AKHIL ACADEMY

IIT•JEE I Medical I Founda tion · i

Bio log
Chapter I

Re roduce? · x 1

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✓ C~B~S.E

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 .
~-.. .-.aSIDS
:roduce

• Rr.p, odliction 1i, the ptol e-,-. by wh1 rh 11""'1} 0IGttt11 <;I1Is 1>roduc:e new individuals ~imilar to t hemse lves. It
t'n-,ure'> t0nt 111uIt y of hfr on ~.,1th
• Nu t lr I1, ot thr re ll I ontams DNA (Deoxyribose Nucl eic Acid) wh ich Is t he heredity materia l.
, DNA rf'plica tr , and fo,ms new cells cc1using van atIon. So , th ese new cells will be simi lar but may not be
1dent ,cal to m 1g1nal rC' II.
Cell
DNA

Nucleus Chro mosome

✓ Va1 ,at,ons are useful fo r t he survival of th e individu al and species over t ime as well as basis for
evolution

Types of Reproduction
a) Asexual Reproduction
✓ A single individ ual give rise t o new individual.
✓ Gametes are not formed.
✓ New indivi dual is id entical to pa rent .
✓ It is extremely useful as a mea ns of rapid multiplicat ion .
✓ Ad opted by lowe r organisms.

b) Sexual Reproduction
✓ Two individuals i. e. , on e male and on e female are needed to give rise t o new individual.
✓ Gametes are fo rmed.
✓ New individu al Is genetically simi lar but not identical to parents.
✓ It is useful to generate more variations In species.
✓ Adopted by higher organism s.

1
I Mod , · of , 11 ii Ht pro lu( 11,111

I j•,·.io11 lh e p aren t c.e ll c.liv,d es in to d au ghte r ce ll s

J!in., , y f j ,, .,i.,u : Mu:. I o f th e uni cellu l ,:ir ani mals

pr ef er th1 (j m e t h od fo r r epr od u ction . Th es
e organ it. rn ,
, " JJ' uclu, c hy IJir, ary fl ssion ; esp ecially wh en co nd itio
ns ar e favou r ;:ib le, 1.e. ad equa t e amou nt o f
111 '.Ji , tu , e ;,, il Vdi lc1ul e. Oi1tt1 I y fj ~~ iu, , 15 ~u food ano
,11 c wl1 d t ~irr, ilc.11 tu 1111 tu ~i~. Th e r<1 utl 1t: I Lt:
H tl 1,;1J t::: ) 11 1t u l wt,
cJiluP. h! n, ce lls; and each d au~h t er ce ll b egi
ns its life like a n ew ind iv id u al. Th e p ar ent
gene ratio n ceac:er, t1J
<>Y i'.. 1, ::J lt er binur y l i ~r,io n . Arn o c b a i!.. a v ery
good exam ple o f t he o r ga ni sm whic. h rep
rodu ces by b in a, (
11•, •,iun

Bww.ry Fl~~ IOrl ,n Amoe t,.,

Muh ipl ,· fj •.•.ion : Whe n cond ition s beco me unfa

vour a b le, ,.e. food , mois ture , prop er t empe
rat ure, et c.
;ire not c1vc1il ab le; thi s is the prefe rred m o d e of re prod
uctio n by unice llular or ga nism s . Th e orga
deve lop!i a t hi ck rnati ne arou n d itse lf. Thi n ism
s 1s calle d cyst . Th e cyst helps the organ i sm
to t id e o ver t he bad
ph ase. lh e n u cleu.!> divid es into sev er al nucl
ei and each daug ht er nucle u s is surro unde
d by a mem b ra n e. All
rn ett1hr-,l ic acliv1ti e'> stop in the o rga ni sm, aft
e r cyst fo r matio n . W h en favou rabl e cond ition
s retur n, t h e cyst
d1<, <, olv1.!:.. or br eak s down ; relea sing th e
d au gh t er nu cl e1. l h e da ught er nu cl ei; in
t u rn ; grow into ne w
in di vidu al<,.

