EFFECT OF PARTICIPATION IN SCAVENGING

ACTIVITIES ON LIVELIHOOD ENHANCEMENT IN

MINNA.

BY

AARON, PATIENCE
2016/1/ 62068VP

SUBMITTED TO

DEPARTMENT OF URBAN & REGIONAL PLANNING

SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY,

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA, NIGER

STATE.

i
 DECEMBER 2023
EFFECT OF PARTICIPATION IN SCAVENGING
ACTIVITIES ON LIVELIHOOD ENHANCEMENT IN
MINNA.

BY

AARON PATIENCE

2016/1/62068VP

SUBMITTED TO

DEPARTMENT OF URBAN & REGIONAL PLANNING

SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY,

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA, NIGER

STATE.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR

THE AWARD OF A BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (B. TECH)

DEGREE IN URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING

DECEMBER, 2023

ii
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this project EFFECT OF PARTICIPATION IV SCAVENGING

ACTIVITIES ON LIVELIHOOD ENHANCEMENT IN MINNA is an original work
carried out by AARON PATIENCE (2016/1/62068VP) under the supervision of Dr.
Mohammed Bala Banki, It was prepared in accordance with the regulations governing
the preparation of projects to meet the requirements for the award of Bachelor of
Technology (B. Tech) Degree in Urban and Regional Planning Department, Federal
University of Technology Minna Niger State Nigeria. All Thesis have been read and
approved by:

Dr. Mohammed Bala Banki ------------------------------------

(Project Supervisor) Signature / Date

Tpl. Muhammad Aliyu Yaman ------------------------------------

(Project Coordinator) Signature / Date

Dr. Mohammed Bala Banki ------------------------------------

(Head of Department) Signature / Date

iii
iv
 DECLARATION

I AARON PATIENCE With Matriculation No. 2016/1/62068VP, hereby declare that this thesis

titled “Effect of Participation in Scavenging Activities on Livelihood Enhancement in Minna” is

an original work prepared by me under the supervision of Dr. Mohammed Bala Banki in the

Department of Urban and Regional Planning, School of Environmental Technology, Federal

University of Technology, Minna. It is the record of my research work and I hereby assured that

all sources of information were specifically acknowledged by means of references.

AARON, Patience
2016/1/ 62068VP ………………………….
Signature and Date
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
MINNA, NIGERIA

5
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My gratitude goes to, GOD ALMIGHTY, for his infinite mercy, love, protection, and for a

successful completion of my project work.

My sincere appreciation goes to my project supervisor in the person of Dr. Mohammed Bala

Banki, who also happens to be the head of the department, and all other lecturers in the

department for their Love, professionalism, and support. God will reward you all. My special

thanks go to my parents Mr. and Mrs. Aaron, want to thank Mr. Peter Shedrack { Rabin Raina}

for their support, and care. I also want to thank my brother and other member of the family for

their support.

I also express my gratitude to my lecturers in the Department of Urban and Regional Planning

in persons of Prof. Morenikeji O.O, Prof. Sanusi, Prof. Junaid, Prof. J.J. Dukiya, Dr. Sulyman,

Dr. Haruna Musa Danladi, HOD Dr. Bala Mohammed Banki, Dr. Dalil, Dr. Chukwudi

Ohadugha, Dr. Oweoye, Dr. Sanni Lekan, Dr. Emmanuel T. Umaru, Dr.Mrs. Martins Valda,

Tpl. Omaotayo Joshua, Tpl B.B Bussu, Tpl A.M. Yaman, My level adviser Mr. S.O.

AKANDE, Dr. Samuel Medayese, Mr. Mal. Ndana, Mrs. Regina Anozie, Mal. Najim, and

Mal. Maikudi, and all the for their advice, the knowledge that impacted me (lectures), and the

moral support they gave me during my stay in FUT Minna to you all of them, I say God Bless.

Finally, my studentship wouldn't be interesting without the 2017 Urban and Regional Planning

Department SET, from the class rep to the assistance and the whole class member, thanks for

the love and support. May God bless and reward you all.

