CONTENTS

1 General 综述............................................................................................1

2 Earthworks 土方工程..............................................................................2

2.1 Codes and standards 标准规范...........................................................2

2.1.1 ASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials..................2

2.2 Material 土料......................................................................................3

2.2.1 General..........................................................................................3
2.2.2 Sources..........................................................................................3
2.2.3 Erosion and Dust Control..............................................................4

2.3 Site prepration 现场准备....................................................................4

2.3.1 Safety.............................................................................................4
2.3.2 Clearing and Striping....................................................................5

2.4 Excavation 开挖.................................................................................5

2.4.1 General..........................................................................................5
2.4.2 Sub Grade Preparation...................................................................5
2.4.3 Drainage of Areas to be filled........................................................5

2.5 Placement and Preparation of Fill 回填..............................................6

2.6 Embankment 堤坝..............................................................................6

2.6.1 Embankment for Water Reservoirs...............................................6

2.6.2 Outside Slope Protection of Embankment....................................7
2.6.3 Reservoir Seepage Control............................................................7

2.7 Compaction 压实..............................................................................10

 2.7.1 General........................................................................................10
2.7.2 Operating Procedure for Equipment............................................11
2.7.3 Moisture content..........................................................................13
2.7.4 Testing.........................................................................................14

2.8 Site Restoration 场地复用................................................................14

3 Concrete works 混凝土.........................................................................15

3.1 Codes and standards 标准规范.........................................................15

3.1.1 American Concrete Institute........................................................15

3.1.2 American Standards....................................................................15
3.1.3 British Standards.........................................................................16

3.2 Materials 材料..................................................................................17

3.2.1 General........................................................................................17
3.2.2 Cement........................................................................................18
3.2.3 Aggregates...................................................................................19
3.2.4 Reinforcement.............................................................................24
3.2.5 Formwork....................................................................................26
3.2.6 Special Material...........................................................................27

3.3 Concreting Workmanship 施工方法................................................29

3.3.1 Introduction.................................................................................29
3.3.2 Quality and Exposure..................................................................30
3.3.3 Mix Design..................................................................................31
3.3.4 Trial Mixes..................................................................................32
3.3.5 Mixing of Concrete.....................................................................34
3.3.6 Transportation and Cast of Concrete...........................................36
3.3.7 Compaction.................................................................................39
3.3.8 Curing..........................................................................................39

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 3.3.9 Surface Finishes (Excluding Formed Surface)............................41
3.3.10 Pre-Cast Concrete........................................................................42

3.4 Reinforcement 钢筋..........................................................................44

3.4.1 General........................................................................................44
3.4.2 Cutting and Bending....................................................................44
3.4.3 Fixing of Reinforcement.............................................................45
3.4.4 Laps and Joints............................................................................47

3.5 Formwork 模板.................................................................................48

3.5.1 General........................................................................................48
3.5.2 Design and Construction.............................................................48
3.5.3 Re-Use of Formwork...................................................................50
3.5.4 Stripping of Formwork................................................................50

4 Reservoir Level Measurement 库水位测量..........................................51

4.1 Locations for Measurements.............................................................51
4.2 Water Level Sensors.........................................................................52

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1 General 综述

Government of Sindh intends to develop a water supply project for Thar

area from Nabisar to Vajihar. Government may utilize this water for various
purposes including supply of water for public utilization or for power plants etc.
This document describes the technical specifications that are to be adopted
for civil works of Nabisar raw water reservoir, Nabisar clean water reservoir and
Vajihar product water reservoirs for Pakistan Nabisar to Vajihar water supply
project.
The project area is located in the district of Tharparkar desert area. The
water supply plant will be built at Nabisar, then transported the treated water by
pipeline about 61.74km to the product water reservoir at Vajihar. Nabisar raw
water and clean water reservoir will be built to store no less than 5.71 million m 3
water. Vajihar product water will be built to store no less than 3.52 million m 3
water.

Figure 1 Project location

1
2 Earthworks 土方工程

2.1 Codes and standards 标准规范

Unless otherwise specified, the works shall comply with the latest issue of
the following codes and standards.
Other standards may be used as long as they are considered to meet
standards equivalent to the international codes of practice listed below.
The final approval of standards other than those listed below shall be made
only by the Owner’s Engineer and his decision shall be deemed final. Any
design based on the below standards shall not be in conflict with the existing
laws and regulations of Pakistan.
Should the requirements of local standards and regulations be more onerous
than those of the relevant international standard then the local requirements shall
apply.
This list shall not be considered as exhaustive.

2.1.1 ASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials

(1) ASTM D-1556 Standards Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of
Soil in Place by the Sand-Cone Method (e1-1669) R (1996)
(2) ASTM D-1557 Test Method for Laboratory Compaction
Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf / ft. (2,700kN-m/m³)
(3) ASTM D-2216 Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination
of waters (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock.
(4) ASTM D-2922 Standard Test Method for Density of Soil and Soil-
Aggregate in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth) (AASHTO T238)
(5) ASTM D-3017 Standard Test Method for Water Content of Soil and
Rock in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)

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 (6) ASTM D-1241 Materials for soil-aggregate sub base, base and surface
courses.
(7) ASTM C-88 Method of Test for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of
Sodium Sulphate or Magnesium Sulphate
(8) ASTM C-97 Standard Test Method for Absorption and Bulk Specific
Gravity of Dimension Stone
(9) ASTM C-535 Test for Resistance to Degradation of Large Size Coarse
Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angles Machine
(10)ASTM 4318 Test Method for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit and Plasticity
Index of Soils
(11)USBR Earth Manual Relative Density of Cohesionless Soils 2nd
Edition, App. 2
(12)AASHTO Material Testing and Specification by the American
Association of State Highway Transportation Organisation
(13)BS 5930 Code of Practice for Site Investigations
(14)BS 8006 Code of Practice for Strengthened/Reinforced Soils and Other
Fills
(15)BS 1377 Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes
(16)BS 1924 Stabilized materials for civil engineering purposes. Methods
of Test for Cement Stabilised and Lime Stabilised Materials

2.2 Material 土料

2.2.1 General

For construction work at each geographical location, earthwork design

requirements shall be developed to make best use of such soil, where possible.

2.2.2 Sources

The excavated materials of reservoirs are mainly clay and sand in site area,

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and will be choosed as embankment fillback materials after selection.

2.2.3 Erosion and Dust Control

Erosion of land subject to earthwork construction is a concern to the

Company. Erosion and the associated potential for pollution of the site and
nearby waters shall be avoided. Provisions to control erosion and avoid damage
to the environment at the construction and/or borrow site shall be made.
• On terrain where surface erosion may occur, acceptable methods for
controlling erosion shall be specified, including grass, silt fences etc. the
Contractor shall specify the grass type and minimum number of times of the
grass shall be cut.
• Silt fences composed of geo-textile material may be required to prevent
excessive erosion.
• Provision shall be made to control windblown dust caused by exposing
large areas of ground without vegetation. Measures to control dust include
routine watering and seeding of stock piled soils.

2.3 Site prepration 现场准备

2.3.1 Safety

（1）Underground Utilities / Installations

The Contractor shall check all available drawings to establish the path of
existing pipes, cable, etc. with the intend to avoid any damage to existing
facilities. Caution shall be exercised when using excavation machinery due to
the potential for undocumented or improperly charted lines. Where there is a
possibility of damage to such installation, hand excavation shall be used.

（2）Excavation Precautions

Barriers yellow strips and warning devices such as flashing caution lights
shall be placed around all excavations, especially where excavation are
unattended, to indicate that a hazard exists in the immediate vicinity. When a

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number of excavations are in close proximity, protection may be provided either
by enclosing the entire area with such devices or by providing a protection
device for each open hole.

2.3.2 Clearing and Striping

Within construction areas all trees, brush, stumps and logs shall be removed
and properly disposed. Stripping shall also be conducted in all excavation and
fill areas.
• Where Topsoil shall be removed to a depth of 0.5 m and shall be
stockpiled for use in finish grading.
• Any artificial fill or rubbish organic, vegetation or other deleterious
material encountered in the stripping operation shall be removed to its full depth
and disposed off.

2.4 Excavation 开挖

2.4.1 General

The earthwork shall be interrupted if unsuitable soil is encountered at the

specified final excavation depth or if rock is encountered before reaching the
specified final excavation depth. All debris foreign material shall be removed
from excavation. The information shall be notified.

2.4.2 Sub Grade Preparation

After the excavations are completed to the specified elevation, the sub
grade shall be inspected for soft spots or depression prior to the construction of
the facilities or the placement of any fill material. Soft spots or material with
poor bearing capacity shall be removed to a depth acceptable.

2.4.3 Drainage of Areas to be filled

Prior to placing fill in any area, grading shall be performed as required to

provide for drainage. Groundwater shall be sufficiently controlled to maintain a

5
dry excavation so that sub grade inspection and proper fill compaction can be
undertaken. When an excavation does become flooded, it shall be dewatered and
all muck removed before moving equipment and performing any foundation
work.

2.5 Placement and Preparation of Fill 回填

Excavated material is planned to be used for construction embankments.

