PHYSICS

ART
INTEGRATED
PROJECT
TO BUILD AND STUDY
THE ELECTRIC MOTOR

NAME:G.JAGADEESHWARI
GRADE:XII-B ROLL NO:1027

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
I would like to express my special
thanks of gratitude to
Mrs.VignesHwari as well as our
principal MRS.T.KIRUBA
PRINCESS who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic TO
BUILD AND STUDY THE
ELECTRIC MOTOR, , which also
helped me in doing a lot of
Research and i came to know
about so many new things I am
really thankful to them.
Secondly i would also like to
thank my parents and friends
who helped me a lot in finalizing
this project within the limited
time frame.

OBJECTIVE:
To build and study the
simple electric motor and
to understand the
principles of
electromagnetic
induction.

INTRODUCTION:
 What do windshield wipers,
CD players, DVD recorders,
blenders, ice makers, laptops,
and walking toys have in
common? They all contain
electric motors. In fact, you can
walk through your house and find
many electric motors hidden in
electrical devices, appliances,
and toys in every room. The
electric motors are not always
obvious in devices, and you
might need to do some
background research about how
the devices work to discover
where their motors are hidden.
Electric motors are an important,
and even vital, part of our world
today.

THEORY:
An electric motor uses the
attracting and repelling
properties of magnets to create
motion. An electric motor
contains two magnets; in this
science project, you will use a
permanent magnet (also called a
fixed or static magnet) and a
temporary magnet. The
temporary magnet is also called
an electromagnet. A permanent
magnet is surrounded by a
magnetic field (a north pole and a
south pole) all the time (hence
the term "permanent"), but the
electromagnet creates a
magnetic field (a north pole and a
south pole) only when electric
current is flowing through a wire
(hence the term "temporary").
The strength of the
electromagnet's magnetic field
can be amplified by increasing
the current through the wire, or
by forming the wire into multiple
loops. Such loops of electrical
wire are often called a coil.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Magnet wire, enamel-coated,
approximately 50 inches [120
cm]. This quantity allows for
recoiling a second coil if
needed.
 Jumbo paper clips (2),
metallic, 1½–2 inches [2.6 cm]
long
 Sandpaper, fine-grit
 Neodymium magnets (3), 1/4
inch [0.6 cm] diameter
 Compass (1)
 Booklet
 A dowel or other cylinder, 1/2
inch [1.3 cm] in diameter, such
as the cap from a large felt-tip
marker. As an alternative, tape
four pencils that have free
ends (no erasers) together
(such as colored pencils), as
explained in the Procedure
 Ruler or measuring tape
 Scissors
 Piece of cardboard, 2 x 3
inches [5 x 8 cm]
 Battery, C cell (2); though you
may only use one, it's a good
idea to have a second one on
 hand, as it is likely you will
drain the first while tinkering.
 Tape (electrical tape or
masking tape works best)
 Lab notebook

PROCEDURE:
Building the Electromagnet:

1. If you have a cylinder with a

diameter of about 1/2 inch
(1.3 cm), you can skip this
step. If you are using pencils,
tape four of them in a bundle,
 with the tips on one end and
the free ends on the other.

A felt-tip marker cap (left) or

four pencils taped together
(right) can be used to help
neatly coil magnetic wire.

2. From one end of the magnet

wire, measure about 1.6
inches (4 cm), and from that
point onward, wind the
magnet wire 10½ times
 around the cylinder or taped
pencils. Cut the magnet wire
with the scissors, leaving
about 1.6 inches (4 cm) free
(uncoiled) at each end.
a. The magnet wire must be
neatly and evenly coiled. If it is
not, the weight may not be
evenly distributed, making it
difficult for the electromagnet
coil to rotate in the final motor
setup. Try to ensure the loops
are touching each other,
always parallel to one another.
 A coil (or electromagnet) is
created by coiling magnetic
wire 10½ times neatly around
a cylinder. Note 1.6 inches (4
cm) of wire is left free on
each end to create the axles.
3. Carefully slide the loops of
magnet wire off the pencils
or cylinder. Your coil might
 look circular or square

Two examples of neatly coiled

wire, each creating an
electromagnet.
4. Keep the loops bunched
together to form a tight coil:
Thread each free end of the
magnet wire through the loops
of coil in the 3 o'clock and 9
o'clock positions, as shown in
Figure 9, below. If desired, you
can knot the magnet wire to
help the coils stay tightly
bunched.
The free ends of the magnet
wire should form a straight
imaginary line through the coil
(the imaginary line connects the
3 o'clock and 9 o'clock
positions and runs further
along the free ends). The free
ends will be the axle upon
which your electromagnet (the
coiled loops of magnet wire)
spins.
Drawing showing how the coil
(the electromagnet) and the axle
that it spins on look when
formed. Note how the two axles
lie in an imaginary straight line
across the middle of the coil.

