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Course
Introduction to Statistics Instructor’s Name Samuel Amponsah Date of Exam 2024/05/20
Title
BE・IR・ Student
Major Student ID
DBI Name

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※ Please submit your examination paper after the exam.

Statistics I
Spring Semester 2024
Monday, May 20, 2024
Time: 9:20 – 10:20

1. Consider the population described by the probability distribution shown in the table. The random variable x is observed twice. If these observations are
independent, all the different samples of size 2 and their probabilities are shown in the accompanying table. Complete parts a through c below.

The values of s2 and the corresponding s2 p(s2) s2 p(s2)

0.0 .01 0.5 .04
probabilities are listed on the right: 0.5 .04 2.0 .02
𝑠𝑠 2 = ∑
(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 −𝑥𝑥̅ )2
. For sample 1, 1; 𝑠𝑠 2 = ∑
(1−1)2
= 0 , For sample 1, 1; 2.0 .02 4.5 .02
𝑛𝑛−1 2−1
4.5 .02 2.0 .08
= 0.5. The rest of the values
(2−1.5)2
For sample 1, 2; 𝑠𝑠 = ∑ 2
8.0 .01 0.5 .04
2−1

are calculated and shown: 0.5 .04 0.0 .04

0.0 .16 0.5 .02
0.5 .08 8.0 .01
2.0 .08 4.5 .04
4.5 .04 2.0 .02
2.0 .02 0.5 .02
0.5 .08 0.0 .01
0.0 .04 .

a. Find the sampling distribution of 𝑠𝑠 2 . Type the answers in ascending order for 𝑠𝑠 2 .
𝑠𝑠 2 0 0.5 2 4.5 8
𝑷𝑷(𝑠𝑠 2 ) 0.26 0.36 0.24 0.12 0.02

(Type integers or decimals.)

b. Find the population variance 𝜎𝜎 2 .
𝜎𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑥𝑥 − 𝜇𝜇)2 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) = (1 − 3)2 (. 1) + (2 − 3)2 (. 4) + (3 − 3)2 (. 2) + (4 − 3)2 (. 2) + (5 − 3)2 (. 1) = 1.40
(Type an integer or decimal rounded to two decimal places as needed.)
c. Determine if 𝑠𝑠 2 is an unbiased estimator of 𝜎𝜎 2 . Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer box to complete your answer.
(Type an integer or decimal rounded to two decimal places as needed.)
𝐸𝐸(𝑠𝑠 2 ) = ∑𝑠𝑠 2 𝑝𝑝(𝑠𝑠 2 ) = 0(. 26) + .5(. 36) + 2(. 24) + 4.5(. 12) + 8(. 02) = 1.36
i. The statistic 𝑠𝑠 2 is a biased estimator of 𝜎𝜎 2 because 𝐸𝐸(𝑠𝑠 2 ) = 1.36 , which is not equal to the population variance 𝜎𝜎 2 .
ii. The statistic s 𝑠𝑠 2 is an unbiased estimator of 𝜎𝜎 2 because 𝐸𝐸(𝑠𝑠 2 ) = _______ , which is not equal to the population variance 𝜎𝜎 2 .
iii. The statistic 𝑠𝑠 2 is an unbiased estimator of sigma 𝜎𝜎 2 because 𝐸𝐸(𝑠𝑠 2 ) = ______ , which is equal to the population variance 𝜎𝜎 2 .
iv. The statistic 𝑠𝑠 2 is a biased estimator of sigma 𝜎𝜎 2 because 𝐸𝐸(𝑠𝑠 2 ) = _______ , which is equal to the population variance 𝜎𝜎 2 .

Major BE・IR Student ID Name Marks

2. A random sample of 𝑛𝑛 = 64 observations is drawn from a population with a mean equal to 15 and a standard deviation equal to 8. Complete parts a
through d below.
a. Give the mean and standard deviation of the (repeated) sampling distribution 𝑥𝑥̅ .
𝜇𝜇𝑥𝑥̅ = 19
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥̅ == 1
(Type integers or decimals.)
b. Describe the shape of the sampling distribution of 𝑥𝑥̅ . Does this answer depend on the sample size? Choose the correct answer below.
i. The shape is that of a normal distribution and does not depend on the sample size.
ii. The shape is that of a normal distribution and depends on the sample size.
iii. The shape is that of a uniform distribution and depends on the sample size.
iv. The shape is that of a uniform distribution and does not depend on the sample size.
c. Calculate the standard normal z-score corresponding to a value of 𝑥𝑥̅ =12.9.
𝑥𝑥̅ −𝜇𝜇𝑥𝑥 12.9−15
𝑧𝑧 = �
= = -2.10
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥
� 1

(Type an integer or a decimal.)

d. Calculate the standard normal z-score corresponding to a value of 𝑥𝑥̅ = 15.8.
𝑥𝑥̅ −𝜇𝜇𝑥𝑥 15.8−15
𝑧𝑧 = �
= 0.80
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥
� 1

(Type an integer or a decimal.)

3. Assume that 𝑥𝑥 is a binomial random variable with 𝑛𝑛 = 140 and 𝑝𝑝 = 0.3. Use a normal approximation to find each of the following probabilities.

