Structural Design

Lecture 1

Structural systems

Molalign N.
 Structural systems: Excitation, Structure and
Responses

STRUCTURE

EXCITATION RESPONSES
pv

• Static • Elastic • Linear

• Dynamic • Inelastic • Nonlinear
 What Type of
Analysis should be
Carried Out?
 Analysis Types

The type of Analysis to be carried out depends on the

Structural System

And further based on

The Type of Excitation (Loads)

The Type of Structure (Material and
Geometry)
The Type of Response
 Analysis Types

Excitation Structure Response Basic Analysis Type

Static Elastic Linear Linear-Elastic-Static Analysis

Static Elastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Elastic-Static

Analysis
Static Inelastic Linear Linear-Inelastic-Static Analysis

Static Inelastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Inelastic-Static

Analysis
Dynamic Elastic Linear Linear-Elastic-Dynamic
Analysis
Dynamic Elastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Elastic-Dynamic
Analysis
Dynamic Inelastic Linear Linear-Inelastic-Dynamic
Analysis
Dynamic Inelastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Inelastic-Dynamic
Analysis
 Static and Dynamic Excitations

Static Excitation
When the Excitation (Load) does not vary rapidly
with Time
When the Load can be assumed to be applied
“Slowly”

Dynamic Excitation
When the Excitation varies rapidly with Time
When the “Inertial Force” becomes significant

Most Real Excitation are Dynamic but are

considered
“Quasi Static”
Most Dynamic Excitation can be converted to
“Equivalent Static Loads”
 Elastic and Inelastic materials
Elastic Material
Follows the same path during loading and
unloading and returns to initial state of
deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of
load/ excitation

Inelastic Material
Does not follow the same path during loading and
unloading and may not returns to initial state of
deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of
load/ excitation

Most materials exhibit both, elastic and inelastic

behavior depending upon level of loading.
 Linear and Nonlinear Responses

Linearity
The response is directly proportional to excitation
(Deflection doubles if load is doubled)

Non-Linearity
The response is not directly proportional to
excitation
(deflection may become 4 times if load is doubled)

Non-linear response may be produced by:

Geometric Effects (Geometric non-linearity)
Material Effects (Material non-linearity)
Both
 Vertical Load
Resisting Systems
 Gravity load resisting systems

Purpose
“To Transfer Gravity Loads Applied at the Floor
Levels down to the Foundation Level”

Direct Path Systems

Slab Supported on Load Bearing Walls
Slab Supported on Columns

Indirect Multi Path Systems

Slab Supported on Beams
Beams Supported on Other Beams
Beams Supported on Walls or Columns
 Gravity load resisting systems

Flat slab Two-way slab with beams

 Gravity load resisting systems

Flat Plate Waffle slab

 Comparison of different slab types
for Economic Choices

• Flat Plate suitable span 6 to 7.5 m with LL= 3 -

5kN/m2
Advantages
– Low cost formwork
– Exposed flat ceilings
– Fast
Disadvantages
– Low shear capacity
– Low Stiffness (notable deflection)
 Comparison of different slab types
for Economic Choices

• Flat Slab suitable span 6m to 9m with LL= 4 -7 kN/m2

Advantages
– Low cost formwork
– Exposed flat ceilings/good appearance
– Fast
– The total storey height will be reduced
Disadvantages
– Need more formwork for capital and panels
– Weak resistance to lateral loads
 Comparison of different slab types
for Economic Choices

• Waffle Slab suitable span 9 to 15 m with LL= 4 -

7kN/m2
Advantages
– Carries heavy loads
– Attractive exposed ceilings
– Fast
Disadvantages
– Formwork with panels is expensive
 Comparison of different slab types
for Economic Choices

• One-way Slab on beams suitable span 3 to 6m

with LL= 3-5 kN/m2
– Can be used for larger spans with relatively
higher cost and higher deflections
• One-way joist floor system suitable span 3 to 9m
with LL= 4-6 kN/m2
– Deep ribs, the concrete and steel quantities are
relative low
– Expensive formwork expected.
 Gravity Load Transfer Paths

Single Path Single Path Dual Path

Slab On Walls Slab on Columns Slab On Beams,
Beams on Columns
 Gravity Load Transfer Paths

Mixed Path Complex Path Three Step Path

Slab On Walls Slab on Beams Slab On Ribs
Slab On Beams Slab on Walls Ribs On Beams
Beams on Walls Beams on Beams Beams on Columns
Beams on Columns
 Gravity Load Transfer Paths

To Lines To Points To Lines and Points

 Modeling for gravity load analysis
Must be carried out for several load cases/ patterns
Does not change much for different floors
Use “Direct Design” Methods
Model, analyze and design “Floor by Floor,
Without columns”
Slab analysis and design by using Coefficients
Beam analysis as continuous beams
Use Sub-Frame Concept
Model slab/ beam for in-plane loads
Model, analyze and design “Floor by Floor, With
columns”
Use Grid, Plate Model for the Floor
Model slab and beams for out-of plane loads
Analyze un-symmetrical loads, geometry,
openings etc.
Use full 3D Modeling
 Lateral Load
Resisting Systems
 Lateral load resisting systems

Purpose
“ To Transfer Lateral Loads Applied at any
location in the structure down to the Foundation
Level”

Single System
Moment Resisting Frames
Braced Frames
Shear Walls
Tubular Systems
Dual System
Shear Wall - Frames
Tube + Frame + Shear Wall
 Lateral Loads