6
 ABSTRACT

This comprehensive study delves into the intricate dynamics of scavenging

activities in Minna, focusing on the socio-economic characteristics,
operational processes, and the profound impact on livelihoods within a
predominantly male demographic, utilizing the random sampling techniques
to sample 70 (seventy) scavengers in Minna. The findings underscore a
myriad of challenges faced by scavengers, ranging from limited educational
opportunities and compromised health conditions to social integration
issues. Notably, the operational landscape exhibits variations in safety
measures, with a predominant negative impact on overall livelihoods.

The absence of crucial support structures further exacerbates these

challenges, as evidenced by the lack of awareness programs, community
integration initiatives, and tangible support from governmental and non-
governmental entities. The research sheds light on the urgent need for a
multifaceted approach to address these complex issues.

Recommendations emanating from this study advocate for the

implementation of robust strategies, including targeted awareness
initiatives, community integration programs, and meaningful support from
governmental and non-governmental organizations. Additionally, fostering
educational opportunities, promoting safety measures, and diversifying
livelihoods emerge as imperative interventions to uplift the socio-economic
well-being of scavengers in Minna. The study underscores the importance of
continuous research and monitoring, providing a foundation for adaptive
and responsive interventions to meet the evolving needs of this vulnerable
demographic.

7
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content Page

Cover Page i

Declaration ii

Certification iii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgement v

Table of Content vii

List of Tables xii

List of Figures xii

List of Plates xiv

Abstract xv

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION 14

1.1 Background to the Study 15

1.2 Statement of the Research Problem 16

1.3 Research Questions 17

1.4 Aim and Objectives 17

1.4.1 Aim 17

1.4.2 Objectives 17

8
 1.5 Significance of Study 18

1.6 Scope of Study 19

1.7 Study Area 19

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 24

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 40

3.1 Research Design 41

3.2 Data Requirement 41

3.3 Instrument for Data Collection 41

3.3.2 Data collection instrument (Questionnaire) 41

3.4 Population Frame 42

3.6 Sample Size 42

3.6 Sampling Techniques 42

3.7 Data Analysis and presentation 42

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 31

9
CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 56

5.1 Summary of findings 56

5.2 Conclusion 56

5.3 Recommendation 56

REFERENCE 58

10
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

4.2 Operational process of scavenging 34

4.3 Housing conditions, Healthcare and community recognitions 38

4.4 Strategies to enhance livelihood opportunities 40

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

4.1 Socio characteristics of scavengers in Minna 31

4.1.2 Income and marital status of respondents 32

4.1.3 Economic characteristics of scavengers in Minna 33

4.3 Income power and access to education of scavengers 37

12
 LIST OF PLATES

Plate Page

Map of Niger State showing Minna 7

13
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Background of Study

Scavenging, the long-standing practice of gathering discarded materials for the purpose of reuse

or recycling, has played an integral role in human societies throughout history (UNEP, 2015). This

activity encompasses a diverse array of materials, spanning from recyclable waste to abandoned

items, and its consequences exhibit notable variations within distinct geographical and socio-

economic settings (Gutberlet et al., 2008). While scavenging can be traced back to antiquity, its

contemporary relevance is characterized by multifaceted impacts on livelihoods, influencing them

in a myriad of ways (Vergara et al., 2019).

Livelihoods and scavenging share a profound and intricate relationship, evident across diverse

regions and socioeconomic contexts (Smith et al., 2020). Scavenging serves as a vital lifeline for

individuals and communities to secure their economic well-being, especially in areas plagued by

economic disparities and limited formal employment opportunities (Wilson et al, 2015). In

numerous parts of the world, scavenging serves as a critical source of income for marginalized

populations. Scavengers engage in the collection and repurposing of discarded materials, ranging

from recyclables to salvageable goods, thereby providing them with a means to support their

families and maintain economic stability (Gidarakos et al., 2016).

