Moedel Z Test ty po thesis

Steistical Hybothesis
b
a f aHempBim9 to Aeach clecisi'ens i i s useft
nakr ssumb bons or g a cites about yto Bopuloh rmvolteef.
Such ASSAmD Ha huoh noy o r may not he tvu, q re alloa
Sta hisHcel hypo thess
fr fo ctea d whethey
Cxabple, Kwe given coim is
want
da,we amel he hypo thesis hat he coin is fai'r
s , whu i s l u Bob. hoals.
Null ahad alhernaie Hypothesis tio uith
omulbtios
will be
hyb hasis teshne
Th suctere fo ahy hypotheus
hich upers
n hypo thesis lo.
we STD ie s t aned ers .is cetokeol by
h acceblea e an alkm hr
echn H beds h
hybohesis, dewkol
suie/et endenee
rejec eHo favour e H because
odata. data
msaireu evdencs
th dat
fail ye H becaus
H =0-5
H, PA05
In JTüry tial

H
Ho defendeht is mho ceht
H: deehdant is u mamkmad
boii to H, hol s
slahols
Ho
Thu hybethesis
ules H is Supored
ewcleha beyma q as0nable doubt" "

this Case daes mot

"

b aejet o
Hewerer failu re
merely hat eidene Cas s u i ced
mby nho a na, h s fo
conuc. So jury neccesanly aae He
He, faik
fo
yect h.

t e i d t whuhor to
wher aceeßh
aceeßt or
Test ypo10es enales
us
locid
fo d
Pro ceclme
fhat
olelermijnu whther obseved sarnbles
o fo
ujeck . hypothesis
pusuls aled est hypohe
lif sigipcauty fm expekas
are

ksk Synificah C
Ex: 0 tosses 9 comyila 16 heeas, we welo bemcllin
eject Hu hypothess thet fhi con 1s fal' althepA it
Gr emeivable that we m bo arm.

TypeL ane Type I Evwr

we Ajee 9 hypoheus when tt ha/pens fo b 4
tru,
we say had ys evr has been maole. m ether
hand We accept g hyfothess, when it shouletZ
yechea we say fhat pe z eny hos beeh ma

Po is trul Ho is Frlle

met ejet Ho esrect dteision e l l Eva

Repeet Tpe Z En Caect deisin

Lerel Sipnifiancs wit4

is fhe maximam brsb.
In
I n teshn9 ren yfethes
ask atpe 2 eno is
whuch we sholol he l l n t o
Caledlrel signifcanes e s This prok is e h sperifed
fove ahy samples are cdraun, so fheAUSalt abhine
ahy
wl not imwehC our dicis in .

s9 ifeae choseh i'n

erampe q o os orsf Lenel
obuyring a bhst byhothens, theh thut ar ahout s

e hanos tco has w e otuld nejèot he hypatheis heh it

sheulel be accebhd. ie. shenerer a Nell h9 fo Phis)s is
trat we are 151 emfelent tha we a e wculamake
g ht edecisjon. In such Caks
hybothesis has be eh rejecko!
aF a
d05lo vule
meahs We
ipnif caxce. whoh
coilel bL_aes
cel Coles 6 wromp oih fo :°S.
Abbroach thfohesis Tesing: ( Cosical afproach)
-Shatt thi Null anol elkmabive hybothests
- Choase 9
fixeoeed h sgificarce
3Chrnse an
Athoprate test stalshe ahd stablsh he
Cihcal vein based A on

kejeetH, K Combtrol tst Setshe s in thu criica

re therose olo mot rject.
o

S-Ava sciehbh¢ or
Em/neeng conclusms
Sgicahit Teshng (P-valu! Appoach ):
I-stati tu tull ahd alerrahie
hyfotha's
Chonse h Atpropraa Shatsti
3 Choost PValeus bareol on hu Combuled valus h
hst shasi Stehis.
Use
Judgemed baredn Pvabo ard nasle hrc
Scienihe slem
 T e s t f r Soge mea (Shena is krasn)
O
O
Fr too Bicdhd hypsdheo's (Tae
Teyt hilal

we vege ejee Ho at lvel e

St9iflcasco hen Compulicd z- sklishe

exuLols
orlas has
ey Che sickel hyhedhesis: Ckstt teiled Tat

We vepec Ho atd ee! 4 sigficah,

Lhen Combhol z- statishe

exCmds .
gne sichol_bytodhess ( Lekt Tailecl
est)
i) ho:

We vejet Ho at level e sriarvce,

hen Compuloel - 3atlgtr'e

less dhan -Z -Z
 A rahdm samble lso vecordud dhahs tn tuhd 9

7/8 years.
duving
Shatas during post
yeay showe ah
qverag ispa
"Asumimg bopulatin stasdad dviain
q

8-9 yees, hes his Seem o oncbicat thad mea

Aie span b oay 4 grealti has 7o years. Use oa Arel
C

Slb Hie
Cloi s hat qurna! e span s air hay Tayay
ere
clin epng orlah'n mean d ire
I Ho: u= 70
yeas (u=7)
u>70 yec
0-o5
4 Cnhical vegjon Zaa 6S
z>Z

Nor
4Cmpaiz: We ha uto, X= 7/8, 0 , =8:9
7: - 78-70 8X1O
8:9 89 -202
-202

Z-202
(z>z
ahed cncuude that mean 4
SConcusim: Reject hoa
Spah to elay u grealir thah to y ea
 P Valu Alproech
O P Nalre <
Lvel snifianaee)
kejet he ypothesis
P Valw ovd sigvifana()
9o mot Reject hypothesis
t Ho
H
(uTo)
We hae = 7/.0, u- +0 n=lo 8 9,

7/8-t0 I8Xl0 =1
9 2.02
8:9
3 P-Valu
P-Pl7202)-(heg Apht to z2 2 )
=
Avep uft to R-212)
I - 0 9783
O. O2/4
Heve O-aS P-Valu =0 0.219
P-valuu <
As KtlA the eudeh
u 0
4-6nclusion: Ryjett Ho,
favour A e h shper than suggeseo by
4--05 lavel s7mi cahce
EXAmanefacturer spok equipment has clevekbed
Mew syn helrc pshino ne that h Company clatns
has a mea breakn9 shength lagrams oidh g
Slardard du'aby oS kilogram. Test h hypothesrs at
= 8 Kilegrct arinst
hi clkr nafire u+9 Kileg
ramt.
ahYah dom sahple Solines ishsted and Jeund to
ave mea breal-sng hergh 78 Hg. se q dol e

Signiceucd.
Soh Heve clauim is
epar alinp Aohalaliem mea ahd
foputalin
Shd. dwiathn
sgin So we aill aly R- Testfr
Sigle meah

3. 0.0
4- Cn cu

To-005
o-coS >22 Zo-ons
-
2:sg 4)Z :SS.
S Conapula im
L = 78-8
d:oS -283

Here <Zaie-:83 < - 2 sa)

66 0ecisem Reyjeet and Cmchuole hat arrage breakn breakring
not egual to 8, but in fact i t s ess than &
.
 PValus Atbroach
Hu- 8
83
Gnputati 283

=0*0s
78-8 -83
VS

S-P-Valu:
P-Va lus= P(*>z> R) = P(-2 03
>Z>:83)
=2xP(z<-2.03)

