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Index

Abietic acids, 290 Adsorption isotherms (cont.)

Acid circuits, 35 Henry's law, 364
Acid soap complex, 267 Hill~e Boer, 370-374
Acrylamide, 334 ~uir,365-369,454
Acrylic acid, 334 Polanyi's, 376-378
Acrylic esters, 334 with two-dimensional condensation, 371
Activation energy, in adsorption, 360 Aerofloats, 208, 225
Activators, 8,612 Aeroso1, 343
Active alumina, 413 Aerosols,291-292
Activity coefficient, 178, 179, 180 Albumin,335
Adhesion, force measurements in KCl-, Alcohols, 211, 307-312
NaCl-monolayer, 539-541 Q-terpineol, 226, 227
Adhesion bonds rupture, 515-516 creosols, 226, 227
Adipic acid, 291 MIBC, 226,227
Adsorbates, area of (recommended naphtols, 226, 227
values), 382 Aldehydes, 211
Adsorption, 361 Alkyl groups, 214ff
alcoholatsolid~uid,395 common names, 216
alkyl sulfonates on alumina, 397 panUrurlc, 216, 218
cationic surfactants on alumina, 396 Aluminum fluoride structure, 151
Co 2 + ions on quartz, 399 Alums, 41
critical conditions: coverage, pressure, Amides,212
area, temperature, 373 Amine salts, substituted, 210
density for amine species, 453 IR band assignments, 305
dodecyl sulfate on BaS04, 396 Amines, alkyl, unsubstituted, 210,301-
fatty acids on charcoal, 394 306
heats of, 363, 392 IR band assignments, 303-305
metallic ions on manganite, 398 solubility of, 302
polar molecules, 364 Amorphous surface layer, 353
surfactants on potash minerals, 536-541 Amphtbole structure, 138
various reagents on quartz, 415 Amphipatic compounds, 70, 194,205
Adsorption isotherms Amphiphiles, 211
amine hydrochlorides, 543 Ampholytic: see Amphoteric surfactants
Frenlcel-Halsey-Hill slab theory, 385 Amphoteric surfactants, 213, 335
Freundlich, 372 Amylopectin,320-321
Frumkin,454-456 Amylose, 320

747
748 Index

Anglesite, 31, 37 Bulk flotation, 19

Anlline,210,219 Burgers vector, 352
Anionic flotation, 42 Butler-Volmer equation, 459
silicates, 42
Anti-fluoride structure, 150
Antimonite, 238 Cadmium iodide structure, 148
Antipollution treatment of effiuents, 201- Calamine, 32
202 Calcite, 32
Antlerite, 34 Calcite structure, 156, 157
Apatite ores, 40 Capacitance of the electrical double layer
Aragonite structure, 156, 158 (2nd lippmann equation), 441, 444,
Arbiter's process, 46 445,449,470-472
Archimedes' law, 551 Capillary constant, 278
Arsonic acids, aJkyl, 221 Capillary number, 120
p-tolyl arsonic, 221 Carbon disulfide, 231
Attachment, 12 Carbonate disulfide, 242
kinetics of, 13, 578-591 Carboxylates, alkyl, 209, 288-293
Automatic control, 48 common names, 290
Autophobic surface, 417 Carnallite, 40
Autoradiography of adsorbed xanthates, Carrolite, 34
501 Cassiterite, structure of, 146, 147
Azurite, 34, 159 Cassiterite flotation, 40, 221
Castor oil, 292
Cationic flotation surfactants, 42, 301
Barclay-Butler plots, 196, 197 Celestite, collector for, 222
Barskyrelation~,642 Cells,5-7
Barytestructure,159 bank of, 9
Barytes, 39 Cellulose, 32011
Beilby layer, 352 derivatives of, 327-334
BET theorY, 379-385 structure of, 320, 324
Black films, 343, 563, 571 Cerussite, 31
Black hole, 579 Cesium chloride structure, 144
Black liquor, 329 Chalcanthite, 34
Block polymers, 214, 317-318, 335 Chalcocite, 22, 33
Boltzmann's constant, 69 Chalcopyrite, 22, 33, 144, 156, 238
Bond,7r,65 Characteristic curve for adsorptioll at all
Bonding,61 temperatures, 377
chemical, 61 Charge carriers, density of, 433, 463
distnbution on surface, 91 Charge density in the electrical double
localized,134 layer (1st lippmann equation), 441
molecular,61 Charge transfer
non-directionai,134 across the electrical double layer, 457-
strength (energy), 91 462
Bonds, density of, 91 Butler-Volmer equation, 459
Bornite, 22, 33 Chemical disintegration for liberation, 355
Bravais lattices, 139, 141 Chemisorption, 358,360, 391
Brochantite, 34 of carboxylates, 518-521
Bronsted-acid site, 414, 635 of dixanthogen on galena, 502-503
Bubble deformation, 115 isotherm models of, 391-392
Bubble formation Chromite,37
conditions for, 190 ChrYsocolla,34,37
in mechanical cells, 607-609 Circulation, internal in drops, 556
 Index 749