Beyond economic contributions, scavenging enriches livelihoods by nurturing self-sufficiency and

resourcefulness among participants. Scavengers often acquire valuable skills such as material

identification, repair, and recycling, which can be leveraged to create innovative solutions and

income-generating opportunities (Lohri et al., 2017). These acquired skills not only bolster

14
economic standing but also enhance overall resilience and adaptability. The practice of scavenging

significantly contributes to waste reduction and environmental sustainability. By diverting

materials away from landfills and incineration facilities, scavengers play a pivotal role in resource

conservation and mitigating environmental degradation (Zaman et al., 2019). This, in turn,

indirectly benefits livelihoods by safeguarding ecosystems integral to the well-being of

communities reliant on agriculture and natural resources.

Scavenging in Africa faces unique challenges and opportunities. Many African countries

experience rapid urbanization and limited formal waste management infrastructure. (Nnorom,

2010). Scavenging often takes the form of informal waste picking, where marginalized individuals

collect valuable items from open dumps or street sides. These scavengers play a crucial role in

waste reduction and may constitute their livelihood, albeit under precarious conditions (Akunna,

2010).

Nigeria, as a prominent African nation, exemplifies this complex relationship with scavenging.

The country grapples with both urbanization-driven waste challenges and high unemployment

rates (Akinkumi 2021). Scavengers in Nigeria often engage in activities like collecting recyclables,

electronics repair, or repurposing discarded items. These activities can significantly impact the

livelihoods of those involved, offering income opportunities and fostering resourcefulness within

marginalized communities (Aderemi et al., 2021).

Nonetheless, scavenging presents its own set of challenges. Participants often work in hazardous

conditions, exposing themselves to health and safety risks (Lohri et al., 2017). Additionally, the

social stigma attached to scavenging can lead to social marginalization, complicating the pursuit

of improved livelihoods for those engaged in these activities (Velis et al, 2015). It's on this note

that possible sets of challenges can emerge from scavenging activities that this research work will

15
be examining the effect of participation in scavenging activities on livelihood enhancement in

Minna.

1.1 Statement of Problem

The issue of scavenging, while prevalent across the globe, presents a multifaceted problem that

has garnered attention and intervention in certain regions. For instance, in Europe, the problem of

scavenging has been addressed through the implementation of stringent waste management

policies and the promotion of recycling and resource recovery initiatives. For example, the

European Union has actively encouraged the engagement of individuals and informal groups in

collecting recyclable materials such as plastics, paper, and metals from waste streams, thereby

complementing formal recycling systems and contributing to environmental sustainability

(Bilitewski et al., 2017).

However, a contrasting reality exists in Nigeria, particularly in Minna. Here, the problem of

scavenging persists largely unaddressed. Despite the undeniable presence of scavenging activities

that play a critical role in waste management and the livelihoods of marginalized communities, the

region lacks comprehensive policies and initiatives to formalize and regulate scavenging practices.

As a result, scavengers in Minna, operate under precarious conditions, facing health and safety

risks and social marginalization, while missing out on the opportunities for income generation and

skill development that are realized in regions where the issue has been tackled (Aderemi et al.,

2021).

This glaring disparity in the treatment of scavenging as a problem, with Europe actively addressing

it and Nigeria, particularly in Minna, lagging behind, underscores the urgency of investigating the

impact of scavenging activities on livelihood enhancement in this specific context. The lack of

formal recognition and support for scavengers in Minna, despite their significant contributions,

16
calls for a focused examination of the challenges and opportunities associated with scavenging as

well as the potential strategies for improving both waste management and the livelihoods of those

engaged in scavenging activities in this region.

1.2 Research Questions

This study will provide answers to the following questions:

1.2.1 What are the socioeconomic characteristics of scavengers in Minna?

1.2.2 What are the operational processes of scavenging in the surroundings of Minna?

1.2.3 What is the impact of scavenging on livelihood enhancement in Minna?

1.2.4. What are the strategies that could enhance the livelihood opportunities of

scavengers in Minna?

1.3 Aim and Objective of the Study

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of participation in scavenging activities on livelihood

enhancement in Minna.

1.4 Objectives

The following objectives are derived to