BDwbU

AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb
3

f‚wgKv
evsjv‡`k GKwU wb¤œga¨weË Av‡qi Dbœqbkxj †`k| †gvU RbmsL¨vi cÖvq 80 fvM gvbyl MÖv‡g evm K‡i| evsjv‡`k
A_©‰bwZK wiwfD 2013 Gi cwimsL¨vb Abyhvqx RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z K…wlLv‡Zi Ae`vb 17.2%, wkíLv‡Zi 28.9%
I †mevLv‡Zi Ae`vb 53.9%| wKš‘ RbmsL¨vi `ªæZ nv‡i e„w×i cÖeYZv, A_©‰bwZK AbMÖmiZv I Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq
Kg©ms¯’v‡bi mxwgZ my‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ †`‡ki †eKvi mgm¨v w`b w`b †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| wekvj Kg©ÿg †eKvi Rb‡Mvwô‡K
gRywi I †eZbwfwËK PvKzwii gva¨‡g Kv‡R jvMv‡bv m¤¢e bq| cÖ‡qvRb AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb| GB AvZœKg©ms¯’v‡bi
gva¨‡g D‡`v³vi wb‡Ri †hgb Kg©ms¯’vb nq, †Zgwb Av‡iv A‡bK gvby‡li Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó nq| G‡Z
e¨emvq evwYR¨, wkí KjKviLvbv ¯’vwcZ nq| djkÖ~wZ‡Z A_©bxwZi PvKv MwZkxj nq Ges †`‡ki Dbœqb Z¡ivwš^Z
nq|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 3 mßvn

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV- 3.1 : AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi aviYv, cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ges Dchy³ I jvfRbK †ÿÎ
cvV- 3.2 : AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi †¶Î wbe©vP‡bi we‡eP¨ welq I wbe©vPb cÖwµqv
cvV- 3.3 : AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b mnvqK cÖwk¶Y cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôvb
cvV- 3.4 : AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b DØy×Ki‡Yi Dcvq Ges cÖwk¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

cvV-3.1 AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi aviYv, cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I Dchy³ †ÿÎ

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
• AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Dchy³ †ÿθ‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Kg©ms¯’vb, AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb, D‡`¨vM, D‡`¨v³v, A_©‰bwZK AbMÖmiZv

gyL¨ kã ( Key
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

Words)

AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi aviYv
`wi`ª cwiev‡ii mšÍvb Gm. Gm. wm. cvm AvRnvi Avjx 2000 mv‡j Rvnv‡R KvR ïiæ K‡ib| †QvU
PvKzwi, LvUzbx A‡bK| wKš‘ †eZb A‡bK Kg| msmvi PjwQj bv| eva¨ n‡q Zv‡K Rvnv‡Ri PvKwi‡Z B¯Ídv w`‡q
MÖv‡g wd‡i Avm‡Z nq| Ilya †Kv¤úvwb‡Z PvKwi †bqvi A‡bK †Póv K‡i wZwb e¨_© nb| Z‡e cwikªgx AvRnvi `‡g
hvb wb| evwoi Avkcv‡k cwZZ Rwg wb‡q wKQy GKUv
Kivi K_v fve‡Z _v‡Kb| Dc‡Rjv K…wl Awd‡mi
civg‡k© ïiæ K‡ib cwZZ Rwg‡Z Kijv Pvl| mßv‡n
GLb Zvi †¶‡Z 1 Ub Kijv d‡j| Kijvi Avq w`‡qB
AvRnv‡ii Qq m`‡m¨i cwiev‡ii fiY‡cvlY Pj‡Q
¯^v”Q‡›`| wc‡ivRcy‡i fvÛvwiqvi gvwUfv½v MÖv‡gi
wkw¶Z Pvwl AvRnvi Kijvi cvkvcvwk bvbv iKg mewR
Avev` K‡i †eKviZ¡ NywQ‡q GLb ¯^vej¤^x| AvRnv‡ii
mvd‡j¨ DØy× n‡q A‡b‡KB mewR Avev‡` g‡bvwb‡ek
Ki‡Qb| †h †Kvb †eKvi hye‡Ki Rb¨ welqwU
AbyKiYxq|
wPÎ: Kijv Pv‡l `vwi`ª¨ Rq fvÛvwiqvi AvRnv‡ii

GB †h Rbve AvRnvi Avjx wb‡Ri `¶Zv I ¸Yvewj Øviv wb‡RB wb‡Ri Kg©ms¯’vb K‡i‡Qb GUvB AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb|
GLb Avgiv eyS‡Z cviwQ †h, wbR¯^ cyuwR A_ev FY Kiv ¯^í m¤ú`, wbR¯^ wPšÍv, Ávb, eyw×gËv I `¶Zv‡K Kv‡R
jvwM‡q b~¨bZg SuywK wb‡q AvZ¥cÖ‡Póvq RxweKv AR©‡bi e¨e¯’v‡K AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb e‡j| RxweKv AR©‡bi wewfbœ
†ckvi g‡a¨ AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb GKwU RbwcÖq †ckv| wewfbœ LyPiv we‡µZv, †iwWI I †Uwjwfkb †givgZ, nvum-gyiwM
cvjb, †gŠgvwQ Pvl BZ¨vw` AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi AvIZvfy³|
e¨emvq D‡`¨v‡Mi mv‡_ AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi m¤úK© Lye wbweo| AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi †ÿ‡Î GKRb e¨w³ wb‡Ri
Kg©ms¯’v‡bi wPšÍv K‡i Kv‡R nvZ †`b| GKRb AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vbKvix e¨w³ ZLbB GKRb D‡`¨v³vq cwiYZ n‡eb,
hLb wZwb wb‡Ri Kg©ms¯’v‡bi cvkvcvwk mgv‡Ri AviI K‡qKR‡bi Kg©ms¯’v‡bi wPšÍv wb‡q KvR ïiæ K‡ib, SzwuK
Av‡Q †R‡bI GwM‡q hvb Ges GKwU cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zv‡jb|

AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi gva¨‡g e¨w³i wb‡Ri †hgb Kg©ms¯’vb nq, †Zgwb A‡bK bZzb Kg©ms¯’v‡bi m~‡hvM m„wó nq|
mxwgZ PvKzwii evRv‡i mK‡ji Kg©ms¯’v‡bi m~‡hvM nq bv| hviv ¯^vaxbfv‡e wKQz Ki‡Z Pvq Zviv wbR¯^ †gav I
`ÿZv Kv‡R jvMv‡Z GwM‡q Av‡mb Ges AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb K‡i ¯^vej¤^x nb| ZvB AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi ¸iæZ¡ †`‡ki
A_©bxwZ‡Z Acwimxg| wb‡¤œ ms‡ÿ‡c Zv Av‡jvwPZ n‡jv-
1. Kg©ms¯’vb‡K cÖavbZ wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq- gRywi ev †eZbwfwËK PvKzwi, AvZœKg©ms¯’vb I e¨emvq| hviv
¯^vaxbfv‡e KvR K‡i RxweKv AR©b Ki‡Z Pvb, Zv‡`i Rb¨ GwU GKwU DËg cš’v|
2. Kg©ms¯’v‡bi cÖavb Drm miKvwi I †emiKvwi cÖwZôvb| RbmsL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ kªgRxex I PvKixRxex
†jv‡Ki msL¨v e„w× cvq| Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Pvwn`v †h nv‡i e„w× cvq †m nv‡i Kg©ms¯’v‡bi msL¨v e„w× cvq bv|
G‡ÿ‡Î AvZœKg©ms¯’v‡bi †Kvb weKí bvB|

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 30

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

3. AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi me‡P‡q eo g~jab n‡jv wb‡Ri `¶Zv| Kg© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ †h hš¿cvwZ I KuvPvgvj cÖ‡qvRb
Zuvi A_©ms¯’vb KivI A‡bKUv mnR|
4. eZ©gv‡b AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi AvIZv e¨vcKfv‡e e„w× ‡c‡q‡Q| Av‡Mi Zzjbvq eZ©gv‡b AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b wb‡qvwRZ
e¨w³‡`i mvgvwRK gh©v`v e„w× †c‡q‡Q A‡bK|
5. AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb GKwU ¯^vaxb †ckv| Avi G e¨emvq †h‡nZz A‡bK mgq wb‡Ri evwo‡Z ev Rwg‡Z Kiv hvq
†m‡nZz Avjv`v LiP nq bv|
6. Ab¨vb¨ †ckvq Av‡qi m¤¢vebv mxwgZ| wKš‘ AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb †_‡K cÖvß Avq cÖ_gw`‡K mxwgZ I AwbwðZ n‡jI
cieZ©x‡Z G †ckv †_‡K Avq e„w×i m¤¢vebv Amxg|
7. evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v †ewk nIqvq GLv‡b gRywi A‡bK Kg| Avevi Avgv‡`i †`‡k †gŠmygx †eKvi‡Z¡i mgm¨vI
cÖKU| GmKj mgm¨v mgvav‡b AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i|
8. AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi gva¨‡g knigyLx Rb‡m&ªvZ wbqš¿Y I MÖvgxYmgvR I A_©bxwZi Dbœqb wbwðZ Kiv hvq|
9. AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨ eqm †Kv‡bv mgm¨v bq| Gi gva¨‡g †h †Kv‡bv eq‡mi gvbyl Zvi `¶Zv Abyyhvqx A_©
DcvR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
10. AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b wb‡qvwRZ _vK‡j ZiæY mgvR bvbv mgvR we‡ivax Kv‡R wjß bv †_‡K mgvR I †`‡ki Dbœq‡b
Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i|
evsjv‡`‡k AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Dchy³ †¶Î
AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Aby‡cÖiYvq wbR gvwjKvbv I e¨e¯’vcbvq PvwjZ †h †Kv‡bv ¶z`ª e¨emvq wb‡qvwRZ †_‡K †hgb
m¤§vbRbKfv‡e RxweKv DcvR©b Kiv hvq †Zgwb †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bI Ae`vb ivLv hvq| Pvwn`v Av‡Q Ggb
cY¨ Drcv`b I weµq K‡i ev †mev`vb K‡i A_© DcvR©b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| memgq †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e Avgv‡`i †h
mKj m¤ú` i‡q‡Q Zvi mwVK e¨envi K‡i wKfv‡e m¤§vbRbKfv‡e RxweKv DcvR©b Kiv hvq| ¯^í g~jab wb‡q
wbR¯^ †gav I `ÿZv Kv‡R jvwM‡q Lye mn‡RB AvZ¡Kg©ms¯’v‡b mdj nIqv hvq| G me welq we‡kølY K‡i Avgiv
AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi †ek wKQy Dchy³ †¶Î wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvwi|
• n¯ÍÍPvwjZ ZuvZ • Mevw` cï I nuvmgyiwMi Lvgvi
• gv`yi ev g¨vU ˆZwi • †e‡Zi mvgMÖx ˆZwi
• g„rwkí • Kuv‡Pi ˆZRmcÎ ˆZwi
• evukRvZ `ªe¨ cÖ¯‘ZKiY • cvU ‰Zwi
• jeY Drcv`b • wcZj I Kvumvi `ªe¨vw` cÖ¯‘Z
• †UBjvwis • cv‡Ui †mŠwLb `ªe¨vw` ˆZwi
• †cvkvK cÖ¯‘ZKiY • †MwÄ ˆZwi
• gv‡Qi Rvj ‰Zwi • PvgovRvZ `ªe¨vw` Drcv`b
• Kv‡Vi Avmeve cÎ ˆZwi • wSbyK `ªe¨vw` cÖ¯‘Z
• w÷‡ji AvmevecÎ ˆZwi • †eKvwi
• gvwUi evmb cÖ¯‘ZKiY • AvUv gq`v cÖ¯‘Z
• Kvgv‡ii KvR • †fvR¨ †Zj Drcv`b
• †mwiKvjPvi • Lv`¨RvZ `ªe¨vw` Drcv`b
• †bŠKv ˆZwi • wbwUs `ªe¨ cÖ¯‘Z
• gvQ ïKv‡bv • GgeªqWvwi
• †Mvj Avjyi gq`v ˆZwi • m~Zv KvUv
• cv‡Ui g¨vU ˆZwi • Kv‡Vi †Ljvi miÄvg ˆZwi
• Avjyi wPcm ˆZwi • wcÖw›Us GÛ cvewjwks
• M„n¯’vjxi `ªe¨vw` ˆZwi • cøvw÷K `ªe¨vw` cÖ¯‘Z
• evBmvB‡Kj †givgZ • ZvgvK cÖwµqvRvZKiY

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 31

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

Avcbvi ¯‹zj ev evwoi Av‡k-cv‡k †`Lv hvq Ggb 10wU AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vbg~jK