Cis fonn, 65 Confonnation (cont.)

Citric acid, 293 of surfactants in adsorption, 521
Clathrate hydrate structuIes, 192-194 Coniferyl alcohol, 332 .
Clayey minerals, 29 Contact angle, 6, 7, 110
effect of, 29 advancing, 113
Ooud point, 284, 286, 316 correlation with recovery, 524
Coagulation, 637 effect of surfactants, 123
Coalescence of bubbles, 550 electrical contributions, 119
effect of alcohols, 560 equilibrium, 113
Coals,43,44 interpretations, 112
oxidized,43 receding, 113
Coherionenergy, 346 in relation to pH, 641-642
Cole-Cole plot, 171 Contact time in particle-bubble attach-
Collector coatings, 20 ment, 585, 587, 588
decomposition, 20,647 Coordination number, 135
Collectors, 8,12, 206 Coordination polyhedron, 136
adsorption, cooperative effects of bond- Corundum structure, 151
ing,545 Cov.Uentbonding,63
adsorption of alkylammonium, 522- Covellite,33
524 Cresylic acid (cresols), 224, 226
adsorption of carboxylates, 518-521 isomers of, 219
adsorption mechanisms, 494-498 Critical angle for spreading of liquids, 594
adsorption to a network of complexes, Critical micelle concentration (CMC), 211,
532-535 265
adsorption of xanthate species, 498-509 in black fllm fonnation, 563, 570
joint action with frothers, 597-600 sulfonates, 300
threshold concentration of, 15 surfactants, 270-275
Collision time, 585 VB floatability, 543-544
Colloids, 341ft Critical surface tension, 124, 126
corpuscular, 343 Crocoite, 31
fibrillar,343 Crystal habit, 142
laminar, 342 Crystal imperfections, 350-352
metal hydroxides, 637 Frenkel, 350
stability of dispersions, 490-491 interstitial impurity, 350
Common black films, 563, 582 Schottky,350
Complex ions, finite, 156, 157, 160, 182, Crystals, equilibrium shapes, 142
248,425,532-535,628-629,635- Cubanite, 156
640,642-645,649-653,653-657, Cubic structuIe, 137
659-662 Cupricitrate complex, 293
Complexes, inclusion, 325 Cupritartrate complex, 293
Computer control, 24 Cuprite, 34, 37
Computer methods in the mineral indus- Cuprite structure, 151
try,49 Cyanide, 227
Concentrate, 9, 19 depressant, 657-659
Conf~tion,217,321 ligand,649-653
atactic, 337 Cyano-complexes, 649-657
isotactic, 337 Cyclic voltametry, 461-462, 473
meander, 319 Cyclohexylamine, 210
syndiotactic, 337
zigzag,319
Confonnation, 217,321 de Boer fonnula, 370-374, 567
of adsorbates, 451 Debye effect, 74
750 Index

