Sep 24, 2023

Valves fittings
• check valve - Automatically closes to prevent the flow of water in a reverse
direction
• Swing check valve - low to moderate pressures of liquids and gases
• Lift check valve - for gas, water, steam, air and general valor services
• Backwater valve - drainage system to prevent reverse flow
• Foot valve - suction valve, a non return valve at the inlet end of a pipe
• Safety valve - automatic release of substance from boiler, pressure vessel when
pressure/ temperature exceed preset limits.
• Boiler blow-off pressure relief valve
• Ball valve - butterfly valve, plug valve, quarter turn valve; for shutoff applications
(often preferred to globe valve/gate valves; fine control in throtting)
• Cut-off valve - cuts off flow of water; used with water heaters or main line.

Plumbing roughing-in and fixtures

• approved materials - marked for identification
• Embossed/stamped - brass/copper fittings
• Molded - plastic fittings
• Inedible marking - colored stripe/indelible letters
• Quality of materials: free from defects

Water Service Pipe

• abs (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) ph used
• Asbestos cement pipe
• Brass pipe
• Cast iron pipe
• Copper pipe
• Copper tubing
• cPVC (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride) ph used
• Galvanized steel pipe
• PB (polybutylene)
• PE (polyethylene) ph used
• PVC (polyvinyl chloride) ph used

• ABS - pressure-rated portable water use

• Asbestos cement pipe - for water mains
• Brass pipe - metallic, threaded pipe, (water service and water distribution)
• Cast iron pipe - not for individual water supplies; “ductile pipe” for water mains
• Copper pipe - copper tubing; copper pipe with without threads/gray color code for
water service use (rigid)
• Copper tubing - soft copper/rolls (water-service); rigid (water distribution)
(flexible/bendable)
• cPVC - white/cream colored plastic pipe for water distribution
• Galvanized steel pipe - with threaded fittings for water distribution; problem: rust
• Lead pipe - limited to above-grade installations
• PE - black/bluish for water services (HDOE Pipe -cable pipe, HDPE double
corrugated wall - sewer pipe)
• PB - black/oval; water service connection
• Pvc - drain/vent pipe; CWL only
• Potable water (blue); drain pipe (gray, orange, brown)

PLUMBING PIPES
WATER DISTRIBUTION PIPE
PLASTIC PIPES

DRAIN, WASTE, AND VENT PIPE - range from 1 1/2” to 4” diameter

• ABS
• Aluminum tubing - above ground use only/joined by mechanical joints/located to
prevent…
• Borosilicate glass - used above or below ground/underground/heavy pipe schedule
• Brass pipe - rarely used
• Cast iron pipe - hub and spigot style (joined by oakum/molten lead); hubless
(mechanical joints - rubber coupling) service weight pipe, extra heavy pipe
• Spigot - ends of a pipe that fits to a bell (old term for hub)
• Copper pipe - thin walled with yellow marking time-consuming to install/used
above or below ground
• Galvanized steel pipe - not to be installed closer than 6”
• Copper pipe -
• PVC - white rating of schedule 40, solvent weld joint, becomes brittle in cold
weather
• Drain waste and vent pipe for building sewer ( ABS , CI, VITRIFIED CLAY
PIPE)

STORM DRAINAGE PIPE

interior/underground (for storm sewer)

INSIDE STORM DRAINAGE

Cement, vitrified clay, concrete

SUBSOIL DRAINS - collect/drain water entering the soil (vitrified clay, cast iron, pvc,
pe)
• pipe - internal diameter
• Tube - outer diameter
• Bending pin - (iron) tool; straightening/bending lead pipe
• Invert - lowest portion of the inside of any pipe
• Dead end - the extended portion of the pipe that is closest to one end

• hubless pipipe - CISP with plain ends connected with bolted stainless steel bands
and neoprene gaskets
• Shielded coupling - elastomeric sealing gasket

Common methods of jointing:

• caulking - for cast iron; plugging an opening with oakum and lead.
• Oakum - hemp soaked in oil/tar to make it waterproof
• Threading
• Flanging - for pressurized pipes
• Blank flange - not drilled for bolt holes
• Blind flange - closes the end of a pipe
• Soldered joint - melt at below 427 deg C / above 149 deg C
• Welding - plastic molten state
• Brazed joint - melt at higher than 449 deg celsius
• Slip joint - compression nut, a friction ring, compression washer, fit a threaded
adapter fitting or a standard taper pipe thread.