Filling shall begin in the lowest section of the area and be spread in layers
or “lifts”, as specified. The surface of each layer shall be approximately
horizontal but shall be provided with sufficient longitudinal and transverse slope
to provide for runoff of surface water from every point.
• Fill layer thickness guidance is provided below, but lift required
thickness is depended on source material characteristics and may, therefore, be
modified from the value noted in the following Section.
• Fill operations shall be conducted so that no obstruction to drainage from
other sections of the fill area is created at any time. Sumps, if required, shall be
continuously maintained in effective operating condition.
• Each layer of fill shall be inspected prior to compaction. All visible roots,
vegetation or debris shall be removed. If deleterious material is not properly
removed or if fill gradation is sufficiently outside of specifications, the fill will
be rejected and removed.

2.6 Embankment 堤坝

2.6.1 Embankment for Water Reservoirs

The material under this item shall conform to the following specification.
• Contractor shall use AASHTO Class A-1, A-2, A-3 or A-4 soil as
specified in AASHTO M145 or other materials as specified previously for Fill
Type “A” and “B”.
• Swell value of the material for embankment formation shall not exceed
0.3 percent.
• The slopes of the embankment shall be properly protected according to

6
the Drawings.
• The Contractor may propose any suitable material according to local
conditions without any extra cost.
The material for embankment shall be placed in horizontal layers of
uniform thickness and conformity with the lines, grades, sections and
dimensions shown on the Drawings. The layers of loose material other than rock
shall be not more than 20 cm thick.
The material shall be placed in layers to the designated depth for formation
of embankment and shall be compacted to 95% maximum dry density.
Material for embankment at locations inaccessible to normal compacting
equipment shall be placed in horizontal layers of loose material not more than
15 cm thick and compacted to the densities specified above by the use of
mechanical tempers or other appropriate equipment.
The top surface of the embankment should be graded to drain off the
rainwater properly.

2.6.2 Outside Slope Protection of Embankment

The outside slope of embankment will be exposed to air with a gentle slope
and covered with thick grass or similar vegetation to prevent erosion.

2.6.3 Reservoir Seepage Control

In order to avoid loss of water from reservoirs (ground and embankment),

reservoir lining shall be provided with impermeable layer of HDPE.
The following technical specifications are related to the HDPE geo-
membrane and geotextile of the reservoirs.
(1) HDPE geomembrane
HDPE geo-membranes used for the Works shall be all with uniform width
of not less than 5m, complying with all the ASTM / European requirements and
tests.
The following table defines indicative properties for the HDPE liners and

7
valid for 1.0 mm thickness only.

Table 1 Salient parameter for HDPE geomembrane

Typical properties Test method Test value
Thickness(mm) ASTM D-5199 1.00±10%
Density (min) (g/cc) ASTM D-1505/792 0.94 g/cc
Carbon black content (%) ASTM D-4218 2.0-3.0%
Tensile properties (min. ave) ASTM D-6693
Yield strength(kN/m) ASTM D-6693 15kN/m
Break strength(kN/m) ASTM D-6693 26kN/m
Yield elongation (%) ASTM D-6693 12%
Break elongation (%) ASTM D-6693 700%
Tear resistance
ASTM D-1004 125N
(min. ave) (N)
Puncture resistance
ASTM D-4833 320N
(min. ave) (N)
Stress crack resistance (hr.) ASTM D-5397 200 hr.

(2) Geotextile
Table 2 Salient parameter for geotextile
Type Associated
Test Unit
Standards
测试项目 A B 单位
测试标准
Weight 250 400 g/m2 ASTM D5261
Tensile strength(MD/CD)
≥10 ≥20 kN/m ASTM D4595
断裂强度
Rupture strength(MD/CD )
≥250 ≥500 N ASTM D4533
撕破强力
Tensile
elongation(MD/CD)
20-100 % ASTM D4595
断裂伸长率

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 CBR puncture strength
≥1.8 ≥3.2 KN ASTM D6241
顶破强力
Apparent opening size O90
0.07-0.20 mm ASTM D4751
等效孔径
The Contractor might propose alternative geo-membrane and geotextile,
provided it complies with the Design Requirements and the present Technical
Specifications.
(3) Installation
All sealing works and tests on the quality of the geo-membrane shall be
carried out according to relevant ASTM standards or European standards, all in
their latest edition.
• Placement of liner sheets
The execution works of a sealing layer (especially welding of the
connection between the liner sheets etc.) shall not cause any damage to the
under layers.
The placement works and the execution of the seams shall be carried out by
workers wearing adapted rubber boots.
Throughout all the execution period, the Contractor shall take care to
prevent the liners from moving/fluttering in the wind, by laying sufficient
quantities of sand bags filled with clean sand without lumps and/or stones, or
other type of weights, on top of the sheets. It is forbidden to drag the sand bags
and/or the weight over the sheets.
• Joining the sheets
All welded/joined surfaces in the liners must be free of dust, grease and
other dirt throughout the duration of the welding work. Sharp protrusions and
edges shall be removed to avoid stress concentration.
Joining works shall begin when relaxation of tensile stresses (induced in
the geo-membrane liners during the manufacturing processes) have occurred
next to their installation. No folds and wrinkles shall be present when welding is

9
performed.
• Connections of liners to concrete installation
Before connecting the sheets to any installation, the related earthwork base
is properly compacted, in order to avoid differential settlement when hydrostatic
loading will be imposed on the base. Before connecting the sheets to the
structure, the Contractor shall smooth out the concrete surface so that
bumps/dents/waves are avoided. In the locations where a metal profile is
installed for connecting the geo-membrane, the finished concrete surface shall
be, as far as possible, at the same level as the metal profile. The outer corner of
the structure, below the liner, shall be rounded in order to prevent any liner
damage.
(4) Quality control of geomembrane
The following quality tests shall be carried out:
• Geo-membrane and geotextile quality and completeness before
transportation to the site and before lying.
• Quality tests of factory connection before transportation to the site.
• Checking of connections, welding and seam executed on site.

2.7 Compaction 压实

2.7.1 General

Compaction designates any of the possible procedures used to increase the

density of soil by some form of rolling or tamping as distinct from static, dead
weight loading.
The objective of compaction is to reduce soil compressibility by increasing
its in-place density. The soil in question is usually a loosely dumped fill or a soft
or weak natural soil formation. Acceptance of compaction shall be performance
based where some minimum density is specified – usually related to a
percentage of the soil’s relative density.
(1) Factors Controlling Density

10
 There are three main factors controlling achievable density of soil by
compaction:
• Moisture content
• Compaction effort
• Soil characteristics (particle size, gradation and shape)
• Proper control of Items 1 and 2 for a given soil type is the key to
success.
(2) Selection of Equipment
Selection of equipment should be restricted primarily for the purpose of
excluding types that are unsuitable or inadequate for job condition, but the
choice shall not be limited to one type of compaction equipment. The type of
compaction equipment shall be selected based on the type of fill and site
conditions.
If the proposed equipment type is inadequate or unsuitable, then the
Contractor shall be required to select and furnish an alternate approved type; or
the Contractor may demonstrate by field trial, conducted at its own expense, that
the originally proposed equipment is satisfactory.

2.7.2 Operating Procedure for Equipment

The compaction equipment shall be operated to make a minimum of three

passes over each section of fill layer. Successive passes shall overlap the
adjacent pass by not less than 10 percent. Passes made over material that is not
in compliance with moisture content or other specification requirements will not
be considered.
Compaction equipment and methods are summarized below. As shown on
table, a number of variables will affect the selection of the appropriate
compaction equipment. Numerous equipment variations exist and availability
will depend to a large degree on the local market.
Table 3 Compaction equipment variables

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 Requirements for Compaction of 95 – 100%
Standard Proctor Maximum Density
Possible
Equipment Compacted
Applicability Variation in
Type Lift Passes or Dimensions and Weight of
Equipment
Thickness Coverage Equipment
mm*
Sheep foot For fine grained 150 4-6 Soil Foot Foot For earth dam,
Rollers soil or dirty coverage Type contact contact highway and
coarse grained for fine- area cm² pressure airfield work,
soil with more grained kg/cm² drum of 1.5m
than 20% sieve. soil, 6-8 Fine 35-80 17-35 diameter, loaded
Particularly passes for grained to. 1.5-3 tons per
appropriate for coarse- soil lineal ft of drum
compaction of grained PI>30 generally are used.
impervious zone soil. Fine 45-90 14-28 For smaller
for earth dam or grained Projects a 1m
linings where soil diameter drum,
bonding of lifts is Pi<30 loaded to 0.75-
important. Coarse 25-90 10-17 1.75 tons per lineal
grained ft of drum, is used.
soil Foot contact
pressure shall be
regulated to avoid
shearing the soil
on the third or
fourth pass.
Rubber Tire For clean coarse 250 3-8 Tire inflation of 4-5kg/m² for Wide variety of
Rollers grained soil with coverage clean granular materiel or base rubber tire
4-8% passing the course and sub grade compaction. compaction is
No. 200 sieve Wheel load 8-11 ton. available. For
(For fine grained 150-200 4-6 Tire inflation pressure in excess cohesive soil,
soil or well- coverage of 4.5kg/cm² for fine grained soil light-wheel loads,
graded, dirty of high plasticity. For uniform such as wobble-
coarse grained clean sands or silty fine sands, use wheel equipment,
soil with more large size tires with pressure of may be substituted
than 8% passing 2.5-3.5kg/cm². for heavy-wheel
the No. 200 sieve) load if lift
thickness is
decreased. For
cohesion less soils,
large-size tires are
desirable to avoid