Debye length, 440 Disturbance

Debye-Hilckel among bonds, 12
model ofions, 176 within the surface, 12
reciprocal length, 177 Iijthiocarbamates, 208
Decomposition Dithiophosphates, 208, 225
ofcollectorcoa~,647 IR spectra of 259-262
of cuprous ethyl xanthate, 257 solubility products, 260-262
xanthate ion, 232-243 UV spectra of, 262
Depressants, 8,612 Dixanthogen, 231,234, 238-241
CN"", 657-659 solubility of, 240
H8-, 646, 648 DLVO theory, 490
Detergents, synthetic, 301, 314 Dolomite, 32
action of, 542 Drainage
DHliming, 29 in coDapse of foams, 576
Dextrins,323-325 promoters of, 578
Diacetone alcohol, 309, 311 in single films, 563
IijcarboxyHc~,228
Iijelectric permeability, 62, 81, 85, 170
Diffusion of surfactants in partic1e-bubble
attachment, 588-591 Effective po1arizabilities, 82
Diffusivity coefficient, gas-water, 552 Elaidyl group, 216
Dioxyphenyl propyl unit, 332 Electrical double layer, 433, 437-451
Iijpole moments, 67, 70 interaction in thin films, 565, 566
effect of the hydrocarbon chain, 71, 72 Electrical potential
of ligands, 629 Galvani potential difference, 435
metal carboxylates, 297 inner, 435
metal dithiocarbonates, 256 outer, 435
of metal xanthates, 256 surface, 435
relaxation time, 171, 205 Volta potential difference, 435
heat of adsorption, 363 Electrocapillary curve, 442-449
Iijpole-dipole interactions, 67, 75 ElectrocapiJlary maximum, 440, 442,
Discrete charge effect, 446 447
Disjoining pressure, 107 Electrochemical potential, 435, 612
contributions to, 108,417,418,575, Electrodes
580 ideal polarizable, 436, 44011
variation with thickness of film, 582 reversible, 434, 435
Iijdocations Electrokinetic effects, 474-480
edge, 350, 351 Electromagnetic radiation, 86
screw, 350, 351 Electron volt,l eV,86
Iijspersion forces, van der Waals interac- Electronegativities
tions, 78, 83 of atoms, 65
Dispersion forces contribution, 127 PauHng,66
Iijueminated ores, 35 Electronic charge, 62
Iijuemination,25,45 Emulsion, 343
Iijssemination of minerals, 21 Enargite,33,156
Iijuociation Eotvos (Bond) number, 120, 121
alkyl sulfates, 269 Equilibrium constant, 98
amines, 266, 269 Esin and Markov effect, 450
carboxylates, 267 Esters, 212, 334
constant, 185 Ethers, 312-319
fatty acids, 266 ceD0801ve, 313
metal-cyanide complexes, 652 Ethylenediamine, 306
of water, 185,186 Ethylenedimine (aziridine), 306
Index 751