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) †ckvi bvg Luy‡R †ei Kiæb|
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvims‡ÿc
• wb‡Ri `¶Zv I ¸Yvewj Øviv wb‡RB wb‡Ri Kg©ms¯’vb Kivi bvgB n‡”Q AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb|
• wewfbœ LyPiv we‡µZv, †iwWI I †Uwjwfkb †givgZ, nvum-gyiwM cvjb, †gŠgvwQ Pvl BZ¨vw` AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi
AvIZvf~³|
• Kg©ms¯’vb‡K cÖavbZ wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq- gRywi ev †eZbwfwËK PvKzwi, AvZœKg©ms¯’vb I e¨emvq|
• Kg©ms¯’v‡bi cÖavb Drm- miKvwi I †emiKvwi cÖwZôvb|
• AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi me‡P‡q eo g~jab n‡jv wb‡Ri `¶Zv|
• AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi gva¨‡g knigyLx Rb‡m&ªvZ wbqš¿Y I MÖvgxYmgvR I A_©bxwZi Dbœqb wbwðZ Kiv hvq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1| AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi eo g~jab †KvbwU?
K. wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv L. Avw_©K mvg_©¨
M. cÖvwZôvwbK cÖwkÿY N. wbR¯^ `ÿZv
2| AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb ej‡Z wb‡¤œi †KvbwU‡K eySvq?
K. wb‡Ri †hvM¨Zv I `ÿZv Øviv wb‡Ri Kg©ms¯’vb Kiv|
L. wb‡Ri †hvM¨Zv I `ÿZv Øviv wb‡RB D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv|
M. SuywK wb‡q A‡b¨i Kg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv|
N. Ab¨ cÖwZôv‡b wb‡Ri Kg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv|
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
Gg Kg cvk wg. †gv¯ÍvwdR eªvþYevwoqvi wbf„Z cjøxi GKRb hyeK| wZwb ZviB BDwbq‡bi wZb iv¯Ívi †gv‡o
†QvU GKwU †`vKvb wb‡q Òcjøx Z_¨ †K›`ªÓ bv‡g GKwU cÖwZôvb †Lv‡jb| wZwb cÖwZw`b mKvj 7.00 †_‡K ivZ
10.00Uv ch©šÍ B›Uvi‡bUwfwËK †mev cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡Kb| Zvi mye¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y Av‡kcv‡ki cÖvq 3/4 gvBj
`~i †_‡KI †jvKRb Zvi cÖwZôv‡b G‡m we‡`‡k †dvb K‡i K_v e‡j|
3| Rbve †gv¯Ívwd‡Ri Kg©KvÐwU †Kvb ai‡bi?
K. AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb L. e¨emvq
M. PvKzwi N. K…wl
4| Zvi mdjZvi cÖavb KviY †KvbwU?
K. D”P wkÿv L. DÏgx kw³
M. AgvwqK e¨envi N. h_vh_ ¯’vb wbe©vPb

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 32

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU coyb Ges 5 I 6 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|

wm‡j‡Ui †gvMjevmv MÖv‡gi mvB`yj Bmjvg GKRb cwikÖgx hyeK| Zvi GjvKvq cÖPzi euvk, †e‡Zi AvwaK¨
†`‡L GKwU KzwUiwkí M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ cwiKíbv Ki‡jb| cwiKíbv †gvZv‡eK KvR K‡i wZwb †ek mvdj¨
cv‡”Qb| cieZ©©x‡Z wm‡j‡Ui `yB Dc‡Rjvq `ywU kvLv Ly‡j e¨emvq cÖmvi NUvb| Zvi cÖwZôv‡bi cY¨ A‡b‡Ki
`vwg Wªwqs iæ‡g †kvfv cvq Ges mdj e¨emvqx wnmv‡e wZwb AvR cÖwZwôZ|
5| Rbve mvB`y‡ji Kg©KvÐ †KvbwU?
K. Kv‡Vi AvmevecÎ ˆZwi L. euvk †eZ wkí
M. euv‡ki Uz_ wcK ˆZwi N. K…wl miÄvg cÖ¯‘Z
6| Rbve mvB`y‡ji mdjZvi KviY †KvbwU?
K. †µZv‡`i Avw_©K mvg©_¨ L. AbyK~j e¨emvwqK cwi‡ek
M. KuvPvgv‡ji mnRjf¨Zv N. myôz cwiKíbv

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 33

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

cvV-3.2 AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi †¶Î wbe©vP‡b we‡eP¨ welq I wbe©vPb cÖwµqv

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v we‡ePbvq AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Dchy³ †ÿθ‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mnRjf¨Zv, cwiKíbv, wgZe¨wqZv, DØy×KiY, ¯’vqx g~jab, PjwZ g~jab,

c~e©kZ©, evRviRvZKiY
gyL¨ kã ( Key
Words)

AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi †¶Î wbe©vP‡b we‡eP¨ welq

AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vbg~jK e¨emvq cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î mvdj¨ I e¨_©Zv A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi
Dchy³ †¶Î wbe©vP‡bi Dci| †Kbbv AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨ cÖPzi g~ja‡bi †hgb cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv, †Zgwb H wel‡q
e¨vcK Áv‡biI cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv| mgv‡R Pvwn`v †bB A_ev KuvPvgv‡ji mnRjf¨Zv †bB Ggb cY¨ Drcv`b I
wewµi Rb¨ D‡`¨vM wb‡j †m¸wj‡Z mdj nIqvi m¤¢vebv Kg| †fv³vi iæwP, µqÿgZv, wb‡Ri †gav I `ÿZv,
evRvi Pvwn`v we‡ePbv K‡i D‡`¨vM wb‡j †m D‡`¨vM md‡ji m¤¢vebv me©vwaK| ZvB AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Dchy³ †¶Î
wbe©vP‡bi mgq wb‡¤œv³ welq¸‡jvi w`‡K jÿ ivLv cÖ‡qvRb|
1. mwVK cY¨ wbe©vPb : e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ mwVK cY¨ wbe©vPb mvdj¨ jv‡fi Ab¨Zg c~e©kZ©| cY¨ wbe©vP‡bi c~‡e©
evRv‡i cY¨wUi Pvwn`v I MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv h_vh_fv‡e wbiƒcY Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. cÖv_wgK g~jab : AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨ cÖPzi g~ja‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| †h †Kvb e¨emvq mdjZvi mv‡_
cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z n‡j ¯’vqx I PjwZ g~jab cÖ‡qvRb nq| GB cÖ‡qvRbxq g~jab h_vmg‡q msMÖn Kiv hv‡e-
GwUi wbðqZv _vK‡Z n‡e|
3. myôz e¨emv cwiKíbv cÖYqb : e¨emvq mdjZv AR©‡bi Avi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K n‡jv mwVK e¨emvq cwiKíbv
cÖYqb| e¨emv‡q nvZ †`Iqvi c~‡e©B D‡`¨v³v‡K e¨emv‡qi GKwU KvR KLb, wKfv‡e, Kvi Øviv, KZ mgq I
Li‡Pi g‡a¨ Kiv n‡e Zv AwMªg wPšÍv K‡i wVK KivB n‡”Q cwiKíbv | e¨emvq cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î cwiKíbv
n‡”Q w`K wb‡`©kbv `wjj| cwiKíbv cÖYqb hZ †ewk mg„× n‡e e¨emv‡q mdj nIqvi wbðqZvI ZZ †ewk
n‡e|
4. c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v wba©viY : evRvi Rwic I Ab¨vb¨ c×wZi gva¨‡g c‡Y¨i mwVK Pvwn`v wbiƒcY e¨emv‡qi mvd‡j¨i
¸iæZ¡c~Y© kZ©| ZvQvov c‡Y¨i evRv‡ii cwiwa Ges evRviRvZKi‡Yi †KŠkj c~e©v‡ýB h_v_©fv‡e wbiƒcY Ki‡Z
n‡e|
5. e¨emv‡qi ¯’vb wbev©Pb : e¨emv‡qi ¯’vb wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î KuvPvgv‡ji mnRjf¨Zv, evRviRvZKi‡Yi myweav,
AeKvVv‡gvMZ myweav cÖf…wZ wel‡qi cÖwZ j¶ ivLv cÖ‡qvRb|
6. mwVK Kgx© wbe©vPb : e¨emvq cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †h me Kg©x wb‡qvM Kiv n‡e Zv‡`i‡K Aek¨B †hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ
Ges ¯^xq Kv‡R `¶ n‡Z n‡e| Kv‡RB Kg©x wb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zv, †ckvMZ `¶Zv, wek¦¯ÍZv cÖf„wZ
gvb`‡Ði wfwˇZ hvPvB K‡i wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| wb‡qvMK…Z Kg©©x‡K mswkøó wel‡q cÖwkÿY †`Iqvi e¨e¯’v
ivL‡Z n‡e| Av‡eM Øviv ZvwoZ n‡q †Kv‡bv Kg©x wb‡qvM Kiv DwPZ bq|

