed to human activities such
as burning fossil fuels and deforestation.

Statistical data from various sources, including NASA and the

NOAA, show a consistent upward trend in global temperatures over
the past century. The last few decades have seen particularly rapid
warming, with each successive decade being warmer than the last.

The impacts of rising temperatures are extensive and diverse. They

include more frequent and intense heatwaves, shifts in precipitation
patterns leading to droughts or floods, melting polar glaciers, rising
sea levels, and disruptions to ecosystems and biodiversity.
 EVIDENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE

TEMPERATURE RISE MELTING GLACIERS EXTREME WEATHER

Global temperatures have been steadily Glaciers around the world are rapidly retreating and Over the past few decades, there has been a notable
increase in the frequency and intensity of tornadoes
increasing since the late 19th century, with the losing mass due to rising temperatures. As
in many parts of the world. This rise in tornado
past few decades experiencing the most rapid temperatures increase, glaciers melt at accelerated activity correlates with the warming of the Earth's
warming. This rise is supported by extensive rates, contributing to rising sea levels and freshwater atmosphere due to increased greenhouse gas
emissions. Not only are tornadoes becoming more
data from weather stations, satellites, and other shortages in regions dependent on glacier runoff.
frequent, but their patterns are also changing. There
sources, showing a clear trend of higher This phenomenon is not only observed in polar
has been an observed shift in the geographical
average temperatures worldwide. regions but also in mountainous regions worldwide. distribution of tornadoes.
 EVIDENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE

MELTING GLACIERS
Melting of glaciers has far-reaching
Glaciers are large bodies of ice formed
consequences, such disruptions to global
over many years from compressed snow. According to NASA, glaciers worldwide
water supplies, altered weather patterns,
The melting of glaciers refers to the have lost approximately 286 billion tons
and habitat loss for various species. As
gradual retreat and loss of mass from of ice per year between 1993 and
glaciers melt, they release freshwater
glaciers and ice sheets due to rising 2016.This threaten coastal communities
into ocean, affecting ocean currents and
temperatures. and ecosystems.
leading to changes in weather patterns.
 EVIDENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE

TEMPERATURE RISE MELTING GLACIERS EXTREME WEATHER

Global temperatures have been steadily Glaciers around the world are rapidly retreating and Over the past few decades, there has been a notable
increase in the frequency and intensity of tornadoes
increasing since the late 19th century, with the losing mass due to rising temperatures. As
in many parts of the world. This rise in tornado
past few decades experiencing the most rapid temperatures increase, glaciers melt at accelerated activity correlates with the warming of the Earth's
warming. This rise is supported by extensive rates, contributing to rising sea levels and freshwater atmosphere due to increased greenhouse gas
emissions. Not only are tornadoes becoming more
data from weather stations, satellites, and other shortages in regions dependent on glacier runoff.
frequent, but their patterns are also changing. There
sources, showing a clear trend of higher This phenomenon is not only observed in polar
has been an observed shift in the geographical
average temperatures worldwide. regions but also in mountainous regions worldwide. distribution of tornadoes.
 EVIDENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE

Extreme weathers encompass phenomena such as hurricanes,

tornadoes, floods, heatwaves, and droughts. These events deviate
significantly from the expected patterns of weather, often causing
widespread disruption and damage.

Statistics reveal a notable increase in the frequency and intensity of

extreme weather events over recent decades. For instance, the
number of severe tornado outbreaks has risen, with some regions
experiencing more frequent and powerful tornadoes than in the past.

The impact of extreme weather events is profound, affecting various

aspects of society, including infrastructure, agriculture, and human.
Tornadoes, can cause extensive property damage, displacement of
communities, loss of lives, and essential services, amplifying need
for resilience and adaptation measures in face of climate change.
 EVIDENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE

TEMPERATURE RISE MELTING GLACIERS EXTREME WEATHER

Global temperatures have been steadily Glaciers around the world are rapidly retreating and Over the past few decades, there has been a notable
increase in the frequency and intensity of tornadoes
increasing since the late 19th century, with the losing mass due to rising temperatures. As
in many parts of the world. This rise in tornado
past few decades experiencing the most rapid temperatures increase, glaciers melt at accelerated activity correlates with the warming of the Earth's
warming. This rise is supported by extensive rates, contributing to rising sea levels and freshwater atmosphere due to increased greenhouse gas
emissions. Not only are tornadoes becoming more
data from weather stations, satellites, and other shortages in regions dependent on glacier runoff.
frequent, but their patterns are also changing. There
sources, showing a clear trend of higher This phenomenon is not only observed in polar
has been an observed shift in the geographical
average temperatures worldwide. regions but also in mountainous regions worldwide. distribution of tornadoes.
IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

HABITAT DESTRUCTION
DISRUPTION OF THE ECOSYSTEMS LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY INCREASED RISK OF NATURAL DISASTERS
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

SPECIES EXTINCTION

LOSS OF KEYSTONE SPECIES DISRUPTION OF FOOD CHAIN NEGATIVE IMPACT ON SOCIETIES

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

OCEAN ACIDIFICATION
HARM TO MARINE LIFE DECLINE IN CORAL REEFS THREAT TO COASTAL ECONOMIES
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