Heve PValus loelß iI"fcance

6 ecigm fejeet the ypohesis that u= Bg at
derel iaahct

Slakshe for a st on ssin9le meah (Voriance +UnkmaIn

O Far a Adol hypothesis

We
Rejee Ho at d
lel
t shatshc signihca nu, uheh Commbutzal

t
ex cwwols
20ne deayodes (eskt kailal Test)
Ho Uo

, u lo
we rest to at d t e d spnpcana, hen
Cormbnd - Sal'swe

SU ecteeseruLsls t at 9-
ene icud (4ft Tailed test y
Ho:u-uo

We
eject Ho at urel snfieana, When
t stahshe cmpitiol
t U
s s han - bu at (n) E
Ex los
The edisn eleekic
P 340 mshak has hus
thenwmber lishecd dpores
hme ilowatt
haus Usea
wsed
ahnuall byby Vanous
ahhuall vaves
Gpliahas. If clam that a
an averg vaccwm cleaher ses
46 kailouett haurs
fer year. z
Samplt 2
homes incuoho i
a rndon
hat varcum blanrud shuody 1noli'catis
per yeay oith cleaner we a
Use
g stendard
ah
avevag v2 kilowtt hous
douahim
&oes his
Sugg est that at o.as It9 kilatt hou.
.g kilwatt hoe.
Vacwm leaher leelh
use on qvenge, less than siyrificanu that
that
46 kilbwatt
u6 kilow
hete ahhua ? Assume tu au
to be moYmal bopulabion d kibwat hows
So Here Clar'on Apordmg bopulob' Meay and
P a hon vananu rr t gien Ss we ottl
áth
t- a s t
for Sigle mea

IHou= 46 (U V6)
2-
H < U6
3 0S

4- Gikica i u
t
t <t

t<-tons D=ni=121-1 #of

Crmput'at: = 42,
H2, S=
l:9, no/2,
nz/2, U= Us
u6
t -4
t I16 -116

tta
K Sample size ia n>30 thon
Coneluus'o o mob aHy
rejcet ho
ahal Gnuoly hat
Mumberd klowatt hourt seal ahnuallyavage
by hme
afianess Vaccume cheaher s not
P-Vadue
ess stnhcanky hae
Ho: A= u

- T
Grnpud aton t
vales P(
=
246--H 2
=
t<-M6)- Ahca to daff -toi2/0)
P-value 10 <P<0IS
 Test ferSje man (oheh o
àUnkhown bus n) 3a) (8
3Samble size is arge (n30) anal oprlati'on vaiana
Umkn rn, fhen af 2- test /
plkut- Ttlust

EX I esch eport Richavel H.

Claims hat mite olth vcLA mecbral schon
an
el ie h be aere spen 32 manths
Qbout 4o months
tnheir clit ave he uo1 calones
ahy easom td uplated by hamns aha prabèn. L here
bebeve
Pacd n his det did that u < 4o64 rie hat ave
wth a
ardara have ah aveage
Ap e 38 mnths
S Here claim olova Hon mon ths.
about
Vawa noi-en ppalahin but sample
ma Ohcl
bopulahierm
So we oill
a4ply 7- test ins kead - slzTest
e k lago(n>3).
H: = 40
2
2 . : e yo

4- Heve samble Siz lar24, So we otll afby 7- test

we hae = 30, 764, S= S.8, A40
38-4o he n 30, S
S8I64
-277
Cihcal regim

2 - L6S
SCclusjom Ryet o, here are Sutfjeient eiclenes fo bebere
hot L yo
 est On Tuwo meahs (Shen i, R Qre kmon
Tuo im deperolent ahdam samples Ses ano 7 nuty
are dvadn frem tud populakiona with mean 4 ahol i
ahvaan us , Hen thi hst Shahshe
is gin y
Z= (%)- ( -g)

m
Fox two Bicbd hypodhess.
ho:

CiHcal pin is-z4 >Z>

Fo h tailecl_Teut:
Ho: -Uzd.
4e d.

For aft tar'lest Teat:

H o , H = ds

H - < do
Cibca Jugi'm is
-z >z T
Test on tao me2ns
(Sheh oi
tmkmaun but qu)
=
qre
To
Two
lnaaenoenh rendom sambls
s i n, ardr resperirely
aYe oda n hem hrv
4ve
populeb'a oh mean ,
ahol Sample ahol
vadanus2 anel$ opla #m varianuw
re knasn
um but equal, hen o úst stehshe as gnbg
 t ) - (A
Sp
heve
Sp
(m-)+ S(m-)
MM2-2
For sBickd hypothesis
Ho'Mu
e
Ciical ugjn s -

>t> ta, at =
0E.
xe kig kt vacled Test:
Ho 4lld
H4A d V
C Hcad AUgmi t>tz as 9- mt
72 of
eLeft Tailel Test:

- s <d
Critical Lgjon A
->i at V=,+z 2 SoP.
Ex A andom expeiment was gien to koo clasres Cnsichong
4o and 50 shders
d as
respechicly In thi fist class
hhy mea
mea
74 wih slanda rd deviatro 8. hile i'n thu
Secmd cass meah
mean 9radls was 79 olth slandaro len'akn
7. ls here sinlfcant olfvenc bekueen ho
wo
classes at 9 level sigmfe aha þerfortnhce
19haEA P Val ast.
Sol em tro papulati*s hatn
hasnp (
Suppase ho clases cme

the vesperhve meahs ,ahd .