𝐸𝐸(𝑥𝑥) = 𝜇𝜇 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 140(0.3) = 42 𝜎𝜎 = �𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = √140 ∗ 3 ∗ 7 = 5.422

30−.5−42
a. 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥 ≤ 30) = 0.0107 . 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥 ≤ 30) = 𝑃𝑃(𝑧𝑧 ≤ = 𝑃𝑃(𝑧𝑧 ≤ −2.305) = .5 − .4983 = 0.0017
5.422

(Round to four decimal places as needed.)

38−.5−42 47.5−42
b. 𝑃𝑃(38 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 48) = .6405 . 𝑃𝑃 � ≤ 𝑧𝑧 ≤ � = 𝑃𝑃(−0.83 ≤ 𝑧𝑧 ≤ 1.01) = .2967 + .3438 = 0.6405
5.422 5.422

(Round to four decimal places as needed.)

33+0.5−42
c. 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥 ≥ 33) = 0.9406 . 𝑃𝑃 �𝑧𝑧 ≥ � = 𝑃𝑃(𝑧𝑧 ≥ −1.57) = .5 + .4418
5.422

(Round to four decimal places as needed.)

4. . Consider the following probability distribution. Complete parts a through e blow.

5
𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) = � � (0.56) 𝑥𝑥 (0.44)5−𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥 = 0, 1, 2, … , 5)
𝑥𝑥
a. Is 𝑥𝑥 a discrete or a continuous random variable?

i. Discrete, because the variable can be counted.

ii. Discrete, because the variable can be measured on an interval.

iii. Continuous, because the variable can be counted.

iv. Continuous, because the variable can be measured on an interval.

b. What is the name of this probability distribution?

i. Uniform distribution, because the distribution is equal across all trials.

ii. Normal distribution, because the distribution is a real valued random event.

iii. Binomial distribution, because there are n trials and two possible outcomes on each trial.

iv. Poisson distribution, because the distribution occurs over a fixed time interval.

c. Graph the probability distribution. Choose the correct graph below.

i. ii. iii. iv.

d. Find the mean and standard deviation of 𝑥𝑥.

Find the mean of 𝑥𝑥.

𝜇𝜇 = 2.8

(Type an integer or a decimal. Do not round.)

Find the standard deviation of 𝑥𝑥.

𝜎𝜎 = 1.11

e. Show the mean and the 2-standard deviation interval on each side of the probability distribution graph. Choose the correct graph below.

i. ii. iii. iv.

5. A construction company employs three sales engineers. Engineers 1, 2, and 3 estimate the costs of 15%, 30%, and 55%, respectively, of all jobs bid on by the company. For

𝑖𝑖 = 1, 2, 3, define 𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖 to be the event that a job is estimated by engineer 𝑖𝑖. The following probabilities describe the rates at which the engineers make serious errors in

estimating costs: 𝑃𝑃(𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒|𝐸𝐸1)= 0.04, 𝑃𝑃(𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒|𝐸𝐸2)= 0.01,and 𝑃𝑃(𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒|𝐸𝐸3 )= 0.03. Complete parts a through d.

a. If a particular bid results in a serious error in estimating job cost, what is the probability that the error was made by engineer 1?

𝑃𝑃(𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒|𝐸𝐸1)= 0.308 (Round to the nearest thousandth as needed.)

b. If a particular bid results in a serious error in estimating job cost, what is the probability that the error was made by engineer 2?

𝑃𝑃(𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒|𝐸𝐸2)= 0.115 (Round to the nearest thousandth as needed.)

c. If a particular bid results in a serious error in estimating job cost, what is the probability that the error was made by engineer 3?

𝑃𝑃(𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒|𝐸𝐸3)= 0.577 (Round to the nearest thousandth as needed.)

d. Based on the probabilities, given in parts a-c which engineer is most likely responsible for making the serious error?

Engineer 3 . (Type an integer.)

6. For a sample of 118 transformers built for heavy industry, the mean and standard deviation of the number of sags per weeks were 361 and 21, respectively; also, the mean and

standard deviation of the number of swells per week were 171 and 17, respectively. Consider a transformer that has 437 sags and 149 swells in a week. Complete parts a and b

below.

a. Would you consider 437 sags per week unusual, statistically? Explain. Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer box to complete your

choice.

i. Yes. The z-score is _______ , meaning that this is an outlier and almost every other transformer has more sags.(Round to two decimal places as needed.)

ii. Yes. The z-score is 3.62 , meaning that this is an outlier and almost every other transformer has fewer sags.(Round to two decimal places as needed.)

iii. No. The z-score is ________ , meaning that less than approximately 68% of transformers have a number of sags closer to the mean.(Round to two decimal

places as needed.)

iv. No. The z-score is ________ , meaning that the number of sags is not unusual and is not an outlier. (Round to two decimal places as needed.)

v. This cannot be determined, since the IQR is not provided and cannot be found from the provided information.

b. Would you consider 149 swells per week unusual, statistically? Explain. Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer box to complete your

choice.

i. No. The z-score is -1.29 , meaning that the number of swells is not unusual and is not an outlier.(Round to two decimal places as needed.)

ii. No. The z-score is ________ , meaning that less than approximately 68% of transformers have a number of swells closer to the mean.(Round to two

decimal places as needed.)

iii. Yes. The z-score is _______ , meaning that this is an outlier and almost every other transformer has more swells.(Round to two decimal places as needed.)

iv. Yes. The z-score is enter your response here , meaning that this is an outlier and almost every other transformer has fewer swells.(Round to two decimal

places as needed.)

v. This cannot be determined, since the IQR is not provided and cannot be found from the provided information.