PRODUCTION OF A WHITEBOARD MARKER REFILLED INK FROM

CRYSTAL DYE.

By

MAKUNBABA

(2006/24187EH)

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA

NIGER STATE

,
NOVEMBER, 2011.

','::
PRODUCTION OF A WHITEBOARD MARKER REFILLED INK FROM

CRYSTAL DYE.

By

MAKUNBABA

(2006/24187EH)

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

FEDERAL UNIVESITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA,

NIGER STATE

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

BARCHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B. ENG) DEGREE IN CHEMICAL

ENGINEERING

NOVEMBER, 2011.
 DECLARATION

I declare that the work in the project report (thesis) entitled "Production of whiteboard

marker refilled ink from crystal dye" has been performed (carried out) by me under the

supervision of Engr. Abdullahi D. Mohammed. No part of this project report (thesis) was

presented for another degree or diploma elsewhere at any institution to the best of my

knowledge.

BabaMakun

Name of Student Date

ii
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this project report (thesis) "PRODUCTION OF WHITEBOARD

MARKER INK REFILLED INK FROM CRYSTAL DYE" by Makun Baba meets the

requirements for the partial fulfilment of the award of Bachelor of Engineering (B. Eng) degree

in Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna.

Date . '

Project Supervisor

Date
Engr. Dr. M. O. Edoga

Head of Department

.,
'.'
Date
External Examiner
...----- .'

iii
 DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to my parents Mr. and Mrs Joseph Makun.A1so to the loving

memory of my grandmother Ladi Makun. Also, this work is dedicated to all the lovers of

Chemical Engineering.

Finally and above all to God almighty for his mercy and love.

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am most grateful to almighty god for his boundless bestowed upon us all and for sparing

my life, especially for guiding me through my academic work, and for granting me the strength,

wisdom and understanding to complete this proj ect.

Words can never be enough to thank my parents Mr Joseph and Mrs Alice Makun.My sweet

aunty Felice Ojo and my younger once Victor, David and Moses, I thank them for their

unflinching moral and financial support

. I am indebted to my proj ect supervisor, Engr. Abdullahi Dyadya Mohammed, sir, your

tremendous contribution in the form of advice, constructive criticism and encouragement

towards the successful completion of this work is appreciated.

I also acknowledge the families of Mr and Mrs prosper Olowoyeye, Mr and Mrs Tarosi the

olayiwole family, Galadima"s family and to my co engineers Engineer Jacob Olayiwola, Samson

Enessi, chinedu Nduka. May god reward you all.

I am also grateful to the head of department, especially those I hard the honour of learning

. from during my staying in the school.

I sincerely thank Jacob Galadima, Irene Shaba, Doma Joseph Galadima, Rita Galadima,

Maria Galadima, Emmanuel Akpan Godwin, Isaiah Adebayo, Engr Adewale Ibrahim Adekunle.

My appreciation also goes to those who have in one way or the other help towards the attainment

of this success, I say thank you very much and finally to my colleagues Chemical Engineering

Department, Federal University of Technology. Minna

v
 ABSTRACT

This study is aimed at production of a whiteboard refilled ink from crystal dye

manufactured from local materials, the whiteboard refilled ink was formulated by synthesizing

crystal dye with gum Arabic and distilled water. The crystal dye was' sieved using a 63um

aperture sieve type and dissolved in ethanol (solvent) to form a concentrated mixture. The

concentrate was further mix1roperly'with gum Arabic and distilled water to form the ink. Seven

different formulations were made and various properties of the inks produced were tested against

that of the commercial whiteboard marker ink. When compared, the ink sample F, with test

properties which include pH (7.94), drying time (6.0 s), viscosity (6.504 cSt) and specific.gravity

--
(1.23), Was found to have the best quality among other samples produced, and these values are

in agreement to the standard set by standard organisation of Nigeria (SON).

vi
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content Page

Cover page

Title page 11

Declaration 111

. Certification IV

Dedication V

Acknowledgement VI

Abstract VlI

List of Tables XlI

List of Figures X111

.'
CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Aim of the Research. 3

1.2 Obj ective of the Research. 3

1.3 Proj ectMotivation. 4

1.4 Scope of Work. 4

1.5 Research Problem Statement. 5

1.6 Justification of the Proposed Study. 5

1.7 Limitation of the Research. 6

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature review 7

2.1 Historical background 7

2.2 Classification of ink 9

2.3 Component of ink 11

vii
2.3.1 Coiorant 11

2.3.l.1 Dye stuff! Dye 11 "

2.3.l.2 Pigment 11

2.3.2 Resins 12

2.3.3 Solvent 14

2.3:5 Additives 17

2.4 Difference between Dye and Pigment-Based Inks 18

..'.
2.5 Type of Ink 20

2.6 Characteristics oflnk 25

2.7 Physical Characteristics 27

2.8 Ink production process 28

2.9 Ink testing and Equipment 28

2.10 Ink Production Equipments 30

2.10 Storage of Inks . 31

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Research Methodology 32 \

3 . 1Research Materials 32

3.2 Research Equipment Used 32

3.3 Production Procedure 33

. 3.3: 1 Varnish Preparati on 33 t, :

3.3.2 Concentrate Preparation 33 ':

3.3.3 Fotmulations! Technique Used 33 ..,

3.4 Medium Formulation 36

3.5 Final Ink Formulation Procedure 36

3.4 Quality Checks! Ink Testing Methodology 41

3.4.1Drying Time Test 41

viii
 41
3.4.2 pH Test

41 "
3.4.3 Viscosity
"" ,f.

41
3.4.4 Specific Gravity

42
3.4.5 Tack

. CaAPTER FOUR

43
4.0 Results and Discussion

43
4.1 oflnk Test

43
4.4.1 pH Test

43
4.4.2 Tack Test

43
4.4.3 Drying Time Test

43
4. 1.4 Rub Resistance

43
. 4.4:5 Viscosity Test

43
4.1.6 Specific Gravity Test

45
4.2 DisC1,lssion of Result

CHAPTER FIVE

46
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendations

46
5.1 Conclusion
.
46
5.2 Recommendation

47
Reference

ix
 List of Tables

Tables Page

Table 2.1 Drying mechanism for various ink 25

Table 3.1 Medium formulation 36

37 ,.
Table 3.2 Ink Sample,A Formulation

Table 3.3 Ink Sample B Formulation 38

Table 3.4 Ink Sample C Formulation 38

Table 3.5 Ink Sample D Formulation 39

Table 3.6 Ink Sample E Formulation 39 '.'

Table 3.7 Ink Sample FFormulation 40

Table 3.8 Ink Sample G Formulation 40

Table 4.1 Quality Assessment Test Table 43

Table 4.2 Standard Ink Properties Values by Standard Organisation of Nigeria 44