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 34

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

7. e¨emvq Su©ywK †gvKv‡ejvq Dcvq Aej¤^b : e¨emvq msµvšÍ SzuwK Av‡MB wbiƒcY K‡i Zvi †gvKv‡ejv Kivi
†KŠkj w¯’i K‡i ivL‡j AwbðqZvRwbZ ÿwZi nvZ †_‡K e¨emvq‡K iÿv Kiv hvq| Kv‡RB Dchy³ c×wZi
gva¨‡g e¨emvq SuywK wbiƒcY I Zv †gvKv‡ejvi Dcvq wba©viY e¨emv‡q mvdj¨ jv‡fi Ab¨Zg kZ©|
8. †`‡ki Av_© mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© AewnZ _vKv : †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v e¨emv‡qi mvdj¨‡K
cªfvweZ K‡i| ÿy`ª e¨emvqx‡`i †`‡ki Pjgvb Av_© mvgvwRK Ae¯’v mg¨Kfv‡e AewnZ †_‡K †m Av‡jv‡K
e¨emvwqK wm×všÍ wb‡q e¨emvq avivevwnKZv iÿv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| AwaKš‘ e¨emvq mvdj¨ jvf Ki‡Z n‡j
†hme wel‡q e¨emvq Kvh©vewj‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i †mme welq m¤^‡Ü AewnZ _vK‡Z n‡e|
9. AwfÁZv I wk¶v : D‡`¨v³vi e¨emvq m¤ú‡K© c~e© AwfÁZv Ges e¨e¯’vcbv wel‡q Dchy³ wk¶v e¨emvq mdj
n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| M‡elYvi dj †_‡K †`Lv †M‡Q †h, †Kv‡bv e¨emv‡qi e¨_©Zvi cÖavb KviY n‡”Q gvwjK‡`i
c~e© AwfÁZv I e¨e¯’vcbv Kjv‡KŠkj m¤^‡Ü Áv‡bi Afve|
10. e¨_©Zv †_‡K wkÿv MÖnY : e¨emvq GKevi e¨_© n‡j e¨_©Zvi KviY¸‡jv cy•Lvbycy•Liƒ‡c we‡kølY K‡i nZvk
nIqvi cwie‡Z© wkÿv MÖnY K‡i bZzbfv‡e KvR ïiæ Kivi g‡a¨ e¨emv‡qi mvdj¨ wbwnZ|

AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi †ÿÎ wbe©vPb cÖwµqv

AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi gva¨‡g e¨w³i wb‡Ri †hgb Kg©ms¯’vb nq, †Zgwb A‡bK bZzb Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó nq|
†`‡ki PvKzixi evRvi mxwgZ| hviv ¯^vaxbfv‡e wbR¯^ †gav, `ÿZv Kv‡R jvwM‡q wKQz Ki‡Z Pvq, ZvivB
AvZœKg©ms¯’v‡b GwM‡q Av‡m| GB AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vbg~jK e¨emvq cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î mvdj¨ I e¨_©Zv A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i
K‡i AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Dchy³ †¶Î wbe©vP‡bi Dci| AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi †¶Î wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ wbw`©ó †Kvb cš’v †bB|
wewfbœ Dcv`vb ev welq‡K we‡ePbv K‡i †ÿÎ wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq| D‡`v³vi †gav, `ÿZv, mZZv, Kv‡Ri cÖwZ
AvMÖn, KuvPvgv‡ji mnRjf¨Zv, c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v, †fv³vi iæwP, †fv³vi µqÿgZv, miKvwi c„ó‡cvlKZvmn A‡bK
Dcv`vb‡K †ÿÎ wbe©vP‡bi mgq we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq| ZvB Dc‡ii †ÿθwj we‡ePbvi cvkvcvwk e¨e¯’vcbv
Kvh©vewji mwVK cÖwZdjb NUv‡bvi Dc‡iB wbf©i K‡i AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi †¶Î wbe©vP‡bi mdjZv|

Avcbvi cQ›`gZ AvZ¡Kg©ms¯’v‡bi 5wU †¶Î wbe©vPb Kiæb Ges †¶Î wbe©vP‡b
we‡eP¨ welq D‡jL Kiæb|
A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) †¶‡Îi bvg wbe©vP‡bi KviY ( we‡eP¨ welq)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR • •

mvims‡ÿc
• †h †Kvb e¨emvq mdjZvi mv‡_ cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z n‡j ¯’vqx I PjwZ g~jab cÖ‡qvRb nq|
†Kvb KvR KLb, wKfv‡e, Kvi Øviv, KZ mgq I Li‡Pi g‡a¨ Kiv n‡e Zv AwMªg wPšÍv K‡i wVK KivB n‡”Q
cwiKíbv |
• Kg©x wb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zv, †ckvMZ `¶Zv, wek¦¯ÍZv cÖf„wZ gvb`‡Ði wfwˇZ hvPvB K‡i
wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq|
• e¨emvq msµvšÍ SzuwK Av‡MB wbiƒcY K‡i Zvi †gvKv‡ejv Kivi †KŠkj w¯’i K‡i ivL‡j AwbðqZvRwbZ
ÿwZi nvZ †_‡K e¨emvq‡K iÿv Kiv hvq|

