Data Communication Module 2

Multiplexing : It is the set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple
signals across a single data link.Multiplexing is done using a device called Multiplexer (MUX) that
combine n input lines to generate one output line i.e. ( many to one) . At the receiving end a device
called Demultiplexer (DEMUX) is used that separate signal into its component signals i.e. one input
and several outputs (one to many).

Advantages of Multiplexing
1.More than one signals can be sent over single medium or link
2.Effective use of the bandwidth of medium
Types of Multiplexers
There are mainly two types of multiplexers, namely analog and digital. They are further divided into
FDM, WDM, and TDM. The following figure gives a detailed idea about this classification.

Frequency Division Multiplexing:

In analog multiplexing, the most used technique is Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM).
This technique uses various frequencies to combine streams of data, for sending them on a
communication medium, as a single signal.

Example − A traditional television transmitter, which sends a number of channels through a single
cable uses FDM.
Wavelength Division Multiplexing:
Wavelength Division multiplexing (WDM) is an analog technique, in which many data streams
of different wavelengths are transmitted in the light spectrum. If the wavelength increases, the
frequency of the signal decreases. A prism which can turn different wavelengths into a single line, can
be used at the output of MUX and input of DEMUX.
Example − Optical fiber Communications use the WDM technique, to merge different wavelengths
into a single light for the communication.
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM):
In TDM, the time frame is divided into slots. This technique is used to transmit a signal over a
single communication channel, by allotting one slot for each message.

Of all the types of TDM, the main ones are Synchronous and Asynchronous TDM.
Synchronous TDM:
In Synchronous TDM, the input is connected to a frame. If there are ‘n’ number of
connections, then the frame is divided into ‘n’ time slots. One slot is allocated for each input line.
In this technique, the sampling rate is common for all signals and hence the same clock input is given.
The MUX allocates the same slot to each device at all times. If the device does not have anything to
transmit, then the slot will be empty

Asynchronous TDM:
In Asynchronous TDM, the sampling rate is different for each of the signals and a common clock is
not required. If the allotted device, for a time slot transmits nothing and sits idle, then that slot is
allotted to another device, unlike synchronous. Each slot contains an address part that identifies the
source of the data
Applications

Telephone network – In telephone network, multiple audio signals are integrated on a single line for
transmission with the help of multiplexers. In this way, multiple audio signals can be isolated and
eventually, the desire audio signals reach the intended recipients.

CELLULAR SYSTEM
• In a cellular system, a base station covers a certain area called a cell.
• Cell radii can vary from tens of meters in buildings, and hundreds of meters in cities, up to tens of
kilometers in the countryside. The shape of cells depend on the environment, weather conditions and
system load.
• Mobile telecommunication systems use cellular system where a mobile station in cell around a base
station communicates with this base station and vice versa.
• Mobile communication using cellular system implement Space Division Multiplexing(SDM). Many
radio stations around the world can use the same frequency without interference using FDM.

Advantages
• Higher capacity: Frequency can be reused when one transmitter is far away from another or outside
the interference range.
• Less transmission power: A receiver or mobile handheld devices far away from a base station needs
more power than the current few Watts. Hence the small cell transmission reduces this need.
• Local interference only: With small cells, mobile stations and base stations have to deal with ‘local’
interference only unlike long distance interference.
• Robustness: Cellular systems are decentralized, hence, if one antenna fails, this only influences
communication within a small area.
Disadvantages:
• Infrastructure needed: Need many antennas, switches , location registers.
• Handover needed: Handover to another cell or base station is needed when changing from one cell to
another.
• Frequency planning: To avoid interference frequencies have to be distributed carefully.

GSM(Global System for Mobile communications):

GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication. It is a digital cellular technology used for
transmitting mobile voice and data services.It is the most successful digital mobile telecommunication
system . It uses 4 different frequency bands of 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz and 1900 MHz . It uses
the combination of FDMA and TDMA
Features of GSM are :

1. Supports international roaming

2. Clear voice clarity
3. Ability to support multiple handheld devices.
4. Spectral / frequency efficiency
5. Low powered handheld devices.
6. Case of accessing network
7. International ISDN compatibility.

GSM Architecture
GSM is divided into 3 subsystems.

1. BSS : BSS stands for Base Station Subsystem. BSS handles traffic and signaling between a
mobile phone and the network switching subsystem. BSS having two components BTS and
BSC.
 2. NSS : NSS stands for Network and Switching Subsystem. NSS is to core network of GSM. That
carried out call and mobility management functions for mobile phone present in network. NSS
have different components like VLR, HLR and EIR.
3. OSS : OSS stands for Operating Subsystem. OSS is a functional entity which the network
operator monitor and control the system. OMC is the part of OSS.