CHANGES OF PRECIPITATION PATTERNS

ALTERATION OF REGIONAL CLIMATES CHANGES IN WATER AVAILABILITY INCREASE RISK OF FLOODS AND DROUGHTS
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

RISING SEA LEVEL

COASTAL EROSION INCREASE FLOODING DISPLACEMENT OF COMMUNITIES

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

PRECIPITATION SPECIES HABITAT OCEAN RISING

PATTERN EXTINCTION DESTRUCTION ACIDIFICATION SEA LEVEL
AFFECTED COUNTRIES
JAPAN
Torrential rainfall resulted in flash floods and mudslides, killing more than 200

people and leading to more than 5,000 houses being damaged, as well as the

evacuation of 2.3 million people.

From mid-July to the end of August 2018, a severe heat wave also led to 138

fatalities and more than 70,000 people requiring hospitalization due to heat

strokes and heat exhaustion.

In September, Typhoon Jebi. Jebi broke several historical records for sustained

winds in Japan, causing economic damage of more than $13 billion dollars.
JPAHPIALN
IPPINES
In 2013, Typhoon Yolanda struck the Philippines and was the deadliest typhoon in

the country's history. Over six thousand people lost their lives and over 1 million

people's homes were damaged, displacing over 600,000 people.

Typhoon Mangkhut affects more than 250,000 people across the country. About

59 people were killed, most by landslides set off by the heavy rainfall.

Typhoon Oddette’s one of the most destructive event in the Philippines, it was

estimated that around 13 million people were affected, 36 million homes were

damaged, at least 1,371 were injured, and 409 people reported dead.
GERMANY
The period between April and July 2018 was the hottest ever recorded in

Germany, with temperatures nearly 40 degrees Fahrenheit above average. The

heatwave led to the death of more than 1,000 people.

After heavy rainfall in January, only a percentage of the usual amount of rain fell

during summer, resulting in a majority of the country’s soil being affected by

drought in October.

Around 8,000 farmers were prompted to call for federal emergency relief worth

around $1.18 billion dollars in order to compensate for their losses.

MADAGASCAR
In January 2018, the island of Madagascar was hit by Cyclone Ava, where towns

were flooded and buildings collapsed. Ava reached top speeds of 118 miles per

hour and 51 people were killed.

Ava was then followed by Cyclone Eliakim in March which affected more than

15,000 people, including 17 deaths and nearly 6,300 temporarily displacements.

Cyclone Ava and Eliakim together were responsible for forcing 70,000 people to

seek refuge.
INDIA
The yearly monsoon season, severely affected India in 2018, especially the state

of Kerala — 324 people died due to of drowning or being buried in landslides

caused by the flooding, the worst in one hundred years.

More than 220,000 people were forced to leave their homes, and 20,000 houses

and 80 dams were destroyed. The damage amounted to $2.8 billion.

Cyclones Titli and Gaja also hit India’s east coast in October and November

2018. With wind speeds of up to 150 kilometers per hour (roughly 93 mph),

cyclone Titli killed at least eight people and left about 450,000 without electricity.
SRI LANKA
The island nation of Sri Lanka, right off the coast of India, dealt with severe

monsoon rains in May 2018 affecting 20 districts, especially the south and west

coast. The provinces of Galle and Kalutara were the most affected, with Galle

receiving more than 6 inches of rain fell in 24 hours — usually the district has an

average precipitation of 11 inches of rain in the full month of May.

At least 24 people died, more than 170,000 people were affected and nearly 6,000

people were displaced.

SOMALIA
Droughts have been occurring for decades, but their severity has increased

notably in recent years. For instance, the drought from 2016 to 2017 was one of

the worst in decades, affecting millions of people.

Floods caused by heavy rains across parts of Somalia have displaced more than

113,000 people and "temporarily affected" hundreds of thousands, the U.N. Office

for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

CANADA
Our northern neighbors started the year 2018 with extremely cold temperatures of

-49 degrees Fahrenheit — their lowest in 100 years.

In May more than 4,000 people were displaced because of flooding, which

afflicted the southern region of British Columbia.

Heavy snowpacks were melted by record high temperatures in April, causing

rivers to overflow.

The same region suffered the worst wildfire season on record resulting in the

evacuation of 16,000 people, as 2,117 wildfires burned through the region and

caused smoke-filled skies in west Canada, making the air quality among the worst

in the world.
INDONESIA
Jakarta is sinking due to a combination of factors, with excessive groundwater

extraction being one of the primary causes.

Jakarta has been heavily reliant on groundwater for its water supply due to

inadequate access to piped water. Millions of residents have been pumping

groundwater for their daily needs, causing the water table to drop significantly.

This over-extraction of groundwater leads to land subsidence, where the ground

gradually sinks as the water is removed.

Jakarta is built on a low-lying coastal plain consisting of soft, compressible

sediments. These sediments are prone to compaction when groundwater is

extracted, exacerbating the sinking problem.