We havt
4o, M2= So,
%=74, X2= 78,
Here , 2 3 0
hen m2 30
s
Hert Sam
popilaHn VaHahcs
SamMe /zes , 2 Gre not in but
30. So Here
or tuwo mean c
we Cah
aply
affy 7-Tes
7-Tst
mskad t
test
Ho:
(There is mo ditfrenu ba
t There Shem
As
pegomand)
dfhranee bro perfrmanuj
Z -)- (
)
(7-78)
(74-70)-(o)
- (o)
Z 50
606 -2.99

=2.49
O.0S
o.02s = /96

Criical g
-Z>7> -:962> 196
Here Rz-2.49

Keyeet Ho, we conchucte hat har ks

nfrahu
Serena o two clhes at o-os aret h »icance.
 =OO, 0 0D 12

C Hcal - >27
s9
-s8 > z7t2 S
Hert Z - 2.49
we fail o reect ho, we Comcuch that here

Siant sfoerct bns clatses

P valut =
P P-2.9 2 249)
2yP-2.y9>z)
x Areg 4fl = -2-4

PValus 0.6/28
Her P-Valu<=0:0s
Ho Refected.
berforme to compare hu abrasive wear
Ex: An exben'iment was
makrals I2 pieces maknal1
aro dilfered lamincbal
Were Asked by epsmg eaeh fièc t a mgchtne meassnn
wear. 1o bieas ß mateiel2 were simi'lardy itkd, In each
ae
Cose chphh ewear wQ obsera. The sample c makn'alt
aYe ah aven (ochal) w ear e
ds mik w14 samble
Slel. doviahn 4 t o hile hu Sample matnal Jave ah
qverag
aveage 81 Umi wih sqmfle sd dviawon s Cas we

Conclucl hat at oo5 lovel smi co that ho

ab rasie wear mapnal1
abrasire excueds hat maena/2 bp
o he apfoxinels
more hah 2 uni. Asume hi bopalah s
o t m a olh equal van'ah ws.
 t y represerd thi bopulah n meahs d ho 13
br Sivc wear for matn al 1 and maenal 2 resbecHly
Hen
eopula 'om vanaus are not giran, bud
o
e et! Samble equal. Mortover
pizes qne 7,, 7, <30. So We orll
t- test apP
ehave 8S85, 12, S,= V,
, 4, /o,
IHo ,l= 2
3 0-oS
Compla bien tT7LS

Sr
hert Spr
S,(n1) S2-) 16x 1- 2Sx9 =

2 I2To-2
73lo-2
Sp : . u78

Nordt= (-h)-( A ) = (95-81)-2

Sp:
t I-o4
Cri Hcal regimtt ts to-os atV= 7-2
V 24 1b-2 = 20 Jof
t>I72S at 9= 20
oP.
-9ecisn 90 mot Rejeot Ho.
Unable fo comclucle Hat abrastve wear d
We are

makncd 1 excends that okmaloial 2

& Unis. by more than
 Test Sipple roborn

3 Choase a hed tgmifant d.

-Test Binonial vana6k x uith /= fs
satse:
S-
Gmpulahems; Amel x he number Successes anad
thu abpropoati P valu cmmpub
Draw concusi beed on P val
Valas akula kin -ot 8sample
Ho: b-po

PV alu= P(X>
Cou7 Ho: p- bo

PValue = P(xS*, o ppa)

Case-
: b Po
P Vals 1P (xs), 2< »po
P(x>*) ih x>pr
or-

foy lar Sample

larg n, (rb»s) he 2Valus p teshrgh-fo4gi
= -
po 2
for tao eilt hilel test at dAveld syrifeve, fhe cihal
 Z-0y 2
Fe ha sicleol
ome
hyporhesis p<pa,
he Cvibical ugim s Hy
Z-7
m e sicdbcl
hypohesis bspo
h crbcel Lgjan Z>kk.