Falloff, in recovery, 26 Fluorocarbons, 222

Fatty acids, 225, 289 Fluorosilicate, 40
solubilities of, 294 to depress phosphate minerals, 40
Feldspar, 42, 164 Fluorspar, 39
Fine particles Foams, 343, 549-562
generation modes, 663 foam builders, 573
papers on processing of, 668-671 optimum concentration, 572
papers on technology of. 672 persistence time, 572, 573
Floccuiants, 224, 334-338 stability of, 562, 572
Flocculation in flotation, 591 theories of, 571-576
Flotation, 12, 19 transient foams, 571
cleaning,18 types of, 561-562
electrotlotation, 12 Forces between macroscopic bodies
recleaning, 18 non-retarded, 84
rougher stage, 18 retarded, 84
scavenger stage, 18 FormanUde,derivativeso~222
stages, 18 Fowkes equation for interfacial tension, 128
Flotation cell, 4, 45 Fowkes treatment ofsurface tension, 127
cyclone cell, 5, 7 Franklinite,32
mechanical cell, 4, 5 Froth flotation, definition, 1
pneumatic cell, 4, 6 Froth separation, 46
Flotation inhibition, 515 Frother abstracted by solids, 429
Flotation literature, 49 Frothers,9
Flotation plants, capacities, 34 condensation of, 124,206
Flotation process criteria for, 601-603
applications of, 3 joint action with collectors, 597-600
bulk oil, 3 relaxation time of, 603
hot, 39 usage, 604-605
ion, 3 Froths, 549-562
skin,3 persistent froths, 571
Flotation reagents, commercial, 224-228 theories of, 571-576
Flotation recovery Fumaric acid, 291
alumina,526,532
chalcocite, effect of a-terpineol on, 599
correlations, 524 Galena,22,31,137,238
galena, 513 Gallic acid, 333
galena, effect of frother, 600 Galvanic couples, 27
goethite, 528 Gangue, 17
hematite, 529 acid-in-character,32
pyrite,507,508,509 basic-in-character,32
quartz,534 Gas bubbles, 12
role of hydrocarbon chain, 525 absorption rates, 552
smithsonite, 527 coalescence of, 550, 560
sphalerite, 511 generation of, 549
tenorite, 531 oscillations, 556-558
vs CMC, in tlotation of silicates, 543- size,554
544 velocity, 551, 553, 554
vs ultrasonic vibration, 558 Gas hydrates, 191-194
Flotation system, components of, 10 Gelatin, 335
Flotation throughput, 45 Gibbs approach, 93
Flowsheet,15 Gibbs equation, 103
Fluoride ion, role in flotation, 42 for a nonionized surfactant, 103,269,
Fluorite structure, 145,147 357,452
752 Index

Glycerols, alkyl, 311 Hydrophobic minerals, 17,43

Glycolic acid, 292 bitumen, 17
Glycols, dialkyl, 311 graphite, 17
Good and Girifalco equation, 127 MoS2 ,17
Grade, 17 talc, 17
Graft polymer, 335 Hydrophobic solid surface, 108
Graphite, 22 on co-adsorption, 511
Guanidine, 210 due to molecular interactions, 527
Gypsum, 40 on partial oxidation, 511
Gypsum structure, 159 silica, 494
solids, 493, 497
Hydroxamates, alkyl, 221
Halide ligands, 659-662 Hydroxides
Halite, 40 Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cd, struc-
Hamaker constant, 84, 568 tures of, 148
mica, 88 solubility of metal hydroxides, 184
stearic acid monolayers, 88, 584 Hydroxyquinoline, 8-37,222
Hardy-Schulze rule, 490,613 Hysteresis of desorption, 382, 384
Haworth projection, 321
HO molecule, 81
Heats of adsorption, 363, 392 Ideal dilute solution, 97
Heats of hydration, 660 Ideal solutions, 97
Heats of solution of alkali halides, 537 Ilmenite structure, 153
Helmholtz equation, 98 Indifferent ions (electrolyte), 445, 480,
Hemimorphite (calamine), 32, 37 482
Hill approach, 93 Induced dipoles, 68
Homotattic substrate, 371 Induction force interaction, Debye effect,
Hybridization, 63 74
of orbitals, 63, 64 Induction time
Hydration of ions, 171 in fllm thinning, 583
Hydration of surfaces, 412-419 influence of frothers on, 598
Hydro complexes, 635-640 in particle-bubble attachment, 585, 586
of AI, 640 Infrared (IR) band assignments
ofCu,639 amines, 303-305
Hydrogen bonding, 75, 77 carboxylates, 296-299
clusters, 169 in chemisorption of carboxylates, 578
in water, 172, 174 dithiocarbonates, 258-259
Hydrogen bonding contribution, 127 dithiophosphates, 260, 262, 265
Hydrolysis mercaptans, 261
alkyl sulfates, 269 O-Hbonds, 307,413
fatty acids, 289 sulfates, 300-301
of Fe hydroxy ions, 638 for xanthate group, 252-254
ions and complexes, 616 Infrared region, 86
of Pb hydroxy ions, 639 Infrared spectra, 503,519
starch or cellulose, 322-325 Inner Helmoholtz plane, 437-440
Hydrophilic, definition of, 7, 8 collector adsorption at, 527-532
Hydrophilic solid, 108 Insoluble monolayers, 419-422
clays, 165 Instrumentation, 24
silica, 493 Interatomic spacing, 89
Hydrophobic, 2, 6, 9 Interaction, Debye, 74
polyoxypropylene glycol, 317 Interactions, particle-interphase, 85
Hydrophobic interaction, 197 Interfacial thermodynamics, 91
Index 753