Jointing by Fittings
• nipple - lesser than 12” length /threaded on both ends; more than 12” - cut pipe;
1/8” to 12” dia; brass/steel
• Close - fittings/valves joined very close to each other
• Short - small amount of pipe exists (shoulder)
• Long - large amount of bare pipe exists
• Coupling - wrought iron, cast metal, brads
• Extension piece - male threaded at one end
• Tailpiece - connects the outlet of a fixture to a trap
• Tees - branch of 90 deg right angles
• Single tee
• Cross tee
• Plug - closing end of a pipe or fitting having female thread square; four sided
counter sunk head - (small size); hexagon head - (larger sizes); 1/8” - 1/2”, ground joint
union
• Clean out plug - (raised square heads)
• flange - for closing flanged fittings/flange pipe lines; closet flanges (plastic…
• Bushings - connect the male end of a pipe to s fitting of s larger size;
reducing/enlarging fitting
• Elbows - 45 deg and 90 deg - gas, water, steam; 22 1/2 deg / 60 - special angles;
CI drainage fitting elbows: 5 5/8” 22 1/2 degs. 60 degs. 11 1/4 deg 45 deg 90 deg.
(DEGREES TO INCHES BENDING)
• Common plumbing fittings: double wye, single wye, siamese connection,
manifold
• Offset - combination of elbows or bends
• Double offset - two offsets in succession
• Tapped tee - tapped to receive a threaded pipe or fittings

fire protection fittings

• siamese connection - connected to a hydrant/same nozzle/hose fitting with clapper
valves
• Wye - hose connection with two-gated outlets
(Fire protection VS fire suppression)

• standpipe - a vertical pipe or a reservoir into which water is pumped to give it a

head, classified as
• Wet standpipe - water pressure maintained
• Automatic standpipe system - operated automatically by opening a hose valve
• Manually operated standpipe system - remote control
• Standpipe..
• Deluge sprinkler system - employ open sprinklers that are attached to a piping
system that is connected to a water supply….
• Automatic standpipe system - operates automatically by opening a hose valve
• Pre-action sprinkler system - activation of a fire detector will open the pre-action
valve, allowing water to enter the system piping. Water will not flow from the sprinklers
until heat activated the operating element in individual sprinklers. Opening of the pre-
action valve effectively converts the system to a wet pipe sprinkler system.
• Sprinkler heads
• Upright - no ceiling
• Pendent - with ceiling
• Side wall -
• Foam-water sprinkler system - special system that is pipe-connected to a source of
foam concentration and to a water supply. The system is equipped with appropriate
discharge devices for extinguishing agent discharge and for distribution over the area to
be protected.

FIXTURES
Soil fixtures (soil pipes receive solid wastes; sanitary pipes waste water only)
• water closet - convey organic body wastes to the plumbing system
• Types: (attach sections of wc)
• Siphon jet
• Siphon vortex
• Reverse trap
• Wash down
• Blow out
• Latrine - water closet with continuous trough
• Ball cock - a faucet/valve opened/closed by the fall or rise of a ball floating on the
surface of water
• Flush tank - for flushing or removing excrements
• Flush valve - flushing water directly from water supply pipes in connection
• Flushometer tank
• …
• Urinals
• Types of urinals:
• Trough urinal
• Wall-hung
• Pedestal urinal
• Stall urinal
• Dual flush bigger button 6 liters , 3 liters smaller button
• Single flush 1.5 gallons per flush
• Waterless urinal/dual flush water closet - cartridge acts as funnel
• Service sink (slop sink) - disposal of scrub water; deep sink to accommodate a
scrub pail
• Sink
• Kitchen sink
• Scullery sink - port sink (restaurants and large kitchen)
• Pantry sink
• Laundry tub

BATHING
• lavatory - wash basin
• Above counter, counter top, under the counter, self-rimming, pedestal
• Bathtubs
• Built-in bathtub
• Hospital baths
• Whirpool
• Bidet - washing the middle part of the body: genitals (sits bath/foot bath)
• Sitz bath - used chiefly in the care of invalids/infirm
• Shower bath - shower enclosures, telephone shower, massage shower/panels
• Ball joint - cuplike shells movement in every angle
• Bathroom - equipped with shower stall or bathtub
• Swimming pool - a water receptacle used for swimming pool/water/basin
• Private or private use - intended for the use of the family or individual
• Public or public use - public comfort stations; use is similarly unrestricted

DRAINAGE SYSTEM

House sewer (building sewer) - starts at the end of the building drain.
Building drain (house drain) - lowest horizontal piping of drainage system; conveys to
the building sewer beginning 0.6m outside the building wall