:'- !any daug hter

cell s produced
:S-uckufiti hy lll llh1pk
1 10 0 Daue b1cr cell

~~-
released
••J
~ •
Cy1opl ~ 111
CeII - ., I ~ , ) -
,. (@ oVr GJ
~
- ~•• -
•: •
'i•~ ~
Cy.-,1 _J -. . --~ 0
( pr01 cc 11n: \\ allJ

Mult iple fi ssio n in Amo eba Mult iple fi ss ion in Plas mod ium

ii. l r,tgm en tatio n : The orga nism brea ks-u p into sma
ller pieces upon matu ratio n, each
pie cE: deve lops into new indiv idua l. E.g., Spiro
gyra .

~~ INl'II
1-.g . I r,1g1T1 e nt a 11on 111
·,piro gyr t-1
- W ' ct I I-pie ce

2
 CJ

,,, H1••• l'l\t'I ,\1 hll\ lkfH' IHir;:lt\Oll 11 I he ·i implr 111 lJU' ','i ot rq ~r owt h ►\l'llt' f ,,lly o,
c I111,•<J ,fo,• t ,, ',orn1•
;Ip ldrn\ Ir d.i111 ~t\inp, ri vP \l\ . 111 thh l il"C
orP,l1t ll·,rn ;1llowi, p ,1111 ;!1 ( wlwn 11 01 rc•l,tltd lcJ JPprodu1 111;1 1
qi l\(lp.,rl\ Cl l;l\lllll nl l .1\I in \\ mid) 111 rn mplelc> ! w ll c n tl'll1l l'tl tu
rr•prod u,t 1on <·g /Jlrmorw hy,Jr ,;
,,r
, t:,111 .. 11 "11· \ 1rp,1,,wth 1\, \ 11n

n · ltudtH•,·• . '1uddi115 Is one of the kind of asexual reprod uclio n in whi ch a new organi sm 1s
developed tram Jn outgrowth or bud of th e cell du e to cell division
that happen ~ at on e particu lar
~itc . rhe 11ew oq1..inl5111 co ntinues to be attached to Its parent organism
as it slowly grows and only
detJch cs or scp..i, ~itcs lrum the parent wh en It becomes matu
re, leaving behind a scar tis sue . E.g.,
Hydr ,1 , yeJst

~ ~ oclcs

~
l\11d

D11f1 b<-9,ns
to I,111n Ol 1
Nucltu!
cop f:S
BurJ r o\', Oudd -1, µrocluoo,
~cornc s " cll o•ni U 0Qt!s
pJrcnt c,cll and dN1des s,o ,rnt~
II, ~ l'J O;"t l'J.... ,
rt:,,o.;, ..... ' <;."" I
o coo y

"· Veget ative Propagation : Vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction of

a
plant. Only one plant is involved and the offspring is the result
of one parent. The new plant is
genetic ally identic al to the parent.

3
N,lllll'lll \ 'egeutive Propogation

New plants grow from parts of the pare nt plan t. They include:

a. Stems
Run ners are stem s th at grow horizontally above the grou nd . They have nodes w here buds are form ed .
These buds grow into a new plant. E.g., potato, ginger.

N1!w pld,1U de,.ctop

~ - from th t bu<h

. •
.
I I
. ..
'
.

~·
of the rUMCr

Bud lntemodt

~ ~
•
t
b. Roots * Roou

New plants will grow out of swollen, modified ro ots called t ubers. Buds develop at the base of t he stem
and then grow into new plants. E.g., dahlias, sweet potato.

Old stem --
New shoot
.-.::-- Buds

Swollen root - --
(culltrJ

c. Leaves

Leaves of som e plan ts will grow into a new plant if they become deta ched from the parent plant. Other
plants grow small pl ants called plantlets on the edge of their leaves . E.g., bryoph yllum

le a f bu d \

4
 . ,. ·a, , ·ecre tatiYe Repnxiuction
-\rllD Cl I D '

~ - - .~ ~ - - . 0 ~--+ :1 1· :re1'"") t; ~r -=-=- ~e: 3-~s !n2: a,.e \! e~ ! :-3 tc ~~~ rart:t't p
,- l:;~:-J:~" 15"..5 o'"- =. :: :"S ... S.. - \. :3"'t