JI A
TPAA
LNY
Venice is sinking because it is surrounded by water, and too much weight from

buildings has caused the ground it sits on the lower.

With increasing global temperatures, sea levels rising also impacts the city

greatly. Plate tectonics are also to blame for Venice's sinking.

Although the exact time frame of Venice's sinking isn't set in stone, many climate

experts suggest the city could sink by 2100. Of course, it can be tricky to perfectly

time when sea levels will rise enough to overtake the city, especially with the

Mose Project and other infrastructure the country continues to invest in.
AFFECTED ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURES
 AFFECTED ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURES

BUILDINGS
AND STRUCTURES

Hurricanes can cause wind damage, while heavy rainfall can lead

to flooding and landslides, posing risks to:

Construction Sites

City Buildings

Aging Infrastructure

High Altitude Structures

AFFECTED ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURES

COASTAL
INFRASTRUCTURES

Storm surges can damage infrastructure like:

Coastal Roads

Ports and Harbors

Bridges

Water front Buildings

 AFFECTED ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURES

TRANSPORTATION
NETWORKS

Extreme weather events like floods, hurricanes, and heatwaves affects:

Roads

Highways

Bridges

Railways
AFFECTED ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURES

WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEMS

Changes in precipitation patterns can affect :

Dams

Surface Water Systems

Ground Water Systems

Desalination Plants
 AFFECTED ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURES

ENERGY
INFRASTRUCTURE

Weather events like hurricanes and wildfires can disrupt

power supply and damage infrastructure like:

Power Plants

Transmission Lines

Substations
AFFECTED ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURES

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

events such as hurricanes, storms, floods, and wildfires:

Cell Towers

Fiber Optic Cables

Ground Water Systems

Satellites Systems
AFFECTED ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURES

➢ COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE

➢ TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS

➢ ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURES

➢ WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

➢ BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES

➢ TELECOMMUNICATIONS
POSSIBLE SOLUTION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE ENGINEERING
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE ENGINEERING

ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE ENGINEERING

BLUE CARBON
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE ENGINEERING

MARINE CLOUD BRIGHTENING

ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE ENGINEERING

DIRECT AIR CAPTURE

ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE ENGINEERING

CLOUD SEEDING
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE ENGINEERING
MITIGATION STRATEGIES
 MITIGATION STRATEGIES

TRANSITION TO RENEWABLE ENERGY

MITIGATION STRATEGIES

REFORESTATION
MITIGATION STRATEGIES

AFFORESTATION
 MITIGATION STRATEGIES

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE PRACTICES

 ADAPTATION MEASURES

COASTAL DEFENSE SYSTEM

 ADAPTATION MEASURES

WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

ADAPTATION MEASURES

URBAN PLANNING
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND AGREEEMENTS

PARIS AGREEMENT
 INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND AGREEEMENTS

PARIS AGREEMENT KYOTO PROTOCOL

Historuial context: Initiated in 2015, the Paris Agreement is a Historical Context: Adopted in 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was
landmark international treaty aimed at mitigating greenhouse the first international treaty to set binding emission reduction
gas emissions and limiting global temperature rise. targets for industrialized countries.

Objectives: The primary goal is to keep global temperature Objectives: Aimed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by an
increase well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial average of 5.2% below 1990 levels during the commitment
levels, with efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius. period from 2008 to 2012.

Significance: Signed by 196 countries, the agreement Achievements: The protocol led to significant reductions in
represents a historic commitment to combatting climate emissions among participating countries and established
change through coordinated efforts and collaboration on a mechanisms such as emissions trading and Clean
global scale. Development Mechanisms (CDM).
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND AGREEEMENTS

PARIS AGREEMENT
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND AGREEEMENTS

KYOTO PROTOCOL
POSSIBLE SOLUTION TO CLIMATE CHANGE

ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE ENGINEERING

MITIGATION STRATEGIES

ADAPTATION MEASURES

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
 ROLES OF INDIVIDUAL IN
FIGHTING CLIMATE CHANGE

A. Lifestyle Changes
1. Energy Conservation
2 . S u s t a i n a b l e Tr a n s p o r t a t i o n
3. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

B. Advocacy and Activism

1. Supporting Climate-Friendly Policies
2. Participating in Community Initiatives
3 . S p r e a d i n g Aw a r e n e s s
POSSIBLE SOLUTION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
REFERENCE
https://geoengineering.global/direct-air-capture/

https://geoengineering.global/blue-carbon/

https://www.axios.com/2019/05/25/climate-change-earth-temperature-change

https://www.thetravel.com/is-venice-sinking/

https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2015/paris-climate-agreement-an-important-moral-victory-with-the-potential-for-

greatness/

https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol#:~:text=In%20short%2C%20the%20Kyoto%20Protocol,accordance%20with%20agreed

%20individual%20targets.

https://phys.org/news/2014-09-issues-seawall-japanese.html

https://saiplatform.org/our-work/news/sustainable-agricultural-practices-brought-to-life/

https://conferencemonkey.org/blog/engineering-solutions-to-fight-climate-change-1513622