12
 Requirements for Compaction of 95 – 100%
Standard Proctor Maximum Density
Possible
Equipment Compacted
Applicability Variation in
Type Lift Passes or Dimensions and Weight of
Equipment
Thickness Coverage Equipment
mm*
shear and rutting.
Smooth Appropriate for 200-300 4 coverage Tandem type rollers for base Three-wheel roller
Wheel sub grade or base course or sub grade compaction, obtainable in wide
Rollers course 10-15 tons weight 55-90kg with a range of size two-
compaction of linear cm of width of rear roller. wheel tandem
well-graded sand- rollers are
gravel mixture available in the
(May be used for 150-200 6 coverage Three-wheel roller for compaction range of 1-20 ton
fine-grained soil of fine grained soil; Weights from weight. Three-axle
other than in earth 5-6 tons for materials of low tandem rollers are
dams. Not plasticity to 10 tons for materials generally used in
suitable for clean of high plasticity. the range of 10-20
well-graded sands tons weight. Very
or silt uniform heavy rollers are
sands) used for proof
rolling of sub
grade or base
course.
Vibrating For coarse 200-250 3 coverage Single pads or plates shall weigh Vibrating pads or
Base plate grained soil with no less than 90kg. May be used in plates area
Compactors less than about tandem where working space is available, hand
12% passing the available. For clean coarse propelled or self-
No. 200 sieve. grained soil, vibration frequency propelled single or
Best suited for shall be no less than 1,600 in gangs, with
materials with 4- cycles/minute. width of coverage
8% passing No. from 0.45-4.5m.
200, placed Various types of
thoroughly wet. vibrating-drum
equipment shall be
considered for
compaction in
large areas.
*Actual compacted lift thickness will be defined dependent on site conditions and approval from

Owner’s Engineer.

2.7.3 Moisture content

13
 Density obtainable for soil with a given compaction effort is strongly
dependent on the moisture content at the time of compaction. Therefore,
compaction shall be performed only when the fill material is in an approved
moisture content condition.
(1) Modification of Moisture Content
The Contractor shall furnish equipment for modifying the moisture content
of fill material. When the fill material falls out of the required range, the
Contractor shall operate such equipment to achieve the necessary correction
with the minimum loss of time.
Addition of water shall be accomplished by methods that will distribute the
added water evenly and in a controlled manner over the fill.
Reduction in water content shall be accomplished by approved aeration
methods.
No fill shall be placed until approved types of equipment for aeration and
water addition are on site and demonstrated to be in satisfactory operating
condition.
(2) Verification of Moisture Content
To verify moisture content of soil to be compacted, the methods described
in ASTM D-2216 or ASTM D-3017 shall be used. To confirm that in situ field
densities have been achieved ASTM D-1556 or ASTM D-2922 tests shall be
performed.

2.7.4 Testing

All in-place testing shall be performed by an approved geotechnical

laboratory, including the additional tests in areas where compaction is found to
be unacceptable. Test certificates shall be issued promptly.
Should any certificate indicate inadequate compaction, the Contractor shall
remove any material that has been placed above the layer in the area where the
test was performed. This fill section layer shall be reconstructed in an approved

14
manner. The Contractor can establish its own laboratory, while all tests shall be
witness/ supervised.

2.8 Site Restoration 场地复用

At the completion of all construction work, the site shall be graded to

provide for the runoff of surface drainage without trapping or pending water. If
necessary, seeding shall be provided to prevent erosion of distributed soil.

3 Concrete works 混凝土

3.1 Codes and standards 标准规范

Unless otherwise specified, the works shall comply with the latest issue of
the following codes and standards.
Other standards may be used as long as they are considered to meet
standards equivalent to the international codes of practice listed below.
The final approval of standards other than those listed below shall be made
only by the Owner’s Engineer and his decision shall be deemed final. Any
design based on the below standards shall not be in conflict with the existing
laws and regulations of Pakistan.
Should the requirements of local standards and regulations be more onerous
than those of the relevant international standard then the local requirements shall
apply.
This list shall not be considered as exhaustive.

3.1.1 American Concrete Institute

ACI 211 Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for normal, heavy
weight and mass concrete

15
 ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete
ACI 305 R Hot Weather Concrete
ACI 207 4R -80(86) Cooling and Insulation System for Mass Concrete
ACI 121R Quality Management System for Concrete Construction

3.1.2 American Standards

ASTM C39 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical

Concrete Specimen
ASTM C289 Test Method for Potential Alkali-Silica Reactivity of
Aggregates (Chemical Method)
ASTM C33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates
ASTM C150 Standard Specification for Portland Cement
ASTM C109 Test Method Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement
Mortars
ASTM C579 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Chemical Resistant
Mortars and Monolithic Surfacing
ASTM A615 Specification for deformed and plain billet-steel bars for
concrete reinforcement

3.1.3 British Standards

BS 12Specification for Portland Cement

BS 812 Testing Aggregates
BS 882 Specification for aggregates from natural sources for concrete
BS 1521 Waterproof Building Papers
BS 1881 Methods of Testing Concrete
BS 3148 Test for Water for Making Concrete (including notes on the
suitability of water)
BS 4027 Specification for Sulphate Resisting Portland cement
BS 4408 Recommendations for non-destructive tests for concrete

16
 BS 4449 Carbon Steel Bars for the reinforcement of concrete
BS4461 Cold Worker Steel Bars for the reinforcement of concrete
BS 4483 Steel Fabric for the Reinforcement of Concrete
BS 8666 Bending dimensions and schedules of bars for reinforcement of
concrete
BS 5075 Part 1 - Concrete Admixtures
BS 5328 Specifying Concrete, including ready-mixed concrete
BS 5606 Guide to Accuracy in Buildings
BS 5628 Code of Practice for Use of Masonry
Part 1 Structural Use of Un-reinforced Masonry
Part 2 Structural Use of Reinforced and Prestressed Masonry
Part 3 Material and Components - Design and Workmanship
BS 5750 Quality Systems (See also BS EN 9000 to 9004)
BS 6073 Specification for Precast Concrete Masonry Units (with
amendments 3944, 4462, 4508)
BS 7263 Part 1 - Specification for Precast Concrete kerbs, channels,
edgings and quadrants
BS 8007 Design and Concrete Structures for Retaining Aqueous Liquids
BS 8110 Part 1 - Structural Use of Concrete
BS EN 196 Methods of Testing Cement

3.2 Materials 材料

3.2.1 General

The objective of the Specification for Concrete Works is to produce a

durable concrete with low permeability and of consistent quality at the specified
level throughout the work.
The Contractor shall submit samples of materials proposed for use in the
works for approval. The Contractor shall include specifications, tests and name

17
of source and Contractor of the materials. The Owner’s Engineer shall have
access to all the sources of supply for the purpose of inspection and sample
taking.
The Contractor shall obtain the Owner’s Engineer’s approval in writing for
all material included in the concrete works before commencement of the work.
Any changes of either materials or source of supply requires the written
approval by the Owner’s Engineer. The Owner’s Engineer has the right to reject
any material, which does not meet the relevant standards.
All materials for the works shall be new and have the properties as
specified and approved.
The approved samples shall be representative of the delivered materials. All
materials shall be delivered to the batching site well in advance of the envisaged
use in order to enable onsite testing of the delivered materials.
The materials shall be tested regularly and at a frequency to ensure
continuous compliance with the Specifications. New deliveries shall be tested
before use.
Materials shall be transported, handled and stored in such manner as to
prevent damage, deterioration, or contamination.

3.2.2 Cement

All Cement shall be “Ordinary Portland Cement” from approved source

and shall either comply with:
• BS12, or with
• ASTM C150-Type.
The cement shall be low alkali cement and it shall contain: Max. 0.6 %
alkali (Na2O+0.658K2O).
The tricalcium aluminate content shall be as high as possible without
creating undesired effects and shall not cause disruption of the concrete from
reaction with sulphates.

18
 The heat of hydration at 7 days (ASTM-C-186) shall be: 325 kJ/kg cement
(maximum).
The specific surface (BS 4550) shall be: 325 m²/kg cement (maximum).
The cement shall be delivered with manufacturer’s test certificate. The
certificate shall include the following information:
The manufacturer’s bulk average test results for the manufacturing batch
including chemical composition and physical properties determined in
accordance with the approved cement Specification.
The date and the place of the cement manufacturing shall be reported.
The date and the place of the original loading and the date of the intended
delivery to the batching site shall be reported.
Damaged bags or barrels and any cement the Owner’s Engineer considers
unsatisfactory shall be rejected. Bags which have been opened before being used
shall be rejected. Cement affected by water or dump conditions shall be rejected.
Any rejected cement shall be removed immediately from the site.
Where bulk cement delivery is used, the Contractor shall provide all
information concerning off-site storage and loading arrangements.
The entire cement shall be stored and transported in a suitable way to keep
it dry and cool. The cement shall be stored in a dry waterproof building or silo.
It shall be ensured that no condensation during storage will occur not even at
high humidity. Bagged cement shall be stored off the ground in an approved
manner. Different types of cement shall be stored in separate areas and shall be
clearly marked.
(1) Quality Control
The Contractor shall at a minimum record the checking on the following
items:
Materials tests including all items mentioned in the Specification and the
BS and ASTM standards. Any material test will only be valid for 3 (three)
months. Materials not used within this period shall be removed or re-tested.