So-nc cf :,ie -:>~ :- oc5 wicd are·

a. Cuttin gs
: .rri:° ".5-5 ~~e P=rt tr'e pla--rt t"at ,s a.rt off of the 0 2r c"" t pla "t Shoots ¼tth lea..,es artartied are u,
:
0 ..iJ'' \
+ , ·n
use: ~~e ~1r roo :.5 a., o 1ea\ e:s wi 6• =ow frorn th? rutting. The shoot 1s rut at J'l angle ~ g·cwth p· on· 0 te ,
-
rn. 2.y be used tc help wrJ\ the e;ro·,i.th of th e roots. E.g. Rose

- P~ rc nt Cuu, ng
r ~·-~

Soil or
co mpo s•

b. Grafti ng
In grah ng 2 plants are used to develop a ne,.v plant y; th combin ed tra rts from the 2 parent ph nts In
gr aft ing the scion is the ab ove grou nd part of one plant The sc,on ,s attac.hed
to the stod. wh ich 1s t he
rooted pa rt of the secon d plant. £.g , Mango

t ..v g r fl o w...H Slnafl ll ov.r~,,

( d ,,.,robfr r rno r) ( undr1 ,mblr t rn , t )

Sm..l fl roo t \y.. t em

( u.ndn i rabk t ra tt) l ,11g,. f l.")o") f \)'._ , ,. Ill
( d.« u rabl~ cr aic)

S<, on

/\P
~~
J\ ~ d[ I -

~ ,c\ ,
Th'1 n e w p l •rH h .a\ l,o th
S te.x i,
o f t he dc\a • bl,. f e .atu re\

5
 c Ln \'ring
In layerino 11 c;hoot of 1\ pment plm
1t 1s brn t uni II ti r,m lH' l ovr' I r d
6 •
above ground. New , oots und
hy ,rnl Ilk 11 P P t 111, • ·d1, ll11 , i< t
evr>ntu ally c1 nrw pl rrnt wi ll i,iri,w 1
. hi '"' pl,i nh 1 •111 llt <'I\ 11,· \t'p 11,.,11
E.g .. Jasmint• .,, , • '
11 •·11

Pil l i' l1 t Nt'w pl,w t

phnt J<H m<

Peg
I

d. Tissue rulture : New plants are grown by using growing tip

of a plm'lt . Tll e~c n, ow111 g, r ll ~
kept tn u culture med,um le.id ,1 l' 1
s to th e forn1 otio n of callu s. C::illu
s is th en trnn;;fl' , red l o ho11nonl'
medi um which causes growth and
diffe rent iatio n. E.g., orn amentnl
plant s, ord wl.

Bfeat-. ,mo
3 01 4 J) t4tCCl'I
W.sh ~ ri ot / " . _)
."
/ ., --J 1\_1 v
\api oo 1

I
\
·- = - ~ a!lu. form s in 4 ~ WCMaks
C ut coru 0 11.;i
Pllltf" 11 1 p fi trt "''.h
X,
Tram.fer lo roo t
de~ looment med UfTI ~,,.,,"\-:;,, ,.~ _)
/ ;,
I
- -' ~
./
~ ·- · ~
_ ._ ---- -
Pl ace d sli $ 0 11 can, ~
,n,111u on n, 0~1um

Benefits of tiss ue cul tur e :

✓ We can grow plants like ban
an a, rose, jasmine etc. th at have
lost th e capa city to produ ce seed
✓ New plants are genetic ~.
ally similar to parents.
✓ Helps in gro win g seedles
s fruits .

6
 C

\I. Spore Formation : Spore formation is a method of asexual reproduction wh ·1 h .

• • c 1s fo und
in non flowering plants such as fungi (Rh1zopus) and bacteria. In th is method of
reproduction, the parent plant produces hundreds of tiny spores which can grow into new
plants. The spores are the microscopic, tough and resistant bodies which are round in shape
and can grow into a new plant under suitable conditions. We shall now discuss the
formation of new plants by spores by taking the example of fungi called as bread mould or
Rhizopus.

In Rhizopus numerous spores are produced within sacs called sporangia as shown in the
figure. The sporangia are knob like structures which are present at the top of the thread like
structures called hyphae. When these sporangia bursts, the spores are scattered by rain,
wind or insects and under suitable conditions develop into a new Rhizopus plant, when the y
fall on a suitable substance like bread.