Interfacial wetting, surface contact angle, ~ds,628,629,635-640,642-645,

108 649-653,653-657,659-662
Intergrowth patterns, 23 Lignin derivatives, 228, 332, 333
disseminated, 23 linear polymers, 214
Interlocking, 25 tinolenyl group, 216
Intermolecular interactions, 82 Lippmann equations, 436, 441, 456
Intrinsic salts, 171, 181 Liquid/gas interfaces,129
Ion flotation, 26 Liquid/liquid interfaces, 129
Ion-pairs, 180, 183 London force, constant C, 79, 84
Ionic atmosphere, radius of, 177 Lorentz-Lorenz equation, 69
Ionic bond, 61 Low-energy solids, 124
Ionic character, percentage of, 67 Lyophobic sol, 566
Ionic strength, 178, 316
IR: see Infrared band assignments
Isoelectric point, 479 Malachite, 34, 159
Isomers Maleic acid, 291
naming of, 215 Malonic acid, 291
positional,219 Marangoni effect, 573
structural,214 Marcasite structure, 149
Isomorphism, 155 Marmatite, 32, 34
polymeric, 156 Matte flotation, 46, 47
Isomorphous substitutions,155 Mechanical effects of physical adsorption,
Isoprene unit, 331 386-390
generation of fines, 390
relative humidity effect, 388
Kainite, 41 Mercapto group, 207
Kaolinite, 162, 164 Mercaptobenzothiozole, 208
Keesom effect, orientation, 71 Metal classifications, 630-633
Kelvin expression, 383 Metal ion complex, 425
Ketones, 211 Metal production IJgUres, 30
Kinetics, of flotation, 48 Metal xanthates
Krafft point, 211, 265, 284-286 formation on adsorption, 502
of sulfonates, 300 hydrophobicity of, 510
solubility products, 24511,512
Metallic bonding, 88
Lactic acid, 292 Mica structure, 139
Lamella settling tanks, 46 Micenes, 211,265, 270
Langbeinite, 41 mixed,281-282
Laplace equation,121 structures of, 286-288
Lattice constant, 89 Microcrystals,322-323
Lattice energies, 63 Microprobescans,24
Lennard-Jones potential, 80, 358 Microscopic examination, 21
Levich equation, 551 Microwave frequency region, 86
Lewis-acid site, 414,635 Miller indices, 346, 347
Liberation Mineral intergrowth, 21, 22
friability, 21 patterns of, 21
by grinding, 2 Mineralized froth, 9, 13
of minerals, 17 Modeling, 24
softness, 21 Modifying agents, 8
of solids along their interface, 111 Molar volume for predicting adsorption
Liberation size, 20 isotherm, 378
Lifetime of adsorption, 362 Mole fractions, 97
754 Index

Molecular interaction, 278 Oxidation (cont.)