19
 Checking of delivery note and certificate of cement upon arrival on the
washing bay for all deliveries.
Regular checking of temperature and humidity where the cement is stored:
minimum once every working day.

3.2.3 Aggregates

(1) General
All material used as aggregates shall be obtained from approved sources
known to produce aggregates for concrete of the required quality.
The aggregates shall not cause any damage to or weakening of the
concrete. The materials shall be chemically inert, strong, hard, durable, of
limited porosity and free from adhering coatings, clay lumps, coal and organic
or other impurities that may cause corrosion of the reinforcement or may impair
the strength or durability of the concrete.
The maximum size of the aggregates shall be larger than 1/5 of the smallest
dimension of the member to be cast or larger than 3/4 of the smallest distance
between items embedded in the concrete or between items in the concrete and
the formwork or the existing concrete face.
All aggregates shall be stored and handed in a manner preventing the
aggregates from segregating or being contaminated. The aggregates shall be
stored in silos or on a clean concrete slab with a slope effectively draining the
slab. Each type and grading of aggregates shall be completely separated from
other by thing and durable walls of concrete or equal. The stored aggregates
shall be covered with sheeting and provided with shading.
The aggregate temperature shall be kept as low as possible.
(2) Fine Aggregates
The aggregates shall be natural or crushed sand.
The limits for deleterious substances and physical property shall comply
with the following:

20
 Grading: M or F according to BS 882.
Fine material: Max. 3 % by weight finer than 75 microns.
Shells: Max. 1 % voided shells.
Chlorides: Max. 0.05 % by weight acid soluble Cl.
Sulphates: Max. 0.3 % by weight acid soluble SO3.
Magnetite: Max. 2.5 % by weight.
Mica, loam, clay, silt, dust and any vegetable or saline or other impurities:
Max. 1.0 % by weight and Max. 3.0 % by volume.
Absorption of Magnesium sulphate: Max. 2.0 %.
Soundness weight loss: Max. 10.0 % after five cycles.
Organic impurities: Colour lighter than reference standard colour.
Alkali reactivity: Expansion less than 0.05 % after 3 months.
Drying shrinkage: Max. 0.05 %.
The fine aggregate shall be uniformly graded and when tested in
accordance with relevant standards (ASTM and BS) shall meet in following
requirement:
Table 4 Grading of fine aggregates
Sieve Designation (mm) % Passing by weight
9.50 (3/8 incl.) 100
4.75 (No.4) 90-100
1.18 (No. 16) 45-85
0.30 (No. 50) 10-30
0.15 (No.100) 2-10
0.075 (No.200) 0-3
Quality Control:
The Contractor shall record as minimum the checking on the following
items:
• Materials test including all items mentioned in Specification and
according to the BS and ASTM standards.

21
 • Checking of density notes of all types of aggregates upon arrival on the
washing bay for all deliveries.
• Checking of aggregates temperature during concrete mixing.
(3) Coarse Aggregates
The aggregates shall be natural or crushed aggregates obtained from an
approved source.
Aggregates shall at a minimum be delivered to the bathing site in 3 separate
size groups as required for the different grades of concrete.
The limits of deleterious substances and physical property shall comply
with the following:
Fine material: Max. 1.0 % finer than 75 microns.
Chlorides: Max. 0.02 % by weight acid soluble Cl.
Sulphates: Max. 0.3 % by weight acid soluble SO2.
Magnetite: Max. 2.5 % by weight.
Combustible particles: Max. 1.0 % by weight.
Absorption: Max. 1.5 %.
Flakiness index: Max. 25 %.
Clay lumps and friable particles: Max. 1.0 %.
Magnesium sulphate soundness weight loss: Max. 10.0 % after five cycles.
Alkali reactivity: Expansion less than 0.05 % after 3 months.
Drying shrinkage: Max. 0.05 %.
Los Angeles abrasion test: Loss 100 / loss 500 ≤ 0.2
Quality Control:
The Contractor shall record as a minimum the checking on the following
items:
• Materials tests including all items mentioned in the Specification and
according to the BS and ASTM standards.
• Checking of delivery notes of all types of aggregates upon arrival on the
washing bay all deliveries.
• Checking of aggregate temperature during concrete mixing.

22
 (4) Material Tests and Frequencies
Table 5 Material tests and frequencies
Required Test Test Method Frequency
Grading BS 812, Part 103 Two times a week, or in
case changes are suspected
Material finer than 0.075 mm BS 812, Part 103 Each new coming change
Clay lumps friable particles ASTM C142 Each new coming change
Specific gravity ASTM Each new coming change
C128/C127
Water absorption ASTM Each new coming change
C128/C127
Shell content BS 812, Part 106 Each new coming change
Particle shape BS 812, Part 105 Each new coming change
Acid soluble chlorides (Cl) BS 812, Part 117 Each month or each source
of supply
Acid soluble sulphates (SO2) BS 812, Part 118 Each new coming change
Soundness (Mg SO4) ASTM C88 Each new coming change
Mechanical strength 10 % BS 812, Part 111, Each source of supply
fines value Part 112
Moisture variation in all Oven dried Once every concreting day
aggregates
Drying shrinkage BS 812, Part 120 Each source of supply
Potential reactivity of ASTM C295 and Each new coming change
aggregates C289
Potential reactivity of ASTM C586 Each new coming change
carbonate
Potential reactivity of cement ASTM C214 and Each new coming change
aggregate combination C227
(5) Water for Concrete
Water for use in concrete and for curing shall be obtained from an approved
source. The water shall not affect the strength and durability of the concrete or
the mortar and shall not create discoloration of the hardened concrete or affect
the reinforcement.
The water shall be clean and de-mineralized and shall comply with the
following:
PH Value: Max. 8.5 – Min. 6.5.
Total dissolvent solids: Max. 2000 ppm.

23
 Suspended solids: Max. 2000 ppm.
Chloride as Cl: Max. 500 ppm.
Sulphates as SO3: Max. 1000 ppm.
Alkali HCO3/CO2: Max. 1000 ppm.
The water shall be stored in clean covered tank and protected from any
contamination.
The water shall be kept cool and the temperature of water added to the
concrete shall be the lowest possible.
In hot periods crushed ice from an approved source of water may be used.
Quality Control:
The Contractor shall record as a minimum the checking on the following
items.
• Laboratory test of water.
• Temperature of water during concrete mixing.
(6) Admixture
Admixture shall be products manufactured for use in concrete. All effects
of the admixture on fresh and on the hardened concrete shall be well
documented by the manufacturer and the admixture shall have a proven record
for use under similar condition.
Admixture containing chlorides or nitrates shall not be approved.
The Contractor shall submit a comprehensive technical description and
recommendation for handling and use from the manufacturer. When more than
one admixture is to be used, the compatibility of the materials shall have been
have ascertained by tests and approved in writing by the manufacturer(s).
Admixtures shall be handled and stored according to the manufacture’s
recommendations. The materials shall be protected from any contamination.
Quality Control:
The Contractor shall record as a minimum the checking of delivery note
upon arrival on the batching site for all deliveries.

24
3.2.4 Reinforcement

(1) General
All materials for the works shall be new and have the properties as
specified and approved.
The materials shall be tested or provided with a satisfactory test certificate
from the manufacturer for approval.
All materials shall be delivered to the site well in advance of use to enable
testing on site of the delivered materials if required.
Materials shall be transported, handled and stored on site or elsewhere in
such manner as to prevent damage or contamination.
Materials not approved shall be removed immediately from the site at the
Contractor expense.
(2) Reinforcement Steel
All steel bars shall be high tensile round deformed bars of grade 460 Type 2
bars complying with BS 4449 or ASTM A615 with yield strength of 425 MPa.
The Contractor shall submit a copy of the mill test report for each lot of
steel reinforcement bars proposed for use in the works.
The bars in each lot shall be legibly tagged by the manufacturer. The tag
shall show the manufacturer’s test number and lot number and other applicable
data that will identify the material with the certificate issued for the lot of steel.
The Contractor shall submit certificates for each type and size of bars
showing heat number from which the bars have been fabricated.
The Contractor shall submit certificates for each type and size of bars
confirming that samples taken from the bars delivered to the site meet the
requirements of the re-bend test.
The method of sampling, testing and the frequency of tests shall be in
accordance with BS 4449.
Fabricated reinforcement mats shall conform to the requirements of ASTM

25
A184 or ASTM A185.
All reinforcement shall be clean and free from materials that may cause
corrosion of the reinforcement or disintegration of the concrete. The steel bars
shall be free from pitting, loose rust, mill scale, paint, oil, greaser or other
materials that may impair the bond between the concrete and the reinforcement.
When required the Contractor shall take sample from reinforcement
delivered to the site and shall arrange for the samples to be tested by an
approved testing agency.
Reinforcement shall be stored on properly constructed racks at least 150
mm above ground level. The storage, cutting and bending of steel reinforcement
shall be carried out under cover on an approved free draining concrete platform.
All steel reinforcement shall be protected from humidity and salt laden dew
when stored.
Sheets of mesh fabric shall be flat unless specified as bent, and any
tendency to curve or twist shall be corrected by the Contractor before fixing.
Mesh fabric shall not be supplied in rolls.
Reinforcement shall be stored on properly constructed racks at least 150
mm above ground level. The storage, cutting and bending of steel reinforcement
shall be carried out under cover on an approved free draining concrete platform.
All steel reinforcement shall be protected from humidity when stored.
Quality Control:
• Checking of steel certificates for all types and size of bars.
• Checking of delivery notes for all types and sizes of bars
• Visual inspection of steel when delivered to the site.
• Checking of storage for steel.
3.2.5 Formwork

(1) General
Formwork used for concrete shall be constructed of materials or lined with
materials as may be necessary to achieve to specified finishes.

