EXPONENTIAL AND

LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTIONS
PRECALCULUS
CHAPTER 3
• This Slideshow was developed to accompany the textbook
• Precalculus
• By Richard Wright
• https://www.andrews.edu/~rwright/Precalculus-
RLW/Text/TOC.html
• Some examples and diagrams are taken from the textbook.
Slides created by
Richard Wright, Andrews Academy
[email protected]
3-01 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
In this section, you will:
• Evaluate exponential functions with base b.
• Graph exponential functions with base b.
• Evaluate and graph exponential functions with base e.
 3-01 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
• Exponential function
• 𝑦 = 𝑎 $ 𝑏!
• a is initial amount (y-int)
• b is base
• x is exponent
• If b > 1
• Exponential Growth
• If 0 < b < 1
• Exponential Decay
3-01 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

• Domain: All real numbers

• Range: (0, ∞)

• Horizontal Asymptote:
•y=0

• y-intercept: (0, 1)
 3-01 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

• Transformations • Domain: All Real

•𝑦 =𝑎$𝑏 !"# +𝑘 • Range:
• a vertical stretch • (k, ∞) if a > 0
• If a is negative, then • (-∞, k) if a < 0
reflected over x-axis • HA: y = k
• h moves right • y-int: (0, a + k) if h = 0
• k moves up
 3-01 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

• Graph by making a table

• Graph 𝑦 = 4"! + 3

• Decay
• HA: y = 3
 3-01 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

• Exponential functions are • Solve 16 = 2!$%

one-to-one
• Each x gives a unique y
 3-01 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

& !
• Solve = 81
'
 3-01 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

• Natural Base
• e ≈ 2.718281828…

• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒!
 3-01 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

• Compound Interest • Compounded Continuously

" #$ • 𝐴 = 𝑃𝑒 "$
• 𝐴=𝑃 1+
#
• A = current amount
% #
• P = principle (initial amount) • 𝑒 = 1 + #
• r = yearly interest rate (APR) • When 𝑛 → ∞
• n = number of
compoundings per year
• t = years
3-02 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
In this section, you will:
• Evaluate logarithmic functions with base b.
• Evaluate logarithmic functions with base e.
• Use logarithmic functions to solve real world problems.
 3-02 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

• 𝑓 𝑥 = log ( 𝑥
• “log base b of x”

• Logarithms are inverses of exponential functions

• 𝑦 = log ( 𝑥 ↔ 𝑥 = 𝑏 )

• Logarithms are exponents!

 3-02 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

• Evaluate &
• log % +,
• Think “What exponent of
the base gives the big
number?”
• log * 125
 3-02 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

• Calculator • Use your calculator to

• LOG à log&- à log evaluate log 300

• LN à log . à ln
 3-02 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

• Properties of Logarithms • Simplify

• log ( 1 = 0 • log * 1
• log ( 𝑏 = 1
• log ( 𝑏 ! = 𝑥 • log . 𝑒
• If log ( 𝑥 = log ( 𝑦, then
𝑥=𝑦 • 8/01! '-
 3-02 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

• Solve
• log ' 𝑥 % + 4 = log ' 29
3-03 PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS
In this section, you will:
• Use properties of logarithms to expand logarithmic expressions.
• Use properties of logarithms to condense logarithmic expressions.
• Use the change-of-base formula to evaluate logarithms.
• Graph logarithmic functions.
 3-03 PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS

• Properties of Logarithms
• Product Property: log ( 𝑢𝑣 = log ( 𝑢 + log ( 𝑣
2
• Quotient Property: log ( = log ( 𝑢 − log ( 𝑣
3
• Power Property: log ( 𝑢4 = 𝑛 log ( 𝑢
 3-03 PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS

• Write each log in terms of ln 2 and ln 5.

• ln 10

*
• ln
'%
 3-03 PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS

• Expand • ln
,!$&
5
• log 3𝑥 % 𝑦
 3-03 PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS

• Condense • 4 ln 𝑥 − 4 − 2 ln 𝑥
&
• ' log 𝑥 + 5 log 𝑥 − 3
 3-03 PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS

• Condense
&
• * log ' 𝑥 + log ' 𝑥 − 2
 3-03 PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS

• Change-of-Base Formula • Evaluate

/01" 6 • log ' 17
• log ( 𝑐 = /01
"(
 3-03 PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS

• Because logs are inverses of

exponentials, the x and y is
switched and the graph is
flipped over the line y = x.
• 𝑦 = log & (𝑥 − ℎ)
• Domain: 𝑥 > ℎ
• Range: all real
• VA: 𝑥 = ℎ
• x-int: (h + 1, 0)
 3-03 PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS

• To graph a logarithm
• Find and graph the vertical asymptote
• Make a table
• Use change-of-base formula
/01 !
• log ( 𝑥 = /01 (
• Or use the logBASE function on some TI graphing calcs
• MATH à logBASE
 3-03 PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS

• Graph 𝑦 = log % (𝑥 + 1)
3-04 SOLVING EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS
In this section, you will:
• Use one-to-one property to solve exponential equations.
• Use one-to-one property to solve logarithmic equations.
• Solve general exponential equations.
• Solve general logarithmic functions.
 3-04 SOLVING EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS
• Solve Exponential & !
• = 125
Equations *

• Shortcut Method
• 1-to-1 method
(rewrite with the
same base)
 3-04 SOLVING EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS
• General Method • 6 27$* + 4 = 11
• Take log of both sides
!
• 5 − 3𝑒 = 2
 3-04 SOLVING EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS
• 𝑒 %! − 7𝑒 ! + 12 = 0
 3-04 SOLVING EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS
• Logarithmic Equations • ln 𝑥 − ln 3 = 0
• Shortcut Method
• 1-to-1 Property
 3-04 SOLVING EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS
• General Method • log , 𝑥 + log , (𝑥 − 9) = 1
• Exponentiate both sides
• 6 + 3 ln 𝑥 = 4
 3-04 SOLVING EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS
• Graphical method • Solve log % 𝑥 = ln 2𝑥
• If the other methods
don’t apply
• Make = 0
• Find the x-int
3-05 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC
MODELS
In this section, you will:
• Use exponential growth and decay models.
• Use the Gaussian model.
• Use the logistic growth model.
• Use logarithmic models.
3-05 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC
MODELS
Exponential Growth 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 !" Exponential Decay 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 #!"
 3-05 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC
MODELS
• Suppose a population • How long to double?
growing according to the
-.-'7
model 𝑃 = 800𝑒
where t is in years.
• What is the initial size?
 3-05 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC
MODELS
• Radioactive decay
• 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 "(!

• 𝐴 = 𝐴- 𝑒 97
• Half-life
• Time it takes for ½ of
the material to decay
 3-05 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC
MODELS
• C14 has a half-life of 5700 years. If a sample starts with 3 g of
C14, how much will remain after 100 years?
 3-05 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC
MODELS
• Gaussian Model “The Average
Curve”
• Normal Distribution
#$% &
"
• 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 '
3-05 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC
MODELS
• Logistic Growth Model
• Used for population
:
• 𝑦 = &$(. $(#
 3-05 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC
MODELS
• Logarithmic Models • Richter Scale
• Earthquake magnitude
• 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 ln 𝑥
• 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 log 𝑥 • Decibels
• Loudness of sound