unongs~u,424,430,522-527 excessive surface oxidation, 514-517
between collector and nonionized galena, 404-408
species, oil, 525 galvanic action, 411
frother-collector,526 level in flotation, 611
Molecular polarization, 68 rate of ferrous ion, 626, 627
Molybdenite, 22, 34 rate of manganous ion, 627
oxidized, 43 suliJde minerals, 408-411
MolYbdenite structure, 148, 149 Oxidation-reduction potentials, 102
Molybdenum, heteropolyacids of, 161 Oxidation states
Monolayers, unines and fatty acids in additives for, 619
potash solutions, 538 N, P, As, Sb, and Bi, 623
Monolayer coverage 11m, 381 for oxygen, 622
Monolayerpeneuation,422-424 for sulfur, 621
Monolayer solidification by counterions, transition metals, 624
424-428 Oxidized ores, 37
Monosaccharides, 321 Oxidizing environment, 43
Monothiocarbonate ion, 230, 234, 240- Oxidizing reaction, 99
242 Oximes, 01-, 222
Montmorillonite, 162, 165 Oxine,222
Morpholine, alkyl derivatives, 221 effect of oil addition in flotation of
smithsonite,526
Oxo alcohols, 318
Naphtenic acids, 220, 224 Oxygen in flotation pulp, 619, 620
Naphtols, 220
Naval stores, 329
Nemst equation, 436, 460 PbS, 137
Net heat of adsorption, 381 Palladium oxide or sulitde structure, 145
Neumann's triangle of surface forces, 109 Partial pressure, 97
Newton black illm, 563, 583 Particle, 12
Nickel arsenide structure, 144 Particle-bubble attachment
Nonionic compounds, 206 contact area mobility, 592-593
Nonionic surfactanu, 211, 307-319 modes of, 12
Non-thio ionizable surfactants, 206 theoretical, 578-584
collector-frother action, 268 Pelargonic hydroxamic acid, 40
Pelletizing, 38
Pentlandite, 34
Ohm's law, 460 Permanent dipoles, 74
Olefins, 215 Permeability coefficient, gas bubble-
Oleic acid, crystallized white, 290, 329 water, 552, 555
Oleyl group, 216 Perovskite structure, 153
Olivine, 37 Perxanthate (sulphenic acid), 234, 242
On-sueun analysis, 46 pH control, 612ft
Optimization methods, 48 in selective flotation, 640-642
Orientation Keesom effect, 71 Phosphates, 39, 40
Orthophosphate, 40 Phosphates, alkyl, 209
use of to depress phosphate minerals, 40 Phosphonic acids, 221
Outer Helmholtz plane, 437-440 Phtalic acid, 291
Overpotential, 459 Physical adsorption, 357ff
OXiDase scale parameters, 654 Pimaric acids, 329. 330
Oxidation Pine oil, 225,228
biological oxidation, 411-413 synthetic, 332
copper single crystal, 402 Piperidine, 210
Index 755

Planck's COnItaDt, 86 Reference electIodes, 100

Plateau border, 563, 564 Refractive index, 69
Polar group, 207 Reaulatina: apnts, 611/1
PolariZabllity, 68, 70 Relaxation time, 62
Polymers, 334ft of water dipoles, 62
atactic, 337 Resorcinol, 330
block,335 Rest potential ofmmeralt, 468
graft,335 Reynold. equation for viscous flow, 583
head-to-head, 335 Reynolds number,l20, 121,551,553
head-to-tail, 335 Ricinoleic acid, 292
iIotactic, 337 Rutile atructUIe, 146, 147
syndiotactic, 337 Rybczynski fonnula, 551
Polyoxyethylenel
~hol~tweJ,213, 224
ionizable derivatives, 213 Salicylic acid, 291
MSalt" parameter, 106,357
surface tension of, 314-316
PolyoX)'propyie ne derivatives, 213, 224, Scalping Jepamtion, 29
226 Sclleelite, 39
PoJywater, 416 Selective adIorption at air,lliquid interface,
Pozphyry copper, 34 281-282
Potash flotation, 221 Selective notation, definition of,4
Selective sepuation, IS, 19
Potential detemUning ions, 445, 531
Potential electIOlytea, 171, 180
SeIf-spreading, 122
Semiconductors, 463-468
Potential energy Eh-pH diagram for
galena-xanthate, 506
c.iwF transfer, 466ft
Bat-band potential, 464
Potential energy expression, 359
model of, 465
Potential ofura chatgc, 442, 447
space charge layer, 464
PIocipitate flotation, 26
SeparatioN of ao1ids, types of, 1
Precipitation
5equestrene: lee Ethylenediamine
metal carboxylates, 251
metal xanthatea, 251 Serpentine, 37
of silver bromide, 249 Shear now, 122
Proton, hydzated, 172 Shear plane, 21
Pyridine,210 position, 21,474
Pyrite, 22, 32,238 5hildmic acid, 333
Pyrite structure, 149 Siderite, 32
Pyrochlore, 40 5i1anea. 222
PyrophyDite, 161 Silica structures
Pyloxenestructure, 138 micelles, 614
Pyuhotite, 22, 32, 34, 145 quartz, crhtobalite, trldyrnite, 150
PZC,479,483,486-489,616 Silicates, 161
Silicones, 222
SiIicoJH)xY&en groups, 160
Quatenwy ammonium nits, 210 Siloxane groups, 223, 494
~bzacho, 39,227,328-332 Silvichernicals, 328
5in3le films. drainage in, 563
Sintenns, 38
Reco~,17 Slime coatings in flotation, 43
Red oils, CI)'rtalliz.ed, 290 Slimes, 37,43
Redox potentiab Slip plane, podtion of, 474
in Ootlltion, 612 Smearing of surfaces, 29
xanthato-dlxanth~n, 240, 469, 504 Smithsonite, 32, 37,526,527
Reducins reaction, 99 Sodium carbonate, 39
756 Index