26
 All materials shall be new or of a quality similar to a new material.
Materials shall be smooth, clean and free from warping, twisting or any other
deformation.
All materials shall be delivered to the site well in advance of elsewhere in
such manner as to prevent damage.
Formwork not approved for use immediately is removed from the site at the
Contractor’s expense.
(2) Formwork for not Visible Surfaces
For the not visible surfaces as inside channels, foundations, valve
chambers, etc.
Formwork shall be constructed of suitable prepared plywood, sheet metal
plates or other suitable material to meet the related requirement of its concrete
surface.
The Contractor shall record as a minimum the visual inspection of the
formwork when delivered to the site.
(3) Formwork for Visible Surfaces
For the visible surfaces, including channel valve chambers and trench
reservoir, formwork shall be constructed of suitable prepared plywood or other
suitable material to meet the related requirement of its concrete surface.
This shall produce a uniform smooth finish of high quality, with even, true
and clean areas for exposed concrete. The finished concrete surface is only
accepted with minor blemishes, and there shall be no staining or discoloration
from release agents, formwork materials or any source.
The forms shall be designed to have as few joints as possible. Joins and tie
rods shall be arranged in a uniform pattern. Joints between sheets shall be
arranged to coincide with architectural feature such as opening or changes of
plane.
Quality Control:
The Contractor shall at a minimum record the checking on the following

27
items:
• Visual inspection of the formwork when delivered to the site.
3.2.6 Special Material

(1) Concrete for lining of Reservoirs

Concrete for lining of reservoir shall be designed to avoid cracks because
of the high temperature variations, with very high temperature during the day
and considerably low temperature during the night. Effects of temperature
variation become critical considering the sandy excavated surface geology on
which the lining will be placed. The Contractor shall provide fiber reinforced
concrete or any admixture in concrete to avoid the cracks.
(2) Material for Injection in Construction Joints and Cracks
Any injection resins used for injection of joints or voids in concrete
structures shall have a proven record for use under similar conditions.
The Contractor shall submit documentation for the materials and a test
report for its use. The documentation shall include information on material
constituents, on viscosity, strength, elastic modulus, temperature deformation,
change in performance at high temperatures, resistance to water, organic
solvents, aggressive ground water, acid and alkalis and estimation of the service
life when used under the actual conditions.
The viscosity and elasticity of the injection resin shall be determined in
relation to the type of injection.
The injection resins for construction joints shall be synthetic adhesive
epoxy resin with an adhesion and tensile strength of not less than the concrete
tensile strength.
The injection resin for cracks with leaking water shall be two components
synthetic resign with modified polyurethane base which - once injected into the
concrete voids -polymerizes into a dense ductile mass.
The injection resin for dry cracks with movements shall be two components

28
modified acrylic resins which polymerizes into an elastic mass and fills the
crack.
It shall be possible to inject the resin directly into the concrete structure at
an adjustable pressure up to minimum of 300 bars at temperature up to 50°C.
The injection resin shall be handled and stored according to the
manufacture’s recommendations.
The Contractor shall ensure that the materials are ready for use. The date of
manufacture shall be documented.
The Owner’s Engineer may reject any materials which does not meet the
relevant standards.
Quality Control:
The Contractor shall record as a minimum the checking on the delivery
notes and the date of manufacture.
(3) Material for fixing of Dowels and Anchors
Dowels and anchors shall be fixed with an adhesive resin fulfilling the
general requirements for this application.
The resin and any associated fixing system shall be two-component
synthetic adhesive epoxy resins, documented by the manufacturer as being
suitable for the purpose. The bond to steel and concrete shall be higher than pull-
out strength of the concrete at all temperatures up to 100°C.

3.3 Concreting Workmanship 施工方法

3.3.1 Introduction

The objective of the Specification for concreting workmanship is to

produce a durable concrete with low permeability and of consistent high quality.
The Contractor shall have selected sound materials suitable to meet the
requirements, and he shall design and make a concrete mix of an optimal
composition with these materials. The Contractor shall execute the works in a

29
way that he will achieve a homogeneous, well compacted concrete, with a min.
content of air voids and with an even distribution of constituent materials. The
concrete shall be supported, protect and for the necessary period ensuring that it
hardens without forming any crack due to shrinkage, thermal forces, overloading
or any other event that may harm the concrete after casting.
The Contractor shall submit detailed description of all work method,
equipment and plant intended to be used. The Contractor shall execute all trials
and tests as specified and submit detailed reports for all trial and tests.
The Contractor shall obtain the Owner’s Engineer’s approval in writing for
the concrete mixing arrangement. Any changes in the Arrangement shall be
approved by the Owner’s Engineer in writing. The Owner’s Engineer has the
right to reject any mixing arrangement that does not meet the relevant standards.
For ready mixed concrete the Contractor shall submit a description of the
ready mix plant and describe the method of transportation for the concrete.
The Owner’s Engineer may reject any trials and tests that do not meet the
relevant standards.
The Specification for Concrete Works is based on the latest editions of the
following documentation:
• BS 8110: Part 1 and Codes of Practice
• ACI 305 R Recommendations
• Relevant BS and ASTM standards
3.3.2 Quality and Exposure

The concrete shall be designed, mixed, cast, compacted, protected and

cured in a way that will produce a durable concrete, taking into account the
harsh environment and the special requirement to be met for hot weather
concreting.
(1) Concrete Grades
The Contractor shall produce the following grade and quality of concrete
and shall use at different locations:

30
 Table 6 Concrete grade
Class / Description C35 C30 C20
Compressive cube 35 30 20
strength f' cu (Mpa) (1:3:6 nominal.
mix.)
Compressive cylinder 28 22 15
strength f' cu (Mpa)
Cement Type Ordinary Ordinary Ordinary
Portland Portland Portland
Min. cement content 325 300 As appropriate
(Kg/mc)
Max. cement content 375 350 As appropriate
(Kg/mc)
Max. free water / 0.45 0.5 As appropriate
cement
Target free water / 0.4 0.48 As appropriate
cement
Nominal max. size of 25 25 25
aggregate (mm)
Admixtures As required As required As required
Location to use of Pile Foundations Floor and Roof Mass concrete;
concrete Dynamic Slab Columns; Cavity; Blinding
Foundations Beams; Columns and lean
Water / Liquid and Pipe concrete
Retaining Footing; Slab on
Structures ground
Precast Concrete pavements
The type of cement may be change in the concrete of footing according to
the recommendations of Project Geotechnical Report. Unless specified
otherwise or proved otherwise with soil investigations, concrete in contact with
soil shall be made with sulphate resistant cement.
The concrete shall be particularly resistant to chloride penetration. Testing
shall be performed according to AASHTO T-227 rapid chloride permeability
test. The chloride permeability shall be in the range of LOW (max. 1200
Coulomb).
The target value of the free water/cement ratio is set 0.02 lower than the
maximum value. The maximum deviation of the w/c ratio in relation to the

31
target value is +/- 0.02.
The workability of concrete shall remain satisfactory until placing and
compaction will be finished. This shall at a minimum be 250 C after arrival on
site.

3.3.3 Mix Design

The Contractor shall be responsible for the mix design of each type of
concrete.
For each type of concrete to be used the Contractor shall submit a design
proposal well in advance of commencing with any concreting activities on site.
The Contractor shall obtain approval of all materials included in the
concrete mix before submitting the design proposal.
The proposed mix design shall include but shall not limited to the
following:
• Weight and density of all materials
• Grading for each type of aggregates
• Grading for the combined aggregates
• Calculation of fine material
• Calculation of free w/c ratio
• Calculation of alkalis content
• Calculation of chlorides content
• Calculation of sulphates content
• Estimation of air content and density of fresh concrete
• Estimation of characteristic strength
(1) Estimation of Workability
The Contractor shall design the concrete mixes with the lowest possible
content of cement necessary to meet the requirement of the specified type of
mix.
The concrete mixes shall be designed with a grading of the combined
aggregates requiring a minimum of water to create workability and creating a
homogeneous concrete of high density.

32
 The total sulphate content in the concrete expressed as percentage by
weight of cement shall not exceed 4.0 % acid soluble SO3.