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 35

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1. AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Dchy³ †ÿÎ wbe©vP‡b we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq-
i. mwVK cY¨ wbev©Pb
ii. gybvdvi wbðqZv
iii. c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU coyb Ges 2 I 3 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
wg. †kRv` Avjg Gi evwo mvZÿxiv †Rjvi k¨vgbMi Dc‡Rjvq| we`y¨r myweav ewÂZ GjvKvwUi K_v wPšÍv K‡i
wg. †kRv` †mŠi we`y¨‡Zi ms‡hvM †`qvi GKwU cÖwZôvb M‡o Zz‡jb| e¨emvq ïiæ Kievi c~‡e©B wZwb †Kvb
GjvKvq KLb, wKfv‡e Ges KZ mgq I Li‡Pi g‡a¨ KvRwU †kl Ki‡eb †m e¨vcv‡i GKwU jÿ¨ wba©viY K‡i
†`b| †`Lv †Mj 1 erm‡ii g‡a¨B wZwb Dc‡Rjvi cÖvq cy‡ivUvB we`y¨ZvwqZ K‡i jÿ¨ c~i‡Y mÿg nb|
2. AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b mdjZvi Rb¨ wg. †kRv‡`i we`y¨r ms‡hvM †`qvi wm×všÍwU wb‡¤œi †KvbwUi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y©?
K. c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v wba©viY L. mwVK cY¨ wbe©vPb
M. e¨emv‡qi †KŠkj wbe©vPb N. mwVK Kg©x wbe©vPb
3. wg †kRv‡`i jÿ¨ c~i‡Yi wcQ‡b †KvbwU we‡klfv‡e KvR K‡i‡Q?
K. myôz cwiKíbv cÖYqb L. KvuPvgv‡ji mnRjf¨Zv
M. RbM‡Yi µqÿgZv N. miKvwi AbyK~j cwi‡ek

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 36

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-3.3 AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b mnvqK cÖwk¶Y cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôvb

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b mnvqK cÖwk¶Y cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôvb¸wji bvg ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
• AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b mnvqK cÖwk¶Y cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôvb¸wji Kvh©µg e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
evsjv‡`k Bbw÷wUDU Ae g¨v‡bR‡g›U, gš¿Yvjq, bUªvgm, hye cÖwkÿY †K›`ª,
¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ cÖwZôvb
gyL¨ kã ( Key
Words)

AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b mnvqK cÖwk¶Y cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôvb

†h mgvR I †`‡k D‡`¨v³vi msL¨v hZ †ewk, †m mgvR ev †`k A_©‰bwZKfv‡e ZZ DbœZ| cÖ‡Z¨K
†`‡kB RbMb‡K wewfbœ Kv‡R ¯^vej¤^x Kivi Rb¨ wKQz cÖwZôvb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| HmKj cÖwZôvb
AvMÖnx e¨w³‡`i wewfbœ Kv‡R DØy× K‡ib Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡Kb| H mKj cÖwZôvb ev ms¯’v
f~wgnxb, weËnxb RbMY‡K AvZœKg©ms¯’vbg~jK KvR MÖn‡Y DØy×KiY, `¶Zv Dbœq‡bi cÖwk¶Y `vb, ÿz`ª e¨emvq
¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ ¶z`ª FY cÖ`vb, FY e¨envi ZË¡veavb cÖf„wZ Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g `y¯’ †jvK‡`i Av‡qi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i|
GMy‡jvi g‡a¨ hye cÖwk¶Y †K›`ª, evsjv‡`k cjøx Dbœqb †evW©, evsjv‡`k Bbw÷wUDU Ae g¨v‡bR‡g›U, gwnjvwelqK
gš¿Yvjq, MÖvgxY gwnjv‡`i Kg©ms¯’v‡bi cÖKí, bUªvgm D‡jøL‡hvM¨| G‡`i mevi D‡Ïk¨ AvZœKg©ms¯’v‡b mnvqZv
n‡jI Kvh©µ‡g wKQzUv cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| wb‡¤œ G¸‡jvi Kvh©µg e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv-
1. hye cÖwk¶Y †K›`ª : GwU hye I µxov gš¿Yvjq KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ cÖwk¶Y †K›`ª| †`‡ki cÖwZwU _vbvq Gi Kvh©vjq
i‡q‡Q| G mKj †K‡›`ªi gva¨‡g †eKvi hyeK hy&eZx‡`i‡K wewfbœ †ckvq cÖwk¶Y †`qv nq, †hgb- nvum gyiwM Lvgvi
ˆZwi, grm¨ Pvl, eøK evwU‡Ki KvR, mewR evMvb, bvm©vwi Kiv, †mjvB‡qi KvR, KzwUi wk‡íi KvR, Kw¤úDUvi
Pvjbv cÖf„wZ| G mKj wel‡q cÖwkÿY wb‡q cÖwk¶Yv_x©iv AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM cvq|
2. evsjv‡`‡k cjøx Dbœqb †evW© : GwU MÖv‡gi `y¯’ I f~wgnxb
bvix-cyiæl‡`i AvZœKg©ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ e„wËg~jK cÖwk¶Y
w`‡q _v‡K hv‡Z cÖwk¶Y MÖn‡Yi ci Zviv ¯^vaxbfv‡e GKwU
†ckv †e‡Q wb‡q DcvR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| Bs‡iwR‡Z Gi bvg
Bangladesh Rural Development Board.

3. evsjv‡`k BÝwUwUDU Ae g¨v‡bRg¨v›U

GwU wkí gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb GKwU ¯^vqË¡kvwmZ cÖwZôvb| wbw`©ó
wd-Gi wewbg‡q GwU AvZœKg©ms¯’vb I D‡`¨vM Dbœq‡bi wewfbœ
wel‡q cÖwk¶Y w`‡q _v‡K| cÖavb cÖavb Kg©m~wPi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q
¶z`ª wkí ¯’vcb cÖwµqv I e¨e¯’vcbv, bZzb wkí cÖwZôvKiY,
wPÎ: AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b wb‡qvwRZ GKRb e„×v
gwnjv D‡`¨v³v Dbœqb cÖf„wZ| GQvov cÖwZôvb ¯’vc‡bi ci
mdjfv‡e Zv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv, gvbe m¤ú` e¨e¯’vcbv, wecYb †KŠkj BZ¨vw` wel‡q wewfbœ
†Kvm© I cÖwkÿY cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| Bs‡iRx‡Z Gi bvg Bangladesh Institute of Management.