Sodium chloride structure, 144 Sulfates, alkyl, 209, 225

Sodium polyphosphates, 617-619 Sulfhydryl and thio complexes, 642-645
Sodium silicate, 39, 614-617 Sulfhydryl group, 207
phase diagram, 615 Sulfidization, 36, 646
Sol, 343, 566 Sulfonated fatty acids, a-, 221
Solids, structure, 133 Sulfonates, alkyl, 225
Solubility of alcohols, 308-309 Sulfur oxy-ions, 160
Solubility of fatty acids, 294 Surface, 343[[
Solubility of gases alteration by grinding, 352-356
carbon dioxide, 191 broken bonds, 347
effect of salts upon, 192 collisions with, 349
oxygen, 189 energy, 348
in water, 187[[ recrystallization, 353-354
Solubility of hydrocarbons in water, 194[[ relative dissolution, 347
Solubility product, 184 TLK (terrace-ledge-kink) model, 344
metal carboxylates, 293-296 Surface alteration, 355
metal dithiophosphates, 263-264 restructuring on adsorption, 495
metal-xanthates, 245[[ Surface balance (Langmuir-Adam trough),
selected sulfides, 644 420
Solubilization of oils, 288 Surface chemical potential, 95
Solutes, as structure makers, 191 Surface elasticity
Sorbitol, 312 in foam stability, 575, 576
Specifically adsorbing ions, 445 Gibbs, 574
coverage of the electrode surface, 449 Surface energy, 2, 346, 348, 387
on similarly charged surface, 450 Surface excess, 95
Spectroscopic techniques, 48 Surface excess charge, 2
Sphalerite, 11, 22, 32, 144,238 Surface oxidation, 25
Spherical agglomeration, definition of, 2 Surface potential, technique for nonionic
Spinel structure, 154 analyses, 307-310
Spreading coefficient, 109 Surface pressure, 95
negative, 110 Surface stress, 95
nonspreading,110 Surface tension, 95,270
Spreading of liquids dynamic,283
critical angle for, 594 of fatty acids, 294
over sharp edge, 593-597 inorganic salts, xanthates, fatty acids,
Stagnant liquid layer, 474 alcohols, 276-277
Standard chemical potential, 97 ofpolyoxyethylenes, 314-316
Standard hydrogen electrode, 100 sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium laurate,
Stannite, 22, 33, 144, 156 dodecylamine hydrochloride, myris-
Starch,227,320-334 tyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, 270
Stearic acid, triple-pressed, 290 xanthat«K:n T AB, 279-280
Stereochemistry of surfactants, 214 Surface transformations, 27
Steric hindrance, 565 due to grinding, 27
Steric parameters, 90 Surface viscosity, 576
in KO-, NaO-monolayers systems, Surfactants, 8, 10, 205[[
540,541 anionic, 212
of ligands, 629 cationic, 212
in metallic adsorbate monolayers, 462 monopolar,206
in monolayer solidification, 427 multipolar,212
Sticking coefficient, 345 nonionic, 212
Stokes equation, 551 SusceptJ."bility, electronic dispersion forces,
Styrene, 219 81,82
Succinic acid, 290 Swelling,385,387,388
Index 757

Sylvite, 40 UV spectra (cont.)