3.3.4 Trial Mixes

The Contractor shall execute the laboratory tests and trial mixes required to
demonstrate that the proposed mix design meet the requirements for all types of
concrete mixes.
The objectives of the program are to determine mix proportions which will
field be specified properties for the specified concrete grade.
The laboratory tests shall be made on concrete samples from the trial
mixes. The tests shall include determination of following properties:
• Bleeding: BS 1881-BS6073
• Drying shrinkage: BS 1811
• Air content: BS 1881
• Workability: BS 1881
• Density of hardened concrete: BS 1881
• Density of fresh concrete: BS 1881
• Compressive strength: BS 1881
• Splitting tensile strength: BS 1881
• Strength development: BS 1881
• Elastic modulus: BS 1881
• Chloride permeability: AASHTO T 277
The strength development shall be presented for the compressive and
splitting tensile strength (N/mm²) in relation to maturity (hours). This relation
shall be used to determine the length of the cooling and curing period and time
for formwork striking.
The Contractor shall make two trial mixes in site for each type of concrete
mix using the plant, equipment, batching and transport methods intended to be
used in the works.
The requirement to compressive and tensile strength shall be verified by
taking1×9 = 9 cubes and 1×9 = 9 cylinders from each of the two mixes. The test

33
cubes and cylinders shall be prepared and cured in accordance with BS 1881,
Part 3. Two cubes and two cylinders shall be tested after 7 days of maturity, two
cubes and two cylinders after 28 days, and two cubes and two cylinders after 56
days of maturity
The Contractor shall design the concrete mix so that the 28 th day cube
strength for each cube exceeds the specified characteristic strength by at least 4
N/mm². As guidance the average compressive strength of three cubes tested at
28 days shall exceed the specified characteristic strength by at least 7 N/mm² but
not more than 11N/mm².
No concrete mix shall be cast in permanent works until the mix was
approved in writing by the Owner’s Engineer.
Any change in the mix design or any change in materials, type, source or
grading requires the approval by the Owner’s Engineer and the execution of new
trial mix.
The Contractor shall perform practical tests to be made on site by filling
trial moulds to confirm the suitability of the mix for the works. In these tests, the
type of plant used, the method of compaction, and the formwork face to the
mould shall be similar in all respects to those intended for use in the work. The
size of the trial castings shall be similar to typical section from the works.

3.3.5 Mixing of Concrete

All the concrete shall be mixed in a batching plant on site or shall be ready-
mixed concrete from plants of an equivalent technical standard.
(1) Concrete Production
All the ready-mixed concrete shall meet the requirement of the
Specification.
The Contractor shall submit name and address of the ready-mix concrete
with full details of operation and plant. The details of the ready-mix concrete
shall include information of plant, equipment, storage depots, transportation and

34
quality systems.
Concrete shall comply in all respects with the BS 5328 except where
amended herein.
All testing of mixed concrete shall be executed in site.
The Contractor keeps records of all the required tests and the quality
control for mixing and transportation.
The concrete shall be delivered to the site in truck mixers or agitators
operating continuously and it is to be accompanied by a delivery note containing
the following information
• Name of Contractor
• Type and grade of concrete
• Mix code number
• Time and date of mixing
• Temperature of mixing
• Additives
• Cement type
• Cement content
• Water cement ratio or quantity of added water
• Arrival time of truck on site
• End of discharge time
• Track registration number
• Delivery certificate number
One copy of the delivery note shall be submitted immediately after the
truck has arrived to site.
Truck mixing and addition of water and admixtures to the concrete after the
concrete has been discharged from the mixing plant shall be accepted.
(2) Quality Control
The Contractor shall at a minimum record the checking of the following
items:
Temperature of all materials before and during concrete mixing in hot
weather is defined by maximum daily shade temperature above 30°C.
Temperature of fresh concrete when discharged from the mixer. Within 2

35
minutes of taking the concrete sample a type A 100mm immersion thermometer
complying with BS 1704 shall be inserted in the sample to a depth of 100mm.
When steady conditions have been maintained for one minute the temperature of
the concrete shall be determined with an accuracy of 1 degree C.
Laboratory tests of trial mixes as specified.
Execution of trial mixes and trial casting.
Regular checking of mixing plant. The weighing devices shall be adjusted
daily and checked for accuracy and calibrated at least once every month.
Recording of weight of all materials in the concrete for each batch.
Recording of mixing time and the time at which concrete is discharged
from the mixer.
Visual inspection of batch prior to discharge.
Test of slump or workability.
Chloride permeability test. The chloride permeability is tested according to
AASHTO T-270-Rapid determination of the Chloride Permeability of Concrete.
The average value of three tests will have to be below or at a maximum 1200
Coulombs. The chloride permeability test frequency is equal to the compressive
strength test frequency (control sections max. 150 m³ of concrete)
Compressive strength test. The sample is taken from a randomly selected
batch of concrete according to BS 1881. The samples shall be taken at the point
of discharge from the mixer. From each sample three test cubes shall be
prepared and cured in accordance with BS 1881.
The test cubes of each sample shall be tested after 7 and 28 days.
The test cubes shall be tested by an approved laboratory, and certified
copies of the test result shall be submitted.
Compliance with the requirements of the characteristic strength will be
assumed if all the conditions shall be below will be met:
The average compressive strength from any sample of cubes after 28 days
shall exceed the specified characteristic strength by 3 N/mm².

36
 The compressive strength of any individual test cube from a sample shall
not deviate more than +/- 7.5 % of the mean value.
The Contractor shall specify control section prior to the commencement of
the work. One control shall at a maximum be 150 m³ of concrete and it shall at a
minimum include three samples. Should any sample consisting of three test
cubes from this control section not comply with the requirements to the 28 days
strength, the whole control section shall be rejected, and the concrete shall be
removed and replaced at its own additional cost. If, by additional testing
according to a test program approved, the Contractor can prove that the concrete
in the works in fact complies with the requirements to strength, the control
section shall be approved by the Owner’s Engineer.
All test cubes shall be clearly marked prior to leaving the site and the
following documentation shall be recorded for each test cube:
• Grade of mix.
• Slump.
• Temperature of mixing and concreting.
• Location of concrete in the structure.
• Mark of cube.
• Signature of person responsible for the test.
3.3.6 Transportation and Cast of Concrete

The Contractor shall not commence the works without the written approval
by the Owner’s Engineer of excavation, formwork, reinforcement, arrangements
for plant and materials on site, installation of accessories, etc. Any concrete cast
before obtaining such approval shall be rejected.
The formwork or area of cast shall be cleaned as specified. The
constructional plant and the materials which will or may be required during the
concreting work and curing shall be on site and fully prepared before concreting
commencement. All accessories shall be installed and formwork for holes,
chases, etc. shall be provided and specified.

37
 The concrete shall be transported from the mixer to the point of cast as
rapidly as practicable by method that will maintain the required workability and
prevent segregation, loss of any constituents, or ingress of foreign matter or
water. The concrete shall be deposited as close as practicable to its final position
to avoid re-handling. Moving the concrete horizontally by vibration will not be
allowed.
Except where otherwise agreed by the Owner’s Engineer, concrete shall be
deposited in horizontal layers to compacted depth not exceeding 400 mm where
internal vibration is used or 300 mm in all other cases.
Unless otherwise agreed, concrete shall not be dropped into the place from
a height exceeding 1 m. should trunks or chutes be used, they shall be kept clean
and used in such a way as to avoid segregation.
Concrete shall be deposited continuously. No concrete shall be cast against
concrete older than 11/4 hours or against concrete which has hardened
sufficiently to cause seams, planes of weakness or cold joints.
The concrete shall be cast in its final position within one hour from being
discharged from the mixed, and before its initial set has started.
Cutting and chasing of hardened concrete shall not be permitted without
approval. The Contractor shall provide openings, mortises, chasers, sleeves, etc.,
and fix bolts, anchors, etc. in concrete as work proceed and support embedded
items against displacement. Items cast shall be filled with readily removable
materials to prevent concrete ingress.
All receptacle used for the transport and deposition of the concrete shall be
kept clean.
Concreting shall be avoided in hot periods.
The Contractor shall obtain permission before cast concrete in periods in
which the daily maximum air shade temperature exceeds 30°C, and especially in
periods with low relative humidity, and shall take appropriate precaution to
ensure that the concrete temperature when cast does not exceed 30°C.

38
 Such appropriate precaution will include one or both of the following:
• Cooling of ingredients.
• Cooling of concrete mix.
Cooling of forms, reinforcement and adjacent existing structures shall
always be done before concreting to ensure that surface temperatures are not
above the air shade temperature when new concrete is cast against or around
these items. The cooling may be by shading, spraying with cool water and/or
any other approved arrangement which will fulfil the requirement.
No concreting shall be carried out of rain. No re-mixing or re-tempering of
stiffened concrete is permitted.
Any concrete will be rejected if it is inadequately mixed, or in which the
ingredients have segregated, or which is no longer capable of being effectively
placed or compacted.
Quality Control:
The Contractor shall at a minimum record the checking on the following
items:
Completion of excavations, formwork, reinforcement and arrangements for
the plant.
Time of discharging the concrete from the mixer and time of cast the
concrete in its final position for each batch.
Air shade temperature and concrete temperature when concrete is cast in
final position at air shade temperatures above 300 C.
Special cooling arrangement- if required.

3.3.7 Compaction

All the concrete shall be compacted using vibrators. The size and the type
of vibrators shall be selected in relation to the structure and the free space inside
the formwork and between bars. The vibration equipment shall be approved.
Internal vibrators shall be of the immersion type with a frequency of not

39
less than six thousand vibrations per minute and sufficient amplitude to
consolidate the concrete effectively. The Contractor shall at least provide a 50%
redundancy of the entire vibration equipment as standby during any concreting
period.
The vibration shall be carried out for the time required for a thorough
compacted of all parts of the concrete. The Contractor shall carefully supervise
the compaction works and ensure that excessive vibration, vibration of steel and
formwork and moving of concrete leading to defects in the concrete shall be
avoided.
(1) Quality Control
The Contractor shall at a minimum record the checking on the following
item:
Supervision of concrete vibration.