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 37

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

4. gwnjv welqK gš¿Yvjq : cÖwZôvbwU g~jZ gwnjv‡`i Rb¨ Dbœqb Kg©m~wP MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| we‡kl K‡i MÖv‡gi
`y¯’, wkw¶Z, Aa©-wkw¶Z gwnjv‡`i‡K ¯^Kg©ms¯’v‡bi m~‡hvM K‡i †`qv Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨| GwU D‡`¨vMx gwnjv‡`i
KvwiMwi `¶Zv Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ AbvbyôvwbK KvwiMwi I cÖhyw³MZ cÖwk¶‡Yi e¨e¯’v K‡i|
5. MÖvgxY gwnjv‡`i Kg©ms¯’v‡bi cÖKí : G cÖK‡íi gva¨‡g cjøx A‡ji gwnjv‡`i‡K wewfbœ †ckvq cÖwk¶Y †`qv
nq Ges cÖwk¶Y †k‡l Zv‡`i g‡a¨ FY weZiY Kiv nq| ïay cÖwk¶YcÖvßivB FY cvIqvi †hvM¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ nq|
6. bUªvgm : GwU wk¶v gš¿Yvjq KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ GKwU cÖwZôvb| wewfbœ ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs I Kw¤úDUvi
Pvjbv wk¶v †`qvB cÖwZôv‡bi cÖavb KvR| G cÖwZôvb †_‡K cÖwk¶Y MªnY K‡i eû wkw¶Z †eKvi hyeK-hyeZx
AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM K‡i wb‡q‡Q| Bs‡iRx‡Z Gi bvg NOTRUMS.
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, Dc‡iv³ cÖwZôvbmg~n wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖwk¶Y Kg©m~wP MÖnY K‡i AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó‡Z mnvqK
f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| Zv‡`i G Kvh©µ‡gi djkÖywZ‡Z †`‡ki Z_v A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Z¡ivwš^Z n‡”Q|
hye cÖwkÿY †K›`ª KZ©„K cwiPvwjZ cÖwkÿY¸wji bvg D‡jøL Kiæb|
A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvims‡ÿc
• evsjv‡`k BÝwUwUDU Ae g¨v‡bRg¨v›U wkí gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb GKwU ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ cÖwZôvb|
• evsjv‡`k BÝwUwUDU Ae g¨v‡bRg¨v›U Gi cÖavb cÖavb Kg©m~wPi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q ¶z`ª wkí ¯’vcb cÖwµqv I
e¨e¯’vcbv, bZzb wkí cÖwZôvKiY, gwnjv D‡`¨v³v Dbœqb cÖf„wZ|
• bUªvgm wk¶v gš¿Yvjq KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ GKwU cÖwZôvb|
• wewfbœ ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs I Kw¤úDUvi Pvjbv wk¶v †`qvB bUªvgm Gi cÖavb KvR|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1. BIM Gi c~Y© iƒc †KvbwU?
K. Bangladesh Institute of Management L. Bangladesh Institute of Marketing
M. Bangladesh Institute of Medicine N. Bangladesh Institute of Modern language
2. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii Dci cÖwkÿY w`‡q _v‡K?
K. BIM L. BRDB
M. BARD N. NOTRUMS
3. †`‡ki cÖwZwU _vbvq wb‡¤œi †KvbwUi kvLv i‡q‡Q?
K. evsjv‡`k cjøx Dbœqb GKv‡Wwg L. MÖvgxY gwnjv‡`i Kg©ms¯’vb cÖKí
M. hye cÖwkÿY †K›`ª N. evsjv‡`k cjøx Dbœqb †evW©
4. K…wlRvZ wk‡í mdjZvi Rb¨ wb‡¤œi †KvbwU we‡kl cÖ‡qvRb?
K. KuvPvgv‡ji mnRjf¨Zv L. ivóªxq c„ô‡cvlKZv
M. D‡`v³vi m„RbkxjZv N. h_vh_ ¯’vb wbev©Pb

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 38

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-3.4 AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b DØy×Ki‡Yi Dcvq I cÖwkÿ‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b DØy×Ki‡Yi Dcvq¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b cÖwkÿ‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~j¨‡eva, cyuw_MZ covïbv, †bwZevPK, DØy×, AcÖZzjZv

gyL¨ kã ( Key
Words)

AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b D×z×Ki‡Yi Dcvq

AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb e¨w³MZ `ÿZv I ¯^wbf©i †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ †_‡K RxweKv AR©‡bi cÖej
B”Qv kw³| †h‡nZz †`‡k PvKwii my‡hvM mxwgZ Ges B”Qv Ki‡jB miKvwi ev †emiKvwi D‡`¨v‡M GZ AwaK
Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvB Gi weKí n‡”Q wb‡RB wb‡Ri Kg©ms¯’vb Kiv| wKš‘ G †`‡ki hyemgv‡Ri wbKU
AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi aviYv ¯^”Q I h‡_ó bq| Ab¨w`‡K `xN©w`‡bi mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva I cyuw_MZ covïbvi Kvi‡Y
hyemgvR RxweKv ej‡Z PvKwi‡K ey‡S _v‡K| G Qvov AwffveK‡`i wbKUI mšÍvb‡`i AvZœKg©ms¯’v‡b D×z× Kivi
GKwU †bwZevPK cÖeYZv jÿ Kiv hvq| d‡j wkwÿZ-AwkwÿZ wbwe©‡k‡l †eKv‡ii msL¨v w`b w`b †e‡oB P‡j‡Q|
eZ©gvb hye I ZiæYmgvR I AvMvgx cÖRb¥‡K AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b DØy× Ki‡Z wewfbœ c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kiv Riæwi| wb‡¤œ
†m¸wj D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-
1. wkÿv_x©‡`i AbycÖvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e G e‡j †h, †Kv‡bv †ckv ev KvRB †QvU I Acgv‡bi bq|
2. ¯^ ¯^ GjvKvi AvZ¥K©gms¯’v‡bi Dchy³ †ÿθ‡jvi ZvwjKv cÖYqb K‡i we`¨vjq I BDwbqb cwil‡`i †`qv‡j
cÖPv‡ii e¨e¯’v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
3. ¯^ ¯^ GjvKvi AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi gva¨‡g hviv ¯^vej¤^x I mdj n‡q‡Q Zv‡`i‡K we`¨vj‡q G‡b wkÿv_x©‡`i‡K
Zv‡`i RxebKvwnbx †kvbv‡Z n‡e|
4. we`¨vjq ev K‡jR †_‡K †h mKj wkÿv_©x S‡i c‡o wKsev wbqwgZ we`¨vj‡q Avmvi my‡hvM cvq bv Zv‡`i‡K
wewfbœ Dchy³ †ÿ‡Î cÖwkÿY I FY`v‡bi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. beg I `kg †kÖwYi wkÿvµ‡g e„wËg~jK, KvwiMwi I Kg©gyLx wkÿv‡K ch©vßfv‡e AšÍf©y³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb‡K mvg‡b †i‡L hye Dbœqb e¨vsK I wkÿv e¨vsK cÖwZôv K‡i mnR k‡Z© FY`v‡bi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z
n‡e| GQvov e¨vsKmn wewfbœ Avw_©K cÖwZôvb †_‡K ¯^ímy‡` FY`v‡bi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
7. we`¨vj‡qi cÖv³b wkÿv_x©‡`i g‡a¨ hviv eZ©gv‡b mdj D‡`¨v³v I e¨emvqx wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv jvf K‡i‡Q Zv‡`i‡K
we`¨vjq ch©v‡q msea©bv I m¤§vbbv †`Iqvi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
8. wcÖÈ wgwWqv A_v©r ˆ`wbK cwÎKvmn meai‡bi Le‡ii KvM‡R AvZœKg©ms¯’v‡bi mdj Kvwnbx e¨vcKfv‡e cÖPv‡ii
e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b cÖwk¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 39

