Intro to ICT - Chapter 4 By Dr.

Naeem Ahmed

Chapter 04
Storage Devices

By
Dr. Naeem Ahmed

Storage System Characteristics

• Storage Media and Storage Devices

– Medium
• Hardware where data is stored
• DVD disc, flash memory card, etc.

– Device
• DVD drive, flash memory card reader, etc.
• Medium is inserted into device to be used

– Can be internal, external, or remote

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Intro to ICT - Chapter 4 By Dr. Naeem Ahmed

Storage System Characteristics

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Storage System Characteristics

• Volatility
– Storage devices are nonvolatile
• Random vs. Sequential Access
– Random access (direct access) allows data to be retrieved
from any location on the storage medium
– Most storage devices use random access
– Sequential access means retrieval of data can occur only in
the order in which it was physically stored on the storage
medium
• Magnetic tape drive

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Intro to ICT - Chapter 4 By Dr. Naeem Ahmed

Storage System Characteristics

• Logical vs. Physical Representation

— File
Anything stored on a storage medium, such as a
•
program, document, digital image, or song
— Filename
• Name given to a file by the user
— Folder
• Named place on a storage medium
into which files can be stored

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Storage System Characteristics

– Logical file representation

• Individuals view a document stored as one complete
unit in a particular folder on a particular drive
– Physical file representation
• Computers access a particular document stored on a
storage medium using its physical location or locations
• Types of Storage Technology Used
• Magnetic (conventional hard drives)
• Optical (optical discs)
• Electrons (flash memory media)

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Intro to ICT - Chapter 4 By Dr. Naeem Ahmed

Hard Drives

• Hard Drive
– Used to store most programs
and data
– Can be internal or external
– Can be encrypted
• Magnetic Hard Drives
– One or more permanently
sealed metal magnetic disks
with an access mechanism and
read/write heads
– Read/write heads magnetize
particles to represent the
data’s 0s and 1s
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Hard Drives

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Intro to ICT - Chapter 4 By Dr. Naeem Ahmed

Hard Drives

— Hard disks are divided into

• Tracks
– Concentric path on disk where data
is recorded
• Sectors
– A small piece of the track
• Clusters
– One or more sectors; smallest addressable area of
a disk
• Cylinders
– Collection of tracks located in the same location on
a set of hard disk surfaces

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Hard Drives

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Intro to ICT - Chapter 4 By Dr. Naeem Ahmed

Hard Drives

• Solid State Drives (SSDs)

– Use flash memory
technology
– Use less power and have no
moving parts
– Particularly appropriate for
portable computers and
mobile devices

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Hard Drives

• Hard Drive Speed, Disk Caching, and Hybrid Hard Drives

– Disk access time
• Total time that it takes for a hard drive to read or write
data
• Consists of seek time, rotational delay, and data
movement time
– SSDs don’t require seek time or rotational delays
– Disk cache
• Memory used in conjunction with a
magnetic hard drive to improve system
performance
• Can be a dedicated part of RAM or
memory chips on a circuit board inside
the hard drive case 14
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Intro to ICT - Chapter 4 By Dr. Naeem Ahmed

Hard Drives

• Hard Drive Partitioning and File Systems

– Partitioning
• Divides the physical capacity of a single drive logically
into separate areas, called partitions
• Referred to as logical drives
• Increase efficiency (smaller drives use smaller clusters)

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Hard Drives

• Hard Drive Interface Standards

– Determine how a drive connects to the computer
– Common standards
• Parallel ATA (PATA) - older, slower standard

• Serial ATA (SATA)

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Intro to ICT - Chapter 4 By Dr. Naeem Ahmed

• eSATA

• SCSI and the newer serial attached SCSI (SAS)

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Optical Disks and Drives

• Optical Disc Characteristics

– A type of storage read from and
written to using laser beams

– Divided into sectors like

magnetic discs but use a single
spiral track (groove)

– Have a relatively large capacity and are durable

– Used for backup purposes and for storing and transporting

music, photos, video, etc.
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Intro to ICT - Chapter 4 By Dr. Naeem Ahmed

Optical Discs and Drives

– Representing Data on an Optical Disc

• Read--only optical disc
– Surface of disc is molded or stamped
• Recordable or rewritable disc
– Optical drive is used and the reflectivity of the disc
is changed using a laser to represent the data
• Data is stored in 0s and 1s
– Pits and lands are used to represent 1s and 0s
– The transition between a pit and a
land represents a 1; no transition
represents a 0

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Optical Discs and Drives

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Intro to ICT - Chapter 4 By Dr. Naeem Ahmed

Optical Discs and Drives

– Optical Drives
• Three categories of discs: CD, DVD,
or Blu--Ray Disc (BD)
• Can be read--only, recordable, or
rewritable
• Can support single or dual layer discs
• Recording data onto disc is called
burning
• Can be internal or external
drives
– External drives typically
USB

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Flash Memory Storage Systems

• Flash Memory
– Non--volatile memory chips used for storage by the
computer or the user
– Used in SSDs, hybrid hard drives, and USB flash drives
• Embedded Flash Memory
– Flash memory chips embedded into products, such as
Portable digital media players Digital cameras GPS devices
Handheld gaming devices Mobile phones Sunglasses
Wristwatches Tablet computers Smartphones

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Intro to ICT - Chapter 4 By Dr. Naeem Ahmed

Flash Memory Storage Systems

• Flash Memory Cards and Readers

– Flash memory card
• A small card containing one or more flash memory
chips, controller chips, and metal contacts to connect
the card to the device or reader with which it is being
used

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Other Types of Storage Systems

• Network Storage and Online/Cloud Storage Systems

– Remote storage
• Using a storage device not directly connected to
the computer being used
• Accessed through the internet or through a
network
– Network storage
• Via a local network

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Intro to ICT - Chapter 4 By Dr. Naeem Ahmed

Other Types of Storage Systems

– Network attached storage (NAS)

• Connected directly to a network
• High performance storage for computers
connected to a network

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th May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Edition.

Other Types of Storage Systems

– Online storage or cloud storage

• Accessed via the Internet
– Via Web sites (Flickr, Facebook, Google Docs, etc.)
– Via online storage sites (Box.net, SkyDrive, etc.)
– Growing in importance because more and more
applications are web--based
– Increasing being used for back up purposes
– Many web sites providing online storage offer it
free

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Intro to ICT - Chapter 4 By Dr. Naeem Ahmed

Evaluating Your Storage

Alternatives
• Product Characteristics to Consider:
– Speed
– Compatibility
– Storage capacity
– Portability
• Most Users Require:
– Hard drive
– Recordable or rewritable optical drive
– Flash memory card reader
– USB port(s)

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