I
Spores

Sporangiophorcs
(Erect hyph a)
Stolon
~ l
_, / \
Rhizolds

Advantages of Asexual Reproduction:

✓ The organism does not have to depen d on another organism for carrying out reproduction; because
a single parent is needed.

✓ It takes less time than sexual reproduction and hence more number of offspring can be produced in
shorter time.

✓ The offsp ring are exact clones of their parent.

✓ Desirable cha racteristics can be easily incorporated into plants with artificial vegetative
propagation.

Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction:

✓ As a single parent is involved, so t here is negligible chance of variation.

✓ In most of the cases in simple organisms, the parent generation ceases to exist after asexua l
reprod uction .

✓ Asexual reprodu ction can not give rise t o biodiversity which is im portant for a healthy ecosystem.

7
 s,,,11c1l tiq H od m 11011
W h 01 1 .
r epr odu rt1o n 1akes pince os .:i res ult of the .
rQp rod uct , 011 . fusIon of m,11c, Jnd I t•m' lie g,rn1 t' li'\ 1·. ro ll\'d <, 1•x 11 ,1I

i-usion of P,,11 11ett>s Is calle

d fert illu tlo n which , esu lt
s 111 v<1 1lilt 1011 .
Sc' '\U ,t l lh'prod1H lio n
in Pl,mts
')... Flo wer
s are th e I epr odu ctiv P ore
a ns of pl anh .
),.- A ty pica l fl ow er con sist s
of fou r main who rl s nam ely
sep ab, pet als, ... tam cn nncl
1.m l ll.
I\ Ill'" ot I lo" l'l s

❖ Ris e \.'\JJ} Howe.I· : Both ma le and

fem al e reproductive parts
❖ lTnisC':\ll,d llo \\'l' l' : Eith er are µresent. E.g., H,b,scu s,
rnu ~t ilr ti.
ma le or fem ale rep rod uct ive
wa t erm elon. part is prese nt. F.g .. Pt1P t1Y•1·

S1ru<-ture o f Flo we r:

Proces s of Seed Formation

'>-- Pollen grains, produced in
t he ant her, are transferred
to the stigma of sam e flo we
or stigma of ano the r flow er r (self pollmatl on)
(cross pollination) thr ough
agents li ke air, water or ani
mals .
',, Poll en grains germinate
and for m pollen tu bes whi
ch pass thro u gh style t o rea
presen t in ovary. ch upt o th e ovu les

► The fusion of m ale an d fem

ale gam etes is called fertiliza
tion . Zygote is produc ed ins
ide the ovary .
► Zygote divides to for
m embryo. Ovule develo ps
t hick coat and cha nges into
seed gradually.
► Ovary changes into
fru it and oth er parts of fl ow
er fall off.
► The see d ger min at es t o for m
a pla nt und er suita ble conditi
ons such as air, mo istu re etc
.

8
 Gt'rmi_nJtion of pollen on , tigma

~~.::nroduction in Human . . , einus

- 0

, ~ ~ -r3ns use sexual mode of reprodu ct10n.

, Se..D.Ial maturation : The penod of r~? ,•,li e, prod uction of germ cells i. e. , ova (female) and
i : errn (male} st.an in th e body. This peri ::i:: oi se.1 J 2I mat uration 1s ca ll ed puberty.
, Gana ds - gonads ar~ th e pri mary SEX organs they produce s gam etes, testis in the male gonads
:ha: ::;:-;::d u:e_s sperm ar.d c·, ar, is the ~cmc 2 6o'la:5s that produces eggs.
, Gametes- indude sperm and eggs.
, Fertilisation._ Th e union oi n•.o di'fHent gametes , the sperm (male gamete) and egg (fem ale
samet f l LS. call ed fert it1zat ion 1r. o:her words, the fu smn oi male and fe male gametes ts call ed
=ertiliiation.
, Zygote - After fertili sa1ion a z;gote is form ed which develops into a new organi sms
, Embryo - Afte r fert ili sation tre zvgote divi de s several frne5 to form an em bryo .