Suppose there are 3 Mobile stations which are connected with the tower and that tower is connected
to BTS through TRX, then further connected to BSC and MSC.The functionality of different
components are

1. MS : MS stands for Mobile System. MS comprises user equipment and software needed for
communication with a mobile network. Mobile Station (MS) = Mobile Equipment(ME) + Subscriber
Identity Module (SIM). Now, these mobile stations are connected to tower and that tower connected
with BTS through TRX. TRX is a transceiver which comprises transmitter and receiver. Transceiver
has two performance of sending and receiving.

2. BTS : BTS stands for Base Transceiver Station which facilitates wireless communication between
user equipment and a network. Every tower has BTS.

3. BSC : BSC stands for Base Station Controller. BSC has multiple BTS. You can consider the BSC as
a local exchange of your area which has multiple towers and multiple towers have BTS.

4. MSC : MSC stands for Mobile Switching Center. MSC is associated with communication switching
functions such as call setup, call release and routing. Call tracing, call forwarding all functions are
performed at the MSC level. MSC is having further components like VLR, HLR, AUC, EIR and
PSTN.

• VLR : VLR stands for Visitor Location Register. VLR is a database which contains the exact
location of all mobile subscribers currently present in the service area of MSC. If you are going
from one state to another state then your entry is marked into the database of VLR.
• HLR : HLR stands for Home Location Register. HLR is a database containing pertinent data
regarding subscribers authorized to use a GSM network.. If you purchase SIM card from in
the HLR. HLR is like a home which contains all data like your ID proof, which plan you are
taking, which caller tune you are using etc.
• OMC : OMC stands for Operation Maintenance Center. OMC monitor and maintain the
performance of each MS, BSC and MSC within a GSM system.
 • AUC : AUC stands for Authentication Center. AUC authenticates the mobile subscriber that
wants to connect in the network.
• EIR : EIR stands for Equipment Identity Register. EIR is a database that keeps the record of
all allowed or banned in the network. If you are banned in the network them you can’t enter
the network, and you can’t make the calls.
• PSTN : PSTN stands for Public Switched Telephone Network. PSTN connects with MSC.
PSTN originally a network of fixed line analog telephone systems. Now almost entirely digital
in its core network and includes mobile and other networks as well as fixed telephones. The
earlier landline phones which places at our home is nothing but PSTN.

Three subsystem BSS, NSS and OSS are connected with each other via some interfaces. Total three
interfaces are there:

1. Air Interface : Air interface is also known as UM interface. Interface between MS and BTS is
called as UM interface because it is mobile analog to the U interface of ISDN.
2. Abis Interface : It is a BSS internal interface linking with BTS and BSC.
3. A interface : It provides communication between BSS and MSC.

GSM Mobile services

• GSM permits the integration of different voice and data services and the interworking with existing
networks.
• GSM has defined three different categories of services: bearer, tele, and supplementary services.

Tele services
• GSM mainly focuses on voice-oriented tele services that include encrypted voice transmission.
• GSM provides the service of emergency number.
• Another service is the short message service (SMS), which allows messages of size 160 characters.
Enhanced message service (EMS), offers a larger message size (760 characters), supported animated
pictures, small images and ring tones. Multimedia message service (MMS) supported larger pictures
(GIF, JPG), short video clips etc.
• Another non-voice tele service is group 3 fax, where fax data is transmitted as digital data over
analog telephone network.
Supplementary services
These services offer various enhancements for the standard telephony service, and may vary from
provider to provider.
Typical services are user identification, call redirection, or forwarding of ongoing calls. Standard
ISDN features such as closed user groups and multiparty communication may be available. Closed
user groups are of special interest to companies because they allow company-specific GSM sub-
network to which only members of the group have access.

Radio interface
• Radio interface is the common boundary between a mobile station and the radio equipment in the
network.
• The most interesting interface in a GSM system is Um, the radio interface.
• GSM implements SDMA(Space Division Multiple Access) using cells with BTS and assigns an MS to
a BTS.
GSM 900 is a system where 890–915 MHz are used for uplinks and 935–960 MHz for downlinks. In
GSM 900, 124 channels, each 200 kHz wide, are used for FDMA. Due to technical reasons, channels 1
and 124 are not used for transmission. 32 channels are reserved for organizational data and 90 are
used for customers. Each BTS then manages a single channel for organizational data and, e.g., up to
10 channels for user data.

GSM specifies two basic groups of logical channels

•traffic channels •control channels

Traffic channels (TCH): GSM uses a TCH to transmit user data (e.g., voice, fax). Two basic categories
of TCHs have been defined, i.e., full-rate TCH (TCH/F) and half-rate TCH (TCH/H). A TCH/F has a
data rate of 22.8 kbit/s, whereas TCH/H only has 11.4 kbit/s.
Control channels (CCH): Many different CCHs are used in a GSM system to control medium access,
allocation of traffic channels or mobility management. Three groups of control channels have been
defined : Broadcast control channel (BCCH), Common control channel (CCCH),Dedicated control
channel (DCCH).

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