• building subdrain - underground system; cannot drain by gravity into the building
sewer
• Subsoil drain - underground drainpipe; receives only subsurface or seepage water
and convey it to a sump for disposal by gravity flow or by lift pump
• Pitch - (grade); (slope)
• Supports - supports, hangers, anchors, brackets, cradles for holding/securing pipe
and fixtures to walls, ceiling floors, or structural members)
• Grade -the slope or fall of a line of pipe
• Hangers - (supports)
• LOOK UP DIFFERENT HANGERS AND SUPPORTS
• Plumbing unit - minimum standard quantity of one water meter, one water closet,
one lavatory, one shower head and drain for a bathtub or shower stall, one kitchen sink,
one laundry tray and three floors drains and four faucets/hose bib.
• Fixture unit - one fixture unit equivalent to a flow rate of 7 1/2 gallons of water per
min; 28.3 liters per min. (1 cu.ft / min)
• Drain - a sewer, pipe or conduit conveying ground water, surface water, storm
water, wastewater or sewage
• Fixture drain - the drain from the trap of a fixture to the junction
• Horizontal branch - drain extending …..
• Fixture drain size of lavatory:
• Sizing for plumbing: plumbing code of the philippines
• Nominal vs Standard sizes
• House storm sewer - the pipeline from the building to the public storm sewer
system
• Leader (conductor) - from building gutter to downspout/conductor (pvc pipe)
• Downspout - the vertical portion of the pipe line
• Catch basin - liquids are restrained to deposit settleable material
• Flashing - a piece of sheet metal fitted under another piece of metal or wood over
which is expected to run
• Refer to jacinto different flashings

TRAPS USED IN PLUMBING SYSTEM

• trap - a fitting or device so constructed to prevent the passage of air, gas
• Seal - vertical distance between the dip and the crown weir of a trap/the water in
the trap between the crown weir
• Trap water …..
• Two forms of water sealed traps
• Common seal - 2” depth
• Deep seal - 4”
• Types of permissible traps
• P-trap - 1/2 S
• Drum trap
• Grease trap
• Objectionable traps/non-permissible traps
• Full S and 3/4 S traps
• Bag trap
• Mechanically sealed trap
• Internal partition trap
• Light metal partition trap
• Clarifier - interceptor or to separate, and prevent the passage of oil, grease, sand
• Clarifier - interceptor
• Grease interceptor - interceptor of 3 cubic meters
• Grease trap - retain grease from 1 - 4 fixtures (maximum)
• Sand interceptor - interceptor
• Double bend fitting - S-shaped trap fitting
• Trap arm - …
• Air break - physical separation
• Air gap -
• Indirect waste pipe - waste pipe that does not connect directly with the building
drainage
• Receptor - approved plumbing fixture/device to adequately…
• Special waste - requires special methods of handling (use of indirect waste piping)
• Trap seal loss

Two principal classifications of vents

• main soil and waste vent (stack vent)/soil stack
• Extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal drain…
• Main vent (vent stack)

• dry vent - does not carry water or water borne waste

• Wet vent -
• Branch vent - horizontal vent pipe connecting from a branch of the drainage
system to a vent stack or stack vent

Types of vents:
• individual vent
• Unit vent
• Circuit or loop ventilation
• Relief ventilation (yoke vent)
• Looped vent
• Local vent/utility vent

• vent pipe - pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing
system for reducing the pressure exerted on trap deals
• Backvent pipe -
• Unit vent (common vent, dual vent) -
• Combination waste and vent system - horizontal wet venting of one or more
sinks/floor drains by a common horizontal waste and vent pipe
• Continuous waste -
• Siphonage - suction created by the flow of liquids in pipes (pressure less than
atmospheric)
• Vacuum - an air pressure less than atmospheric (siphonage)
• Looped vent - used on fixtures located in the room away from partitions that might
be …
• Local vent - pipe or shaft to convey foul air from a fixture or room to the outer air.
Utility vent: underground

WASTE DISPOSAL TREATMENT AND RECYCLING

• Sanitary sewers: intercepting/trunk line sewer & tributary/contributing sewer
• Storm sewer
• Primary branch
• Secondary branch
• Lateral ..

• Sewerage/sewerage works
• Sewage
• Domestic sewage
• Sanitary sewage
• Sanitary sewer
• Industrial waste
• Liquid waste
• Waste
• Sewer
• Main sewer (public sewer)

Municipal sewage treatment

• activated sludge process (10 processes look up)
• Trickling or sprinkling process

• Private sewage disposal system - effluent discharging into a subsurface disposal

field and seepage pit
• Cesspool
• Privy
• Septic tank
• Private sewer - privately owned/not directly controlled by the public authority

Classes of sewage systems - class 1 to 5 refer to NPCP

• class 1 - a chemical toilet, an incinerating toilet, a recirculating toilet, a self-
contained portable toilet and all forms of privy
• Privy - outhouse/structure for deposition of excrement
• Privy vault - a pit beneath a privy in which excrement collects
• Class 2 - grey water system
• Class 3 - cesspool - reception or detention of sewage/non watertight lined
excavation; permitting liquid to seep through the bottom and sides of the cesspool
• Leeching cesspool - not watertight
• Seepage pit - loosely lined excavation, receives discharge of septic tank; seep
bottom and sides
• Class 4 - a leaching bed system (absorption field; drainfield (trench) including
sewage systems utilizing treatment units)
• Class 5 - a system which requires or uses a holding tank for the retention of…
• (Septic tank sizes may refer to DOH guidelines)
• Building subdrain: sewage treatment plant