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

†h †Kv‡bv Kv‡R `¶Zv e„w×i Rb¨ cÖwk¶Y GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| cÖwk¶Y Kg©`¶Zv I †hvM¨Zv e„w× K‡i| cÖwk¶Y
n‡jv Kgx©‡`i Ávb I `¶Zv e„w× Ges gvbwmKZv weKv‡ki Aweivg I wbqwgZ cÖ‡Póv hv‡Z Zv‡`i †hvM¨Zv µgk
e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K Ges cÖwZôvbwUI jvfevb nq| †Kv‡bv Kgx©‡K mwVK Kv‡R wb‡qvM Kivi c~‡e© Zv‡K cÖwk¶Y ev
†Uªwbs †`qvi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| G cÖwk¶Y cÖwZôv‡bi bZzb I cyivZb mKj Kgx©i Rb¨B Acwinvh©| Gi gva¨‡g
Kg©xi `ÿZv ev‡o e‡j Drcv`bkxjZvI ev‡o| wb‡gœ Kg©x cÖwk¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv t
1. Kg©xi `¶Zv e„w×: cÖwk¶Y Kg©xi Kg©`¶Zv e„w× K‡i| ZvB bZzb cyivZb mKj Kg©xi Rb¨ cÖwk¶Y †`qvi
cÖ‡qvRb nq|
2. m¤ú‡`i mبenvi: cÖwk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g Kgx©‡`i Kg©`¶Zv †e‡o hvq| d‡j D‡`¨v³v ev Kg©x KZ©„K cÖwZôv‡bi
hš¿cwZ, mvR-miÄvg I Ab¨vb¨ m¤ú‡`i DrK…ó e¨envi m¤¢e nq|
3. Kvh© cÖK…wZ I cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ cwiwPwZ: cÖwZôv‡bi K‡g©i cÖK…wZ I Kg© cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ cwiwPZ nIqv be wbhy³
Kg©x‡`i Rb¨ Avek¨K| cÖwk¶Y e¨e¯’v bZzb Kg©x‡`i Kg© cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ cwiPq Kwi‡q †`q|
4. AcPq I `yN©Ubv n«vm: cÖwkw¶Z Kg©x AwaKZi `¶Zv I wgZe¨wqZvi mv‡_ Kvh© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z
cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi †¶‡Î AcPq n«vm cvq| cÖwk¶Y Kgx©‡`i‡K wbivcËvg~jK e¨e¯’v MÖn‡Yi wewea Kjv-
†KŠkj m¤ú‡K© Ávb `vb K‡i| d‡j KviLvbvi hš¿cvwZ e¨envimn Ab¨vb¨ `yN©Ubv Gov‡ZI mnR nq|
5. `¶ I AwfÁ Kg©x‡`i AcÖZzjZv `~ixKiY: cÖwZôv‡bi c‡¶ memgq Dchy³ wk¶vcÖvß I AwfÁ e¨w³ msMÖn Kiv
m¤¢e nq bv| †mRb¨ wb‡qv‡Mi ci Kg©x‡`i‡K cÖwk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g `ÿ K‡i †Zvjv nq|
6. ˆbwZK ej e„w×: cÖwk¶Y D‡`¨v³v ev Kg©Pvix‡`i g‡bvfv‡ei DbœwZ mvab K‡i| d‡j Zv‡`i ˆbwZK ej e„w×
cvq| d‡j cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh© Kvg¨ MwZ‡Z Pj‡Z cv‡i|
7. Áv‡bi cwiwa e„w×: cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g bZzb bZzb wel‡qi aviYv jvf Kiv hvq Ges DaŸ©Z‡bi mvwbœ‡a¨ G‡m
A‡bK wKQzB Rvb‡Z cv‡i| djkÖæwZ‡Z Da©ŸZ‡bi wb‡`©kbv eySv I ev¯Íevqb mnR nq|
8. Lvc-LvIqv‡bv mnR: cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g bZzb Ávb I Kjv‡KŠkj Rvbvi d‡j mn‡RB cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZ‡Z
wb‡R‡K Lvc LvIqv‡Z cv‡i|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, Kg©xi `¶Zv I †hvM¨Zv e„w×i gva¨‡g myôyfv‡e e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh© wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ cÖwk¶‡Yi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acwimxg| bZzb I cyivZb Dfq Kg©x‡KB Dchy³ cÖwk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g `¶ K‡i Zzj‡Z bv cvi‡j Zv‡`i
w`‡q fvj KvR Avkv Kiv hvq bv| ZvB Kg©x‡`i‡K cÖwk¶Y w`‡q Dchy³ K‡i M‡o †Zvjv cÖwZôv‡bi Avek¨Kxq
KZ©e¨|

GKwU nuvm-gyiMxi Lvgv‡ii mdjZvi Rb¨ cÖwkÿ‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb †Kb?