14
EX
P. 362-
A
A bulder clams hat heat umps qre rns alled in e
all homes beng cnshackd oday in
hi ci Richmnd
Wotudol yos
Wotdol ye agree
ra ih thi claim 5 aholm tan'suwey e
meno homes in his ci shawed hat 0 duk 1s had heat þump
instalsd? we 0-04 del ipnifpeanet
S Here m=1S

. Ho: p= 0.7
H b+0.7
3 0.0l. n= 1S
B r m m i a l vanallex
p= 0:7 and oih
P "fo= 15(o)=|0 5
M = 15,
SCmprkalin Here k > x.

P-Value =
2x P(x< 8 abex f-O.)
PxEx)FE
2x x; I, 0f)
2 (o)1 PC)7 Pla) +P(®)
 x 0. 131) 0 2622
16
Pvalus 0. 2622
Heve P-valas a (0-o1)
So not Rejeet Ho. anclude thad here is insulfnent
recso fo doubt thu budlr* claum.

Ex: A
A cammonly prescibel dreg foy Aelienvg mervau
kensic s believec to be oy 6ot efechive. Erperimental
Yesulks toih q ned dn
admimis hrea to vahdom samjle
loo ades who were
oO
sulerng frem mervous tehsim Shaz that
to Necievesl
ulif. Is hi sulfiiient eudenco to Cmcluds
hat me cug Supèriov ts he me comnmly presca'bdp
hat
Use o-05 _leve,
sigamificahek
Sal 0-6w Go> S. So We l
Here m= loo, p= 07, np-ren-
ahbly caneebt larg sample
Ho 0:6
2.
2 :b> 0.6
3 o:05

4- Cmputah

-fo O:7- :
(O)04)
204
SCnical regin
2/'6s
Here
Her ZET Z> Z%
jeeHo, we Concucl hat thee ië 0vicleha to u b t
 pohrrtm
est on 7o
ond O V2 are sehckd a
The incaberdert sampk Sizes m,
ahdem ferm hao bimmial boprbbins ard pgboráin
Sucesses d sampes qe and rebecvel ahd n and
are mumber C sucesses in each hwo samples
Z- Valu foa terbing =la e given
Hh:h
C)-(hA)
whert p- 24%
n lleaalla pokad estmati
poporhomp. c

Cn'ical rein
r
alernative b4A Z<-2 ox 27*
Crihcalregia,
hen when altmatie :
allemate is Þ<pL Z<-Z2
:h>/a, the ciHcal
reajm 4 27.
Ex A vofe akes th be taken an ong the esielerk g foum
ha suwoandihg Counby t detorane whefhey a prpasea
hici'l blort shaud/ be cns hased. 1he consfuckim sih s thim
he tousn vokx in he canby
uimit, ahd for hs Auasm many 7
beliee hat bopsel will bat bec ause lare
propordan
tousn vokrs who favaur ho comshuoh m. To
cltirmine ha*
s any q
sigvifaand dsarenctrn the þroporan tsun vbors
ahd county vokus
ha
davounimg thu propasal, a ple prls takas.
20 00 taum volers favour thu þrofaraf ahd 2 90 su
Cony esiclers avour t, otulod you ag9ree that poborkin
70 Yo fs favauning fhu bxapasal is hgher thas thu prokorh 'a
 counly voe ? ese 0-0S loved si'gmiAcanc

So Let 6 and a be the tru bapor vokn in th toun

ahd
County respeckiely, favounng thu propasq
IHo: b,-h
H: hA
3 = 0 os
4. Crihi al regim:
z>%2>Zo-os
2>1-65

San puta h'ns: A

= /20, 7, =
20 P,=
24 0, 5, A m -290
2c0

SoO= O-48
048 =

tX=/20124036o-
2-p-
2
-09= 049 0-st Foo

/N
NarD Z (4A ) -
(0so- 0s)-o
(os1) (o. u)/5o6
Z 2:9.

Here za.
veteu
and 99re that profovin foum
6-ecsin Kejert h, tha» þrnporhn
favoung h brapescdis hpder
Colundy Vofers.