3.3.8 Curing

The casting of concrete shall be planned and executed in such a way that
during hardening the concrete is protected against any harmful influence from
the environment and from heat of hydration.
The concrete shall be protected against evaporation from the surface. The
Contractor shall at the expected temperature, wind velocity and humidity-
calculate the expected evaporation from the fresh concrete in the period before it
is completely covered as well as the evaporation rate in the period after it has
been covered. The Contractor shall plan his protection method correspondingly
and perform trial castings which prove that the evaporation does not cause any
defects in the concrete.
All methods and material for curing shall be approved prior to the
commencement of the works. All surface shall be protected including surface in
contact with forms fail to seal the surface completely from evaporation.
The method of protection shall at a minimum include:

40
 Protection from direct sunlight of concrete surface and formwork by the
provision of shade.
Protection with close fitting polythene membrane immediately after
casting, compacting and finishing will be completed.
Protection after finishing operation with absorption mat of fabric lay
directly onto the concrete in unbroken sheets with substantial lap joints. The
mats shall be kept continuously wet and covered with a white polythene
membrane. The polythene sheet shall be unbroken with substantial close fitted
lap joints. Sheets shall be fixed and kept in place all the time during curing.
The water for curing shall be of equal quality as for the water concrete.
The curing period which serves as protection against evaporation shall be
14 days.
(1) Quality Control:
The Contractor shall at a minimum record the checking on the following
items:
• Time when polythene membrane is placed and removed.
• Time when absorption mat and polythene membrane is placed and
removed.
• Wetting and checking of efficiency of polythene cover during curing
period.
(2) Temperature Control
The temperature control in the hardening concrete shall be monitored and
controlled in order to prevent defects from high temperature during hydration
and from forces and movements caused by temperature difference.
The maximum temperature in the hardening concrete, measured at the
centre of hardening volume, must not exceed 50°C unless is documented for the
particular mix that the strength is not reduced and no other defects have been
caused by this high temperature.
The Contractor shall plan the works to avoid thermal cracks in the
hardening concrete, i.e. to ensure that temperature differences in the hardening

41
concrete shall not create tensile stress higher than the current tensile strength of
the hardening concrete. The Contractor shall in this respect monitor and control:
The maximum temperature difference between the surface of the concrete
and the centre of the concrete; this difference should not exceed 20°C unless
specifically approved on the basis of the Contractor’s detailed planning.
The difference in mean temperature between the hardening concrete and
the adjacent hardened concrete; this difference should not exceed 12°C unless
specifically approved on the bases of Contractor’s detailed planning.
Means of control may include but not be limited to:
The maximum temperature in the hardening concrete.
The difference in temperature between the centre of the cast structure and
the surface of the concrete.
The difference in temperature between the previously cast concrete and the
mean temperature in the hardening concrete.
The Contractor during hardening makes these measurements on a frequent
basis and compares the results to the agreed limits. He shall be prepared to
implement necessary measures immediately if the agreed limits are about to the
exceeded.

3.3.9 Surface Finishes (Excluding Formed Surface)

Uniformed concrete finishes shall be without abrupt irregularities or visible

surface imperfections.
The finish shall be steel trowelled or steel float finish for floors, tops of
beams and walls and shells are a hard finish free of any marks. Working of the
surface shall only proceed when the moisture film has disappeared and the
concrete has sufficiently hardened to prevent excess laitance from being worked
to the surface. Any excess laitance shall be removed.
All uniformed surfaces of concrete works shall be executed within the
following tolerance:

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 • Surface level of slabs and floors: +/- 5mm
• Surface level of tops of wells and beams: +/- 3mm
• flatness of surface measured as deviation from a straight edge:
 3 m long max. 3mm
 6 m long max. 5mm
3.3.10Pre-Cast Concrete

The manufacture of pre-cast concrete components shall be in accordance

with the recommendations contained in BS 8110.
The moulds of all pre-cast concrete works shall be to the accurate
dimensions and shapes as will be shown on the Drawings and shall be of sound
construction. Moulds shall be thoroughly cleaned before each casting. Exposed
faces shall be trowelled smooth. All edges of the pre-cast units shall be formed
with a chamfer as will be shown on the Drawings.
The standard of workmanship and the quality of materials used in the
manufacture of all pre-cast components shall comply with the relevant clauses
of this Specification.
Detailed records of mixes, cubes, curing methods, dates of manufacture,
etc., shall be kept and submitted within 7 days of manufacture.
All pre-cast members shall be marked with a unique reference.
The Contractor shall be fully responsible for supplying adequate lifting
points and any additional reinforcement and equipment as necessary to ensure
the safe handling, transport and erection of the pre-cast members.
Holes left in the pre-cast units to facilitate lifting shall be neatly pointed
with an approved expanding grout as soon as the units are finally positioned.
Stacking of pre-cast units shall be properly carried out after curing in a
separate area set aside for that purpose and so arranged that the units may be
removed and used in the order in which they were cast.
Where in situ concrete is placed against pre-cast concrete the pre-cast
elements shall be prevented from movement during the placing of the in situ

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concrete.
Generally the external faces of pre-cast units which will be visible after
their inclusion in the Works shall be finished with a fair face as described in the
relevant section of this Specification.
Levelling devices shall only be released or removed with the Owner’s
Engineer’s approval.
At all stages of construction, the Contractor shall adequately protect
installed pre-cast concrete units and other concrete associated therewith to
prevent damage to permanently exposed concrete surfaces.
Damaged concrete elements shall not be dispatched to the Site and
elements which sustain damage during transportation shall be removed from the
Site and replaced at the Contractor's expense. The same provision shall apply to
pre-cast elements damaged prior to or during erection into the Works or
thereafter. Only minor repairs as approved will be permitted to be carried out to
pre-cast elements at the Site.
(1) Mortar Bedding to Pre-cast Units
Where shown on the drawings, pre-cast concrete units shall be bedded in
cement mortar composed of one part cement to three parts sand.
Sand for mortar shall be naturally occurring sand or consist of crushed rock
or gravel or a combination thereof. It shall be clean hard and free from
impurities and shall comply with BS 1199 and 1200 and shall be in accordance
with the relevant Clause of this Specification. Sand shall be well graded from
4.3mm down in accordance with Table 1 of BS 1199 and 1200.
Mortar plasticiser, if used, shall be subject to acceptance by the Owner’s
Engineer, shall comply with BS 4887, and shall be used in the proportions and
manner recommended by the manufacturer.
The water content of mortar shall be just sufficient to ensure a dense mortar
with adequate workability, when trowelled or worked into place. Mortar that has
begun to harden shall not be used in any part of the Works.

44
 All materials shall be accurately gauged by gauge boxes and mechanically
mixed and used within 30 minutes of first mixing. Re-tempering of mortar will
not be permitted. Gauge boxes and mixers shall be kept clean.
Mortar joints shall be pointed with a neat flush joint as the work proceeds.
Joints shall be protected from the harmful effects of the environment for a
minimum of three days after completion.
Joints between or around pre-cast members which are cast into the Works
shall be carefully sealed using an approved tape or other means to ensure there is
no grout loss during concreting.

3.4 Reinforcement 钢筋

3.4.1 General

The Contractor shall prepare his own bar list and bending diagrams in
accordance with BS 4466. The Contractor shall be responsible for ensuring that
correct information is given when ordering reinforcement. Copes shall be
submitted for information, but this shall not relieve the Contractor of any
responsibility.
The Contractor shall be responsible for the reinforcement, and shall ensure
that a competent person will check the entire reinforcement. The Contractor
shall notify well in advance about portions of reinforcement work ready for
inspection and shall keep a detailed record of the planning and control of any
work.

3.4.2 Cutting and Bending

Dirt rust, concrete, scale, paints, oil, greases salts, etc. shall be removed
from the reinforcement by grit blasting. Only grit blasting will be approved.
Reinforcement shall be cut and bent within the dimensional tolerance given
in BS 4466. Bars shall be bent cold by hand or by using an approved hand or

45
power-operated bending machine. When bending, the reinforcement should be
subjected to a constant even load and not an impact load.
Welding of reinforcement will only be allowed with the specific written
permission of the Owner’s Engineer.
Bending dimensions shall be in accordance with the BS 4466.
Bars incorrectly bent shall not be used. Hot-roller high-yield steel bars shall
not be straightened or bent again having once been bent. No reinforcement shall
be bent when in position in the works without approval, whether or not is
partially embedded in hardened concrete.
The minimum diameter of the former shall be:
• for mild steel: (BS 4449) 4xd
• for high-yield steel: (BS 446) 4xd
• for cold-Worked steel: (BS 4461) 6xd
Quality Control:
The Contractor shall record as a minimum the checking on the visual
inspection of bent steel.