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvims‡ÿc
• †Kv‡bv †ckv ev KvRB †QvU I Acgv‡bi bq|
• `xN©w`‡bi mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva I cyuw_MZ covïbvi Kvi‡Y hyemgvR RxweKv ej‡Z PvKwi‡K ey‡S _v‡K|
• cÖwk¶Y Kg©`¶Zv I †hvM¨Zv e„w× K‡i|
• cÖwk¶Y n‡jv Kgx©‡`i Ávb I `¶Zv e„w× Ges gvbwmKZv weKv‡ki Aweivg I wbqwgZ cÖ‡Póv|
• cÖwk¶Y Gi gva¨‡g Kg©xi `ÿZv ev‡o e‡j Drcv`bkxjZvI ev‡o|
• AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨ beg I `kg †kÖwYi wkÿvµ‡g e„wËg~jK, KvwiMwi I Kg©gyLx wkÿv‡K ch©vßfv‡e

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 40

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

AšÍf©y³ Ki‡Z n‡e|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.4
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1. Kg©xi `ÿZv e„w× cvIqvi Dcvq?
K. cÖvwZôvwbK wkÿv L. AwfÁZv
M. bZzb Ávb N. cÖwkÿY
2. cÖwZôv‡bi mdjZvi Rb¨ cÖwkÿY GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| KviYÑ
i. G‡Z Kg©xi Drcv`bkxjZv e„w× cvq
ii. Kg©xi mvgvwRK cÖwZcwË AUzU _v‡K
iii. AcPq I `yNU©bv n«vm cvq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU coyb Ges 3 I 4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
Rbve Zvwnb eøK evwU‡Ki Dci cÖwkÿY jvf K‡i PÆMÖv‡g GKwU cÖwZôvb M‡o Zz‡jb| Pvwn`v e„w× cvIqvq wZwb
Pvi Rb Kg©x wb‡qvM K‡i cÖwZôvb Pvjv‡Z jvM‡jb| wKš‘ KvswLZ gvb I cwigv‡b Drcv`b bv nIqv‡Z Zv‡`i‡K
hye Dbœqb Awa`&ßi †_‡K cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv nq| cÖwkÿY †k‡l †`Lv hvq †h, cÖwZôv‡bi Drcv`b c~‡e©i PvB‡Z
A‡bK e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
3. Rbve Zvwn‡bi Kg©KvÐwU †Kvb ai‡bi ?
K. PvKyix L. AvZœKg©ms¯’vb
M. †ckv N. D‡`¨vM
4. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU Rbve Zvwn‡bi cÖwZôv‡bi Drcv`b e„w× cvIqvi KviY?
K. Kg©`ÿZv e„w× L. †fv³v‡`i µq ÿgZv e„w×
M. bZzb Ávb AR©‡bi dj N. AbKyj e¨emvwqK cwi‡ek
wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co–b Ges 5 I 6 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx GmGmwm cvm wkLv Kw¤úDUvi cwiPvjbvq cvi`k©x| evwo‡Z †m K‡qKwU †g‡q‡K Kw¤úDUvi
†kLvq| Zvi cÖwkÿ‡Yi mybvg Pvwiw`‡K Qwo‡q covq w`b w`b wkÿv_©xi msL¨v evo‡Q| Zvi B”Qv Kw¤úDUvi Gi
Dci AviI cÖwkÿY MÖnY Kiv hv‡Z †m G †ÿÎwU‡K Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Dcvq wnmv‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
5. wb‡Pi †Kvb ms¯’v †_‡K wkLv Kw¤úDUvi Gi Dci cÖwkÿY MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i?
K. weAviwWwe L. weAvBGg
M. weAvBweGg N. bUªvgm
6. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z KvRwU‡K fwel¨‡Z Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Dcvq wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kivi †hŠw³K KviY †KvbwU?
K. mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb fv‡jv L. evRvi Pvwn`v fv‡jv
M. wkÿv_©x‡`i Aby‡iva N. Kw¤úDUv‡i AwaK cvi`k©x nIqv

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 41

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ-1
dvinvbv, byRnvZ I †cvlx wZb evÜex m¤úªwZ we Kg cvm K‡i‡Q| Zviv Zv‡`i fwel¨r cwiKíbv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
KiwQj| dvinvbv I byRnvZ Gg Kg-G fwZ©i wPšÍv Ki‡Q| †cvlx GLbI wm×všÍ PzovšÍ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| KviY Zvi
evevi B”Qv †m BUvjx wM‡q evevi mv‡_ e¨emvq KiæK| wKš‘ †gavex †cvlx Pvq †`‡kB wKQz Ki‡Z| G Rb¨ †m eøK-
evwU‡Ki Kv‡Ri Dci `yÕgv‡mi cÖwkÿY MªnY K‡i| G‡Z Zvi g‡bvej †e‡o hvq| we‡`k hvevi UvKv w`‡q †m
evwo‡Z GKwU †QvU eywUK nvDR †`b| eøK evwU‡Ki KvR K‡i wb‡Ri wWRvBb w`‡q Kvco ˆZwi K‡i eywUK nvD‡R
wewµ K‡ib| cÖwkÿYjä Ávb cÖ‡qvM K‡i wb‡Ri †Póvq AvR †m ¯^vej¤^x|
K. RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z K…wl Lv‡Zi Ae`vb kZKiv KZ fvM?
L. evsjv‡`‡k †eKvi mgm¨v w`b w`b †e‡o hv‡”Q †Kb? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
M. †cvlxi eøK-evwU‡Ki Rb¨ cÖwZôvb ˆZwi †Kvb ai‡bi Kv‡Ri AšÍ©fz³? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. ¯^vej¤^x nevi †cQ‡b †Kvb ¸YwU †cvlx‡K †ewk cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib| we‡kølY Kiæb|

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ-2
ivOvgvwUi ¯‹zj wkÿK gvgvcÖy gvigv ¯’vbxq ZvuZx †gwibv gvigv‡K Zvu‡Z †evbv cY¨-mvgMÖxi e¨vcK Pvwn`v I fwel¨r
m¤¢vebv m¤ú‡K© aviYv †`b| wkÿ‡Ki civgk© Abyhvqx †gwibv cvnvwo †g‡q‡`i †cvkvK Ò_vwgÓ ˆZwi K‡i wewKª Kiv
ïiæ K‡ib| Zvi cÖwZôv‡b K‡qKwU †g‡q KvR K‡i| Zv‡`i ˆZwi DbœZgv‡bi Ô_vwgÕi wcÖ›UMywj AvaywbK nIqv‡Z
XvKv‡ZI Gi wewµ ïiæ nq| AvKl©Yxq g~‡j¨ DbœZgv‡bi cY¨ mieiv‡ni Kvi‡Y w`b w`b Zvi c‡Y¨i K`i evo‡Z
jvMj| mdjfv‡e cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv K‡i MZ wZb eQi hveZ wZwb †Rjvi †miv bvix D‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ
n‡q‡Qb|
K. evsjv‡`k cjøx Dbœqb †evW© Kv‡`i‡K cÖwkÿY w`‡q _v‡K?
L. AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi GKwU ˆewkó¨ eY©bv Kiæb|
M. †gwibvi mdjZvi wcQ‡bi KviYwU e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. ÔgvgvcÖy gvigvi civgk© cÖwZcvj‡bB †gwibv PvKgvi Rxe‡b GZ ¯^xK…wZ G‡b w`‡q‡QÕ Dw³wU e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 3.1 : 1. N 2. K 3. K 4. N 5. L 6. M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 3.2 : 1. L 2. K 3. K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 3.3 : 1. K 2. N 3. M 4. N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 3.4 : 1. N 2. L 3. L 4. K 5. N 6. L

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 42