Motion in 2 Dimensions

Introduction To 2D Motion

Y Y

y2
y1

X X
x1 x2

We will now discuss motion in which 2 Dimensions are changing

 Introduction To Projectile Motion
Y

g g

g g

Projectile mot ion is experienced by an object

or particle (a projectile) that is thrown near
the Earth's surface and moves along a
curved path under the action of gravity only
This curved path was shown by Galileo
to be a Parabola.
 Important Motion Parameters in a Projectile
Unknown Parameters
u Velocity at any time t
Maximum Height H
Horizontal Range R
θ Time of Flight T
Equation of Trajectory

➔ Point of projection P
➔ Initial velocity (u)
➔ Angle of projectile θ
 Method to Analyse 2 Dimensional Motion
Motion in 2 Dimensions is basically combination of TWO 1-Dimensional
motions.
Vertical motion => shadow on y
This motion is under the influence of
Acceleration due to gravity i.e.. g
 Horizontal motion => shadow on x

In the absence of any acceleration as ax = 0

 Method to Analyse 2 Dimensional Motion
To analyse motion in 2 Dimensions, we can break all motion parameters along
X &Y

Projectile is basically, combination of 2 linear Motions happening

simultaneously i.e. We can do it easily with the knowledge of Motion in 1
Dimension and Vector Resolution.
Analysis of Projectile
 Analysis of Projectile
We resolve all vector quantities (u, a, s) in 2 mutually perpendicular
directions (X and Y).

Y X Y
Ux = ucosϴ Uy = usinϴ

ax =0 ay = -g
θ Sx = ut + 1/2at^2 Sy = usinϴ*t - 1/2gt^2
X Sx = ucosϴ*t+ 1/2*0*t^2
Sx = ucosϴ*t
 Analysis of Projectile
We resolve all vector quantities (u, a, s) in 2 mutually perpendicular
directions (X and Y).

u Y
uy =u sin θ

θ u
uX=u cos θ
θ
X Y X
ux = u cos θ uy = u sin θ

ax = 0 ay = -g
x = Disp. in X y = Disp. in Y
 Analysis of Projectile
Y

u
uy= u sinθ

g
θ
ux= u cosθ
X
Analysis of Projectile
X Y
Y
v
ux = uy =
θ1
ax = ay = u sin θ u
x= y=
θ
X
vx = vy = u cos θ
Analysis of Projectile
X Y
Y
v
ux = u cos θ uy = u sin θ
θ1
ax = 0 ay = -g u sin θ u
x = Disp. in X y = Disp. in Y
θ
X
vx = v cos θ1 vy = v sin θ1 u cos θ
Time of Flight of Projectile

T = 2 Uy / g
= 2 Usinϴ / g
 Time of Flight of Projectile

Y
S = ut + ½ at2

∴ S y = (u sin θ) T - 12 gT2 u sin θ

0 = u (sin θ) T 1 2 θ
∴
2 gT
- 1 u cos θ X
∴ gT2 = u (sin θ) T
2

∴ 2u sin θ
T= g
 Time of Flight of Projectile

u sin θ

θ
u cos θ X

Time of ascend (t a ) = Time of descend (t d )

u sin θ
ta = td = g
Maximum Height Of Projectile
 Maximum Height Of Projectile
Y

u sin θ u H

θ
u cos θ X

X Y

ux = u cos θ uy = u sin θ
ax = 0 ay = -g
x = Disp. in X y = Disp. in Y
 Maximum Height Of Projectile
Y u 2 sin2θ
∴H = 2g
u sin θ u H

θ
u cos θ X

At maximum height

Vy = 0 We know that,
y = +H vy2 = u y2 + 2a yy
uy =u sin θ
ay = -g ∴ 0 = (u sin θ )2 – 2gH
u 2 sin2θ = 2gH
 Horizontal Range of Projectile
It is the MAX distance covered by the projectile in Horizontal direction for it’s
time of flight (T)

u sin θ u

θ
u cos θ X
R
Horizontal Range of Projectile
It is the MAX distance covered by the projectile in Horizontal direction for it’s
time of flight (T)
Y

u sin θ u

θ
u cos θ X
R
x = uxt + 1 a t2
At t = T 2 x
x=R
⇒ R = u cos θ (T) + 12 (0) T2
Horizontal Range of Projectile
It is the MAX distance covered by the projectile in Horizontal direction for it’s
time of flight (T)
Y

u sin θ u

θ
u cos θ X
R

2u sinθ R = u 2 ( sin2θ )
R = u cos θ g
g
Analysis of Maximum Range Of Projectile
 Horizontal Range (R)
R =u 2 ( sin2θ )
g
From above equation, we can Let’s find the maximum height
say that for a given “u”, R is reached for this angle
maximum when
2
sin 2θ = 1 1
i.e. 2θ = 90 0, θ = 45 0 u2 √2 = u2
H = 2g
Hence, maximum horizontal range is 4g
R max u2 R max
= ,when θ = 45 0 0
∴H= 4 when θ = 45
g

H = u sin θ
2 2 Horizontal range is 4 times
2g maximum height
Let us analyze the range of a projectile

u 2 (sin2θ)
R=
g
sin 2θ = sin(180o – 2θ)

Range of projectile is same for any two angles, θ and (90 0 - θ) projected with
same velocity.
Let us analyze the range of a projectile

Range of projectile is same for any two angles, θ and (90 0 - θ) projected with
same velocity.
A gun fires 2 bullets at 30 0 & 60 0 with the horizontal. They have the same
Range! The ratio of maximum heights for the 2 bullets is:
 A gun fires two bullets at 30 0 and 60 0 with the horizontal.
They have the same Range! The ratio of maximum heights
for the two bullets is:

Y
uB B
uA A
R = u 2 ( sin2θ )
g 600 P
300
Both have the same range X
sin 60 0 = sin 1200

(uA)2 sin 2(300) (uB)2 sin 2(600)

⇒ =
g g

uA = u B
Maximum height of A (HA) Y
uB B
uA A
H A = (uA)2 sin2 (300)
2g 600
30 P
Maximum height of B (HB) 0
X
(uB)2 sin2 (600)
HB = 2g 2
1
HA sin2(300) 2
⇒ = (u)2 sin2 θ
HB sin2(600) = √3 2 H= 2g
2
⇒ HA 1
=
HB 3
A bullet fired from a gun can have a Maximum range of 40m. Determine the
velocity of projection and the maximum height attained by the bullet if the bullet
is fired for maximum range.

A. 20m/s , 5 m
B. 20m/s , 10 m
C. 15m/s , 15 m
D. 15m/s , 20 m
 A bullet fired from a gun can have a Maximum range of 40m.
Determine the velocity of projection and the maximum height
attained by the bullet if the bullet is fired for maximum range.

Solution:

= 40 m, θ =450, g = 10 m/s 2
R max

= u
2
= 40 m
R max g

∴
u2 = 40 × 10

∴u = √400

∴ u = 20 m/s
For maximum height

R max = 40 m, θ = 450, g = 10 m/s 2, u = 20 m/s

u 2 sin 2 θ
H =
2g
400× sin2 45 0
∴H= 2 × 10

400 1 2
∴H =
20

∴ H = 10 m