Synergistic effects, 279-282, 284,576 dithiophosphates, 262
Szyszkowski equation, 278 mercaptobenzothiozole, 260, 261
thionocarbamate, 260, 261
of xanthate ion, 230, 231
Tafel slope, 460
Tailing,9,19
Talc structure, 161, 163 Vacuum, classification, 349
Tall oil, 228, 290, 329 van der Waals interactions
Tannic acid, 39 dispersion forces, 78
Tannin derivatives, 328-333 non-retarded, 80
Tartaric acid, 292 practical significance, 87
Tenorite, 34, 37 retarded, 80
Taurine, alkyl derivatives, 222 Vegetable oils, 228
Terpenes, 330 Versene, 306
Terpineol, a-, 216 Vinyl alcohol, 335, 336
Tetrahedrite, 33, 156 Viscosity of pulp, 121
Thermodynamics of thin liquid layers changes in electrolytic solutions, 538
(fllm),107 in selective separations, 121
Thickness of the diffuse layer, 440
Thin liquid layers (films), 107, 565 Water
critical thickness, 568, 569 adsorption, down position and up posi-
effect of solid particle on rupture of, tion,447
607 dissolved constituents, 199
rupture of, 568, 569, 607 H20 molecules, 81, 167/1
thermodynamics, 107 structural models of, 168-170
thickness of, 416,569,571,580 three-layer model, 419
thinning of, 578-584 Water hardness, 198
Thio compounds, 14, 206,207,225 alkalinity, 198
complexes of, 256 Water restructuring, 197
UV spectra of, 233 reorientation on adsorption of pyrazine,
ThiocarbanlHde, 208 454
Thiocollectors, 14 Wattle bark extract, 32811
Thiocyanate complexes, 653-657 Wave length, 86
Thiogiycolic acid, 292 Wave number, 86
Thionocarbamate, 225 Weber number, 120, 121
Titration curve of carboxylic acid solu- Wenzel formula, 113
tion,267 Wetting, dynamic aspects of, 119
TranI form, 65 Willemite, 32, 37
Triethanolamine derivatives, 306 Wolframite, 40
Triethoxybutane (TED), 212, 312 Wolfsbergite, 156
Tungsten, heteropolyacids of, 161 Work of adhesion, 108
Turkey red oil, 292 Work (energy) of cohesion, 108
Turpentine,329,330 Work function, 462
Wulfenite, 31
Wulff's construction of equilibrium
Ultrasonic vibration, effect on flotation,
shapes, 142
558
Wurtzite, 32
Underpotential deposition, 460-461
structure, 144
UV region, 86
UVspectra
alcohols, 308-309 X-ray determinations
dithiocarbamates, 259 of dithiocarbamates, 258
758 Index

X-ray determinations (cont.) Xylene, isomers of, 219

of metal xanthate structures, 254
Xanthate ion
abstraction in flotation circuits, 512
adsorbed xanthate radical, 467 Young's (Laplace) equation, 111,550,
decomposition of 232-243 565
hydrolysis of,423 Young's modulus, 347
UV absorption of, 230, 231
Xanthate-metal complexes, 243-245
Xanthate-thiosulfate complex, 239
Xanthates, 14,208,225, 228{{ Zeolites, 164
cellulose, 229 Zeta potential, 433, 474-491
commercial, 229 expressions for, 477
decomposition, 229-243 in flotation, 528-529, 613
hydrolytic decomposition, 234 side effects in, 477
liquid,232 trace metal effect, 478
preparation, 228 vs adsorption, 530
2, 2, 6, 6 tetramethyll-iminoxy 4- Zinc blende structure, 144
xanthate, 238 Zinc oxide, 144, 222
Xanthic acid, 230 Zincite,32
dissociation constant, 234-237 Zisman's plots, 124