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GR 11 LS Cellular Respiration Notes

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells obtain energy from oxygen and glucose, resulting in ATP, water, and carbon dioxide. There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration, which occurs in the presence of oxygen and produces more ATP, and anaerobic respiration, which occurs without oxygen and produces less ATP.

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730 views

GR 11 LS Cellular Respiration Notes

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells obtain energy from oxygen and glucose, resulting in ATP, water, and carbon dioxide. There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration, which occurs in the presence of oxygen and produces more ATP, and anaerobic respiration, which occurs without oxygen and produces less ATP.

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Grade 11 Life Sciences

Cellular respiration:
Respiration is the biochemical process in which the cells of an organism obtain
energy by combining oxygen and glucose, resulting in the release of carbon dioxide,
water, and energy (ATP).
The mitochondria is the site of aerobic cellular respiration in cells.

Diagram of a mitochondrion
Life processes that require energy:
 Breathing
 Growth (cell division)
 Movement
 Active transport
 Maintaining a constant body temperature

Energy is the ability to do work. The energy can take a wide variety of forms - heat
(thermal), light (radiant), mechanical, electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy.
There are two types of energy - stored (potential) energy and working (kinetic)
energy.
For example, the food you eat contains chemical energy, and your body stores this
energy until you release it when you work or play.

Aerobic Cellular Respiration


Aerobic respiration is respiration in the presence of oxygen.
Cellular respiration occurs in all plant and animal cells, providing the cells with
energy necessary to carry out life processes. The purpose of cellular respiration is to
break down glucose to release the stored chemical potential energy.

Aerobic respiration can be written as the following word equation:

Glucose + oxygen → Water + carbon dioxide + ATP (energy)

Aerobic cellular respiration is made up of 3 stages:


1. Glycolysis
2. Kreb’s cycle
3. Oxidative phosphorylation
1. Glycolysis
 Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
 Glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid.
 Energy rich H (hydrogen) atoms are given and move to the mitochondria to be
used during oxidative phosphorylation.
 2 ATP molecules are produced.

2. Krebs cycle
 Occurs in the mitochondria.
 Pyruvic acid (from Glycolysis) is broken down into carbon dioxide and energy
rich hydrogen atoms.
 The carbon dioxide will be transported in the blood to the lungs and is exhaled
during breathing.

3. Oxidative Phosphorylation
 Occurs in the mitochondria.
 The energy from the energy rich hydrogen carriers is used to make ATP.
 The H combines with oxygen to make water. This water is either exhaled as
water vapour or is excreted by the kidneys as part of the urine.
Anaerobic respiration
Respiration without oxygen. As shown in the figure below, the first major step in
producing ATP is glycolysis. What happens next depends on whether or not oxygen
is available. When oxygen is available, cells can use the Krebs cycle (citric acid
cycle) and the electron transport chain to make up to ATP molecules. This is called
aerobic respiration.

(Figure revised from Johnson and Raven, 2004, Biology, Holt Rinehart and Winston,
p. 110)

When oxygen is not available, cells go through anaerobic cellular respiration. In


plant cells pyruvic acid from glycolysis is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide in
a process called fermentation. Glycolysis plus anaerobic fermentation yields much
less ATP per glucose molecule than aerobic respiration, but this process is very
useful when O2 is not available.
When animal cells do not supply oxygen at a rate which is needed for aerobic
cellular respiration to occur, the cells too switch to anaerobic respiration where lactic
acid is formed, as glucose is incompletely broken down.
The process of alcoholic fermentation is represented as follows:

Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide + 2ATP

The process of lactic acid fermentation is represented as follows:

Glucose → lactic acid + 2ATP


The main differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration are:

Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration


Raw Materials Required Glucose and Oxygen Glucose
Products Carbon dioxide and water Ethanol and carbon
dioxide or lactic acid
Amount of Energy More ATP Less ATP

The word equation for anaerobic respiration, both in animal and plant cells:
Plant Cells

Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide + 2ATP

Animal Cells

Glucose → lactic acid + 2ATP

Anaerobic respiration in the industry:


 Production of beer
 Production of wine
 Baking bread
 Making cheese

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