5.The magnetic wire is

protected with electrically
insulating enamel coating. As
explained in the Technical Note,
below, this electrical insulation
needs to be removed from the
ends of the axles to create
electrical contact between the
axle and the axle support. It is
important to be thorough about
 stripping off the insulation.
Practice stripping off the
enamel insulation on a practice
piece of wire before doing it on
either the right or left axle.
a. To strip only the top half of
the insulation off the end of a
practice wire piece:
i. Lay one end of the wire on a
piece of cardboard (to protect
the table underneath) at the
edge of a table or counter.
Hold the other end of the wire
in your hand.
ii. Rub the sandpaper over the
wire to remove the top half of
 the insulating material from
the magnetic wire.
iii. The insulating coating is
removed when you can see the
copper wire underneath.
b. To strip all the insulation
from the end of a practice wire
piece:
Fold the piece of sandpaper in
half, with the rough sides
facing each other, to make a
"sandpaper sandwich."
Put the end of the magnet wire
that you want to strip inside
the sandpaper sandwich .
While softly pressing the
sandpaper sandwich together,
gently rub it over the wire,
back and forth.
Give the wire a quarter turn
and rub some more to remove
the coating on all sides of the
wire.
The wire is stripped when you
can see the copper wire
underneath.
Be careful not to press too
hard when rubbing or the wire
could break.
llustration of how to hold the
coil to strip the top half of the
axle coating. The cardboard is
placed at the edge of a table.
The end of the wire is place on
the cardboard, holding the coil
in an upright position
(perpendicular to the floor).
The coating is removed by
rubbing sandpaper over it.
Illustration of how to strip all
insulating coating from the left
axle.
6. Now that you are done
practicing, carefully strip the
insulating material off the top
half of the end of the right axle.
a. An easy way to strip off the
insulating material is to hold the
coil between your thumb and
forefinger so it is standing
upright (perpendicular to the
floor) and then hold the coil off to
one side of a table.
b. Strip the coating by rubbing
the sandpaper over the axle, as
you practiced in step 4.a. Note :
Only the end of the axle needs
coating to be removed. The first
centimeter (3/8 inch) of the axle
(closest to the coil) does not
need to be sanded.
c. Do try to remove all the
coating on the top side of the
wire. You should be able to
see the bare copper wire.
7. Flip the coil around and
sand the end of the left axle.
On this side (the left axle),
remove all the coating
a. Strip the coating by rubbing
the sandpaper over the axle,
as you practiced in step 4.b.
Note: Only the end of the axle
needs coating to be removed.
The first centimeter (3/8 inch)
of the axle (closest to the coil)
does not need to be sanded.
 The top part of this drawing
shows how the axles should
be stripped: on the right axle,
only the top half of the coating
should be removed; on the left
axle, all the coating should be
removed.
Building the Axle
Supports:
Bend the inner part of each of
your two paperclips open to
create the structure, Basically,
gently lift the shorter section
of the paperclip and slowly
move it upward (like a clock
hand), counterclockwise over
the longer piece, until it is in
the 12 o'clock position, with
the original longer section still
in the 6 o'clock position. The
paperclip should now look like
an elongated number 3 with a
tiny, more or less circular, hole
in the middle. A paperclip is
carefully bent inward to create
two hooked sides

Step-by-step illustration of
how to bend a paperclip
(shown on the left) to create
the axle support (on the right).
Use tape to secure one
paperclip to the positive end of
the C cell battery, as follows.
Note that electrical contact is
created between the axle
support (paperclip) and the
battery terminal.
 Stand the battery upright so
the positive side faces up.
 Place the bigger loop of one
paperclip such that the
metal goes around the
bump on the positive side
of the battery,
 Secure the paperclip with
tape.Do not cut the tape yet.
 Secure the paperclip to the
battery with tape to build the
axle support. The green arrow
indicates it is about to be
folded over to cover the
paperclip and battery top. Note
that electrical contact is
created between the battery
and the axle support
(paperclip).
3.Secure the other paperclip to
the negative end of the C cell
battery. Note, also on this side,
that electrical contact is
created between the axle
support (paperclip) and the
battery terminal.
 Turn the battery over so it
rests on its positive side,
the side to which a
paperclip is already
attached.
 Place the bigger loop of the
second paperclip such that
the metal lies on the side of
the bump on the negative
side of the battery, Be sure
 to align the second
paperclip with the first, both
pointing away from the
battery in the same
direction.
 Use the tape to hold the
paperclip in place.
 If needed, to create a
secured structure, you can
wrap the tape around the
battery a second time
before cutting it.
 Secure the second paperclip
to the battery with tape to
complete the axle support.
Two paperclips are taped
parallel to each other on the
top and bottom of a C cell
battery

Building the
Electric Motor:
1. Open the booklet that
comes with the kit (or any
other book) and balance
your battery and its
attached axle supports in
2. Place three small
cylindrical neodymium
magnets, one on top of the
other, on the battery in the
middle between the two axle
supports.
3. Insert each axle end into
a loop of the axle support.
4. In case your motor needs
some fine-tuning:
 Adjust the axle supports so
the axle is horizontal.
 Give the coil a few turns to
make sure it can spin freely
and does not rub against
the magnet.
 Turn your coil 180 degrees,
as maybe the uncoated side
of the axle was facing up,
not touching the axle
support. Contact of the bare
wire with the axle support
will create an electrical
connection and allow
current to flow.
 Picture of a finished electrical
motor, showing the different
parts of the motor and how to
combine them together.
5. In case your motor is still
not running, try the
following troubleshooting
tips:
 Gently flip the
electromagnet (the wire
coil) back and forth to make
sure that it can easily rotate
360 degrees. If it cannot, it
is probably because the
weight is not distributed
evenly, and you will need to
tinker with the loops of the
coil (or even re-coil the
magnet wire) until it can
rotate smoothly.
 Evaluate if current is
flowing through your
electromagnet. Remove the
permanent magnets, bring
the compass close to your
 coil, and see if the compass
needle moves. . A full C cell
battery should provide a
voltage in the range of 1.3–
1.5 volts (V).

A paperclip is used to create

a temporary electrical
connection between the axle
supports in order to evaluate,
with a compass, if the battery
is still fresh. Remember to
remove the connection as
soon as your compass
indicates current is flowing; if
you do not, it will quickly drain
the battery.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
I. https://
www.sciencebuddies.org/
II. https://www.slideshare.ne
III. https://brainly.in/