Primary Lateral Loads

Load generated by Wind Pressure
Load generated due to Seismic Excitation

Other Lateral Loads

Load generated due to horizontal component
of Gravity Loads in Inclined
Systems and in Un-symmetrical
structures
Load due to lateral soil pressure, liquid and
material retention
Moment Resisting Frame

* The Load is transferred

by shear in columns, that
produces moment in
columns and in beams

* The Beam-Column
connection is crucial for
the system to work

* The moments and shear

from lateral loads must
be added to those from
gravity loads
 Shear Wall and Frame

* The lateral loads is

primarily resisted by the
shear in the walls, in turn
producing bending
moment
* The openings in wall
become areas of high
stress concentration and
need to be handled
carefully
* Partial loads is resisted
by the frames
* Traditionally 75/25
distribution has been
used
 Shear Wall - Frame

•The Walls are part of the

frame and act together
with the frame members

•The lateral loads is

primarily resisted by the
shear in the walls, in turn
producing bending
moment

* Partial loads is resisted

by the frame members in
moment and shear
 Braced Frame

•The lateral load is

primarily resisted by the
Axial Force in the braces,
columns and beams in the
braced zone

•The frame away from the

braced zone does not
have significant moments

* Bracing does not have to

be provided in every bay,
but should be provided in
every story
 Tubular Structure
•The system is formed by using closely
spaced columns and deep spandrel
beams

•The lateral load is primarily resisted by

the entire building acting as a big
cantilever with a tubular/ box cross-
section

•There is a “shear lag” problem

between opposite faces of the tube due
to in-efficiency of column beam
connection

* The height to width ratio should be

more than 5
 Braced Tube Systems

•Diagonal Braces are added to

the basic tubular structure

* This modification of the

Tubular System reduces shear
lag between opposite faces
Characteristics of a Structure
• Stability – needed to maintain shape.
The structure is dependent upon
balanced forces and equilibrium
• Strength - ability of the structure to
withstand the applied forces, usually
includes a “factor of safety”
• Economic Value – includes choices
made about the design, materials, and
function of the structure
Steps in Structural Planning
• Conceiving a basic structural form from plan
• Developing a method of transferring loads-
both gravity and lateral loads
• Preliminary sizing the components
• Developing a foundation scheme
• Selecting structural material
• Designing and detailing the structural
components
• Devising a construction methodology
SELECTION OF PROPER
SYSTEM AND
CONFIGURATION FOR
LATERAL LOADS
 Selection of System and
Configuration

• Why and How to configure a structure?

• No universal ideal configuration for any

particular type of building.

• However, there are certain basic or guiding

principles of design that can be used as
guidelines in selecting an adequate building
configuration structural layout, structural
system, structural material and the non-
structural components.
 Selection of System and
Configuration

1. Building (superstructure and non-structural

components) should be light and avoid
unnecessary masses.
2. Building and its superstructure should be
simple, symmetric, and regular in plan and
elevation to prevent significant torsional
forces, avoiding large height-width ratio and
large plan area.
3. Building and its superstructure should have a
uniform and continuous distribution of mass,
stiffness, strength and ductility, avoiding
formation of soft stories.
 Selection of System and
Configuration

4. Superstructure should have relatively shorter

spans and avoid use of long cantilevers.

5. The non-structural components should either

be well separated so that they will not interact
with the rest of the structure, or they should be
integrated with the structure.

6. Superstructure should be detailed so that the

inelastic deformations can be constrained
(controlled) to develop in desired regions and
according to a desirable hierarchy.
 Selection of System and
Configuration
7. Superstructure should have the largest possible
number of defense lines, that is, it should be
composed of different tough structural
subsystems which interact or are
interconnected by very tough structural
elements (structural fuses) whose inelastic
behavior would permit the whole structure to
find its way out from a critical stage of dynamic
response.
8. Superstructure should be provided with
balanced stiffness and strength between its
members, connections and supports.
9. The stiffness and strength of the entire building
should be compatible with the stiffness and
strength of the soil foundation.
SHEAR WALLS
 Shear Walls

•Shear Walls offer stiffness against swaying of

structure due to wind and earthquake load
•Generally used for buildings with storey more
than 10
•Behavior is influenced by shape of the wall(s)
and their position in plan
•Classified as short, squat and cantilever based
on their height/width ratio
Shear Walls
 Shear Wall and Frame

Shear Wall Behavior Frame Behavior

Stiffness of Frame + Wall >

Stiffness of Frame or Stiffness of Wall
 OPENINGS IN SHEAR WALLS

Spandrel Beam

Wall Column
Pier Pier

Medium Openings
Very Small Openings Very Large Openings
may convert shear
may not alter wall may convert the Wall
wall to Pier and
behavior to Frame
Spandrel System
SHAPES OF SHEAR WALLS AND
CORE WALLS
DIFFERENT PLAN CONFIGURATION AND
THEIR EFFECTS
DIFFERENT PLAN CONFIGURATION AND
THEIR EFFECTS
 SHEAR WALL DESIGN PROCEDURE

•Configuration of structure
•Calculation of Vertical loads
•Calculation of wind and earth quake loads
•Forces to be applied in the appropriate places in the
structure
•Strength of walls in compression due to vertical loads
•Strength of lintels or beams in bending
•Strength of walls in bending
•Strength of walls in shear
•Serviceability checks for walls and beams
 Building Type Guide
• Short Span Buildings
– 10 to 40 feet bays
– Flexible plan
– Structural elements (columns) can determine spatial
relationships

• Moderate Long-Span Buildings

– 40 to 140 feet bays
– Need to consider structural depth of floor and roof in
the spatial planning
 Building Type
• Long-Span Buildings (> 150 feet )
– Structural system determines the building's
image or visual statement