3.4.3 Fixing of Reinforcement

Bars in contact shall be firmly secured to each with approved binding wire
or proprietary clips of a type. Binding wire shall be black annealed mild steel
wire diameter 1.6mm free or any other contaminants. The reinforcement shall be
fixed accurately in position so that the reinforcement will be in the correct
portion in relation to the formwork to ensure the specified concrete cover. The
reinforcement shall be fixed securely in position so that it will not be displaced
during the passage of traffic, or by the placing and compaction of the concrete or
by any related operations.
Any reinforcement for the enlargement of footing and or connection to
existing structures (extension of buildings) shall be firmly fixed to dowels
drilled into and fixed by adhesive resin in the existing concrete. The drill hole
diameter shall about 4mm bigger than the dowel diameter.

46
 The hole be thoroughly cleaned before filling with adhesive resin and
placing the dowel; the fixing method shall prevent loss of resin so that the dowel
becomes fully embedded; imperfections in the cleaning and filling of the dowel
holes may result in nonconforming pull-out strengths, and will result in the work
being reject.
The pull-out strength for each 14mm dowel shall be 55kN at a minimum.
This shall be verified by 10 trial tests before start of the work, and for 2 % of the
dowels (always 3 tests at a minimum in a control section) during the works. The
trial tests shall be performed in accordance with the Contractor’s planned
method in the presence of the Owner’s Engineer.
The reinforcement bars shall be fixed with a nominal cover decided by the
Contractor taking fixing tolerances and minimum cover requirements into
consideration.
The following minimum cover and maximum tolerances shall apply to all
steel cast into concrete, including stirrups and dowels:
• slab, column and beam not exposed to ground or
weather…35mm+/_5mm
• slab, column and beam exposed to ground or weather…50mm+/_5mm
• precast concrete … 25mm +/_ 5mm
• for all external work in contact with the ground …75mm+/_ 5mm
The concrete cover shall be maintained by the use of especially
manufactured high-quality impermeable concrete or mortar spacers. The blocks
shall be well compacted and water cured for a minimum of 7 days after casting
and shall have a 30-minute absorption of less than 3.5% by weight. Concrete
spacers shall in strength, durability and appearance be comparable to the
surrounding concrete.
Any wire cast into the spacer blocks shall be positioned well away from the
exposed surface and shall be stainless steel. Spacers fixed to parallel
reinforcement bars shall not be located in a line across a section. Timber, stone
or metal spacer will not be permitted.

47
 The top reinforcement in slabs shall be rigidly supported by mild steel
chairs from the bottom reinforcement. Chair spacing shall be 1.0m centres in
both directions or less if required for working loads by small dimensions or
more by large dimensions.
Starter bars must be securely fixed to the reinforcement in the parent
concrete and accurately located to maintain the specified cover. Reinforcement
embedded in hardened concrete shall be bent.
Reinforcement cages assembled before fixing shall be protected against the
weather and shall be stored and transported carefully so that no distortion or
contamination may occur.
Concrete shall be placed without delay after the reinforcement, and the
reinforcement shall be protected with plastic sheeting or tarpaulins in the interim
period.
(1) Quality Control
The Contractor shall at minimum record the checking on the following
items:
• Visual inspection of fixed reinforcement, do wells and bolts.
• Visual inspection of spacers.
• Measurement of concrete cover.
• Pull-out tests of dowels.
3.4.4 Laps and Joints

Laps and joints shall be approved. Wherever possible laps are to be

staggered in such a way that at a maximum one third of the bars shall be lapped
in the same section. Where this staggering can be not be achieved, e.g. at started
bars, the lap length shall be increased by 50 %. Mechanical splices shall not be
used.
Quality Control:
The Contractor shall record as a minimum the checking on the visual
inspection of laps.

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 3.5 Formwork 模板

3.5.1 General

The formwork for the concrete shall be rigidly constructed of approved

materials and shall be true to the shape and dimensions described on the
Drawings. Steel or plywood forms or forms of other materials may be used with
the approval of the Owner’s Engineer. The formwork design shall be sole
responsibility of the Contractor, who shall submit his design for approval before
construction commencement.

3.5.2 Design and Construction

Faces in contact with concrete shall be free of adhering grout, projecting

nails, or other defects. Joints shall be tight to prevent the leakage of cement
grout and to avoid the formation of and other blemishes. Faulty joints shall be
caulked. Chamfer 15 mm by 15 mm shall be formed on the external corners of
concrete members, unless otherwise specified.
Opening for inspection of the inside of the formwork and for the escape of
water used for washing out shall be formed so that can conveniently be closed
before placing the concrete.
Connection shall be constructed to permit easy removal of the formwork
and shall be strong to retain the correct shape during consolidation of the
concrete.
Formwork shall be fixed in perfect lines, grades and dimensions, with no
crevices at joints. It shall be securely braced, supported and wedged so as to
retain its position without displacement or deflection during the placing and
compaction of concrete. All joints shall either be horizontal or vertical, unless
otherwise required.
In long spans, the anticipated deflection due to the effect of self-weight
shall be accurately computed by the Contractor and taken into account in the

49
design of the formwork such that the finished concrete member shall have true
surface conforming to lines, planes and elevation shown on the Drawings. If
adequate foundations for shores are not secured, trussed supports shall be
provided by the Contractor.
The maximum tolerances, within which concrete work shall be constructed,
may be indicated as following:
• All setting out dimensions: ± 5 mm per 30 meter
• Section of concrete members: ± 3 mm
• Surface level of concrete: ± 5 mm
Any rectification of work not constructed within the tolerance set out
above, shall be entirely the responsibility and at the expense of the Contractor.
Cast in metal ties and anchor shall be avoided if possible. Where metal ties
and anchors cannot be avoided, they shall be stainless steel or removable bolts
located clear of the reinforcement by a distance equal to the thickness of the
concrete cover provided in the member. The arrangement shall be subject to
approval.
In structures subject to a one sided water pressure ties through the concrete
shall not be permitted.
Approved mould oil or other material shall be applied to faces of formwork
to prevent concrete adherence. Such coating shall be insoluble in water, non-
staining, and non-injurious to the concrete. Liquids that retard the setting of
concrete shall only be used when approved. Mould oil, retarding liquid, and
similar coating shall be kept from contact with the reinforcement or previously
cast concrete.
Before any concrete is placed, form shall be properly cleaned by washing
out with water and/or air under pressure to remove sawdust, shavings, metal and
other foreign matter. All water shall be drained and mopped out from the
formwork.
Detail of any fixtures to be cast into the concrete shall be approved. No

50
fixtures shall be attached to the concrete by shot firing without prior permission.
Notwithstanding any such permission, the Contractor shall take full
responsibility for any such damage to the structure.
Details of openings, holes, chases, etc. required to be formed or cut in the
structures shall be approved prior to the work being carried out on site.
Immediately after striking the formwork, all surface fins and other
superfluous projection shall be removed and purpose-made holes for internal tie
shall be made good with specially prepared cement mortar of equal quality as
the concrete.
Quality Control:
The Contractor shall record as a minimum the checking on the following
items.
• Visual inspection of formwork design.
• Inspection of cleaning before concreting.
• Visual inspection of watering of formwork where required.
3.5.3 Re-Use of Formwork

Care shall be taken, when re-using formwork, that its surface shall be
smooth and clean and that it free of warping, twisting or any other deformation.
Any formwork which has deteriorated sufficiently to render it unsuitable for the
work shall be rejected and must be removed from the site immediately or must
be broken up at once, and new formwork is to be provided at the Contractor’s
expense.
Quality Control:
The Contractor shall record as a minimum the checking on visual
inspection of formwork before re-uses.

3.5.4 Stripping of Formwork

Formwork shall be removed in a way which ensures that no damage to or

over-stress in the concrete occurs. Formwork shall not be removed before the

51
concrete has sufficiently set and hardened. The minimum period which shall
elapse between casting the concrete and removing the formwork for the
individual parts of the structure shall be as stated below. These minimum
requirements shall not relieve the Contractor of the obligation to delay the
removal of form if the concrete has not attained its specified working strength.
The following striking times, given in days (24 hours) represent the
absolute permissible minimum:
• Beam sides: 3 days
• Side of walls, columns and foundation: 3 days
• Slab and beam soffits: 10 days
• Beam and slab props: 14 days
The Contractor shall ensure that the concrete has sufficient strength when
forms are removed, and no defects are caused by early removal of the forms.
Critical structural elements such as cantilevers, long-span beams, etc. may
require additional times for concrete hardening before striking.
Loads shall not be placed on new concrete structures or re-skinned and
repaired structures before the following periods have elapsed after casting (or as
otherwise agreed in writing by the Owner’s Engineer):
• Columns, beams, slabs: 14 days
• Walls: 10 days
Quality Control:
The Contractor shall record as a minimum the checking on the striking of
all types of formworks.

4 Reservoir Level Measurement 库水位测量

4.1 Locations for Measurements

Reservoir level measurement devices (sensors / transducers / encoders etc.)

52
shall be provided at the following locations:
 Raw Water Reservoir
 Clean Water Reservoir
 Vajhair Reservoir

4.2 Water Level Sensors

Automated (electromagnetic / ultrasonic) level sensors integrated with

telemetry shall be used for level measurements. The flowmeters shall fulfil but
not limited to the following requirements:
 Automated Data logger
 Measurement range: 0 to 12 m with an accuracy of ±0.1%.
 Conducive to hard environmental conditions like temperature ranging
from -4℃ to 55℃. and humidity upto 100% etc.
 Cable length sufficient for connection at control cabinet.

53