PubertY

Hu mar. be ing.:. ;;re rnm ple:i: an imals and her.Ce there is a di;tinct phase in their life C'y'de vthich marks the
onset and attainm€nt of sexual maturity. This period is call ed puberty. It usually starts at around 10 -11
years of age in girls and at around 12 - 13 years of age in boys. It usually end s at around 18th year of age in
g1ris and at 2roun ci 19th year of age in boys . Sin ce the yea rs during puberty end 10 'te ens'; hence this phase
;5 also called tee nage.

, Changes in Boys during Puberty: The ~cys sudden!y gr :Jw ir. height dramat ically. Voice
becomes deep and t he Adam' s apple becomes prominent. Shou lders become broad and body
becomes mu sc ular. Fa cial hairs begin to grow. Hairs also grow un der the armprt and in the pub ic
region.
, Changes in Girls during Puberty: Th e voice becomes thin. Shoulders an d hio beco me rounded .
Breast s get en larged. Hairs grow under th e armpit and in the pubic region.
, •,,•-. u,d I t.111111 ph i•. 11 1: 1hr nhy~tcal d1r,s1
m1lant1e, In the male and female c' a soec•es
1l\,•m 1111 l.-1r>I11 ,1 1)p 1•,H 1.1ntt>~ I~ e,Jllrd ~<:xual
,,-r ct, f, e
d1morph1sm .
.- ',, , 01111., , } ',1 ·\ 11., I C l,.tt,H h ·1•,: Features
whtch highlight sexual dimorphism are ca '. eJ
secc -Ja,
\ r'"t<l 111l I h ,ll rH I f> t •,
, 1\ \t' 11·, I, 11 .,t 11111 . M1•n~ 11 u,1\ton ts
a trait which 1s unique to humans and some
primates . During each
1,v1il.11i11 1l I yd,•, 111,, u1r1 u·, pr cpares ,t~elf in
anticipation of a possible pregnancy. The uteri
ne wa.l
d,•v,•l11p•i .111 ,1dd11lon,1I lining. Wilen the cee
i:; not fertilized, it gets disintegrated and so
does the
.1,ld11I@,1l l11"nK 111 tlw utrr 1ne wall . 1he fragm
ents of disintegrated t issues are shed; along
w,th blood .
I l\1·, h 1llh1•1 v,,cl Ill I hr fo, m of bleeding
throu gh t he vagin a wh ich can last from 3 to
7 days . The whol e
,<'q11 ,'Ih t' ol 1'vr111<, du, Ing an ovulation cycle
is calle d menstrual cycle. The bleeding which
occurs for
lt'w d.1y, I\ 1,,ll1• c1 n1t• nst1 ua\lon. The iirst
menstrual flow is ca lled menarche and the
last menstrual
tl,)w (wh1d, h.,µprn~ 111 th e late 40s) ls call ed
menopaus e.

M,lle Rep rod ucti ve Sys tem

t ,1) l ,•:-tt•:- : 1hrt1' Is ., p.ilr of testes; which lie
in a skin pouch ; called scrotum . Scrotum
is suspended
,,11h1.fr th<" b,)dy , lii.'low the abd ominal cavit
y. Th is helps in maintaining t he t emperatu
re of t estes below
ti\<" t,i"'dY tc'n1p,•1 ,1tu1e. This Is nrcessary for
optimum sperm production .

, M.,!i· nc' t m rt>ll 1. ,', sperms are formed here

.
• I t',t i.",, t>li.':\Si.' male sex horm on e (test osterone)
. Its fu nction is : ,. .,.,V
- /
R1'gul.11r pr0cluf1ion of spr rms.
11 fl.1mg rhanges at puberty.

1H \ .,:- ,h•: 1•1 1•ns : Vas defe1 ens is the tube

which carries sperm s to t he seminal vesicle.

, .. 1 '.'- , _1.uu l \ t' ~iLk : This 1s the place where sp erms

are stored . Secretions from t he seminal vesi
cle an d
:- ,"':-.i . : :" ;..bnd :-ion up to mal..e the semen.
--\ l 1 .. t~k l .l : It ,~ :1 common passa ~e for both sperms and urine
. Its oute r covering is call ed peni s.
t' : , : -.. :- tt ,~ ~ musrular oq;an which serves the
genitor-urinary funct ions.

D · 1.11:-
•,:--:- .'i: - t -.·. J f:::~ Js : Scn11nl vesides and prostate gland ad
:r ::-v, ... ~ · !lU'. ,s'"im ent to spe1ms and make their
transport easy.
d thei r secr eti on t o the sperms. This
 , \1,1 .- r. ,·,11 1, ,, 11, ,· , I 11·· .,,r
1111111111 ,•, I h r,, ,
,";m d •, ,,1 i1111 11;i1111n ''RW• -1,,, ,,, ,,.,~ ,,, in th e ov,11 y
\1 l/1 ,' 11,11 ,• ,,f 1111111 i1f ., ,-,111 111,1
.if 1'1r' \ P P fil{, ·. 1.111 rn ,1 l111 ii 1H
\I 1: ,., , 1 r\\ ,~! , if 11 11hc<rf \ \ 4IJ1l f'

1111 I )V I I"" ( Ir I " r I IV ,1 1I,, •.

I \ 11• '., h I\ I Ir I I, III I r d ,~\ r I \ I '" "

,\ th t,lm I lli I .d lup1 .1 11 l11h1 •

I
e
f,J llop l;in t11h rc, Pnd 1n f1n ge r-llk
,H 111 <1 rnp n l lll r 111 r1 111 r.. . IIH
1

,1111 r''- 111 11 h,111 1r:11 1 1 ,ldr-

:,; 1., ,,, , ·"' t 1d r•, 1

. ' . !l ,... , I .,11,,.; f1!1H h1 f,lf' I

r 1 '"' · .11 1111 1 r1:1p 11r•11•,
il ,,,,,
l,1llnplr1n lllh<' .
.
l11 1ll11w 11111 •, 1111 ;11 111 p, ,111. lJIPr u•,
,~ tit <: pl,11 r• w h e re l h c embryo gel!
, It 'l , , tt , 111,, ,, Jic, 11 ,h., pr d
and nut r1ti on t o the
,·t,,p , 111 (1 1 ., nrw lin111 h, 1l i y. 1111'
w.1 11 n f t IH• 111 ,·n1 r, nrovirl e'> r, dfet y
•• ,. ,' 1 ( 1•,1 ., nd .I n

is a muscular tu!Je-lik e orga ns;

1lw (1111wth o f tlw ulc 111 ~) ope ns in tu th e vag in d. Vc1gi na
1

1d\ \ ,l:' nu 1 ,. , " ' '

. It is abo ut 3 to 5
~p ,·1111 ~ .111u c1l•,u J5 lh e cJn al during t he child birth
, en ,., .4' th ,• p,1,,,,6l' hll Ille
11 ' · , •,
r walls are lined wrth mucous
ow11 wo111J11. The vagina's muscula
·, ·w, 1:~ ;,, I .' , r11f111 1t't t' I\ ) lo11i: 111 ,1 ti l

":' 1 1 1l 1.•, ' <" ' . \drn 11 ~<'<" P rt pro !N

kd ,111d mu,~t.

l Intercourse.
t lw P<'llt::. Is Inserted durlnn ::.t ><11J
1

·t ·., \, ,111..• 1,,

dbirth, call ed th e birth cana l.
out of J woman 's body during chil
It., tht' pJth w.ty thc1 t c1 bc1 by tc1~cs
t1uJI bloo d (the period) to leav
e the body from the uterus.
111 rt pr nvrcic•" t ht' rn11 te for th e 111 cm

l - -
h 1,i11 ,·1 , 11 - -
1.I II (II' I' 11 1
I 1il1,'

<h .11\

\\ 1teu t'J~g is fc r tiJi.~t•d :

into an emb ryo.
is planted in uteru s an d develops
.,, Th e fertili zed egg call ed zygo te t issue called pla centa.
get s nut rition from the mot h er' s blood with the help of a special
r fil e emb ryo
and waste mat eri al.
ft provides c1 lr1rge surface area
for the exch ange of glucose, oxy gen 9
o the birt h of the bab y is calle d gestat ion period. It is about
',- The t ime per iod fr om fert ilization upt

months.

11
\\ 111..'. n egg is nol fertilised :
. If every month to receive fert ilized egg.
,. The uterus prepares itse h. k d spongy required te, '.:up port th e err, 0r /~-
The lini ng of th e uterus becomes t ic an , -
,. .. . h d not taken place, this lin ing ,snot need ed or,; longer.
,. When fert1l1sat1 on a TI , . cle t· '<,..__, - ... ,.. , - r' · ,
0
ut t hrough vagina as blood and mucus n,.. C/ o. r:: .. r. ., .. , t/,
,. This lining breaks and comes
days every month and called menstruation .

Reproduc1j ,. f frnhh

Reproductive health means a total well-being in all aspects of reproduction i.e., ph~ 1<2I, errot. a ,~
and behavioural.

S~"\1Jally Transmitte d Diseases (STDs)

• Many diseases ca n be sexually transmitted such as :

Bacterial : Gonorrh oea and syph ilis

Vi ra l : Warts and HIV-AIDS

• Use of condom prevents these infections to some extent.

Contra cep•j rJn

It is the avoidance of pregnancy, can be achieved by preventing the fertilisation of ova.

Methods of contraception

(a) Physical barrier

, To prevent union of egg and sperm .

, Use of condoms, cervical caps and diaphragm .

(b) Chemical methods

, Use of oral pills

, These change hormonal balance of body so t hat eggs are not relea~ed
, May have side effe cts.

(c) Intrau terine con traceptive device (IUCDJ

, Copper-T or loop is placed in ut erus to

prevent pregnancy.

(d) Surgical methods I

, In males the vas deferens is blocked to

prevent sperm transfer called vasectomy.
, In fema les, the fallopian tube is blocked to
prevent egg transfer called tubectomy.

12
 '> · 1lw P1t1 r tlrt? ()f' kllllllE{ it fc-rnal(• t lii lcl '""lcJ r- l lt r: wo111h 1<, crdl(:cl fr:fflr>lf: fM:t1r 1r1£- .
r r N ,1ht•,1lth y ~orn Y, ,1 b.1 l,111crcJ sex r;'tl,o ''.> ll (;t:Cled th i.11 Ccir) ht ,1c.h1cv1-·d by t d 1J(.iJt 1r1f: ~i
': r,()I<: l',

ivo1cl Jll cllpr.ictl res like fnm" ·

ln foetl r, dc· ,.ind prenc.1 ti.J I ,.ex dc- t c·rrn ,ni1 l ion .
' ' c• ...
,., Pre11,1u1 I sex det ermination Is a legal offenrc in our country <.<, cit, tu rn i,1nta1n iJ b;, l;,nu :rJ ,.,:1 ~;; t1 ',.

( )111·:s l"IONS
\'I .RY SHORT ANSWLR TYPF QUFS'JlONS ( I Mui k)
1. N,un e th e t wo typ es of rep , od uctl on .
z. What typ e of reprodu ct ion t akes pla ce in pl asmodi um ?
J. Defi ne vege t ative propagation.
4. Where is DNA present in a cell ?
5. Name the glands associated with mal e re produ ctive system.
6. What is menst ruation 7
7. Name two cont raceptive methods.
8. Where are th e reproductive parts located in a plan t?

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION S (2 M,uks)

1. Writ e t wo important functions of testosteron e.

2. What is placenta ? Also write its functions .
3. Why do we see different types of organisms around us ?
4. What is the importance of variation ?
5. Why is vegetative propagation practiced for growing some types of plants ?
6. Write names of male and female sex hormones.
7. Menti on the parts of a flower.
8. Differentiate between bisexual and unisexual fl owers.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 Marks)

1. What is tissue culture?

2. Explain t he process of fertilisation in flowering plants.
3. Name the different constituents of semen .
4. Draw a well-la belled diagram of male reproductive system.
s. What is pre-natal sex determination ? Why is it banned ?
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 Marks)

1. Wh at are the different modes of asexual reproduction ?

2. Draw a labelled diagram of female reproductive system and write the functi on of its different parts.
3. What is contraception ? Give different methods of contraception.
4. What happens in human female :
(a) when egg is fertilised?
(b) when egg is not fert ilised?
5. Tra ce an d explain the steps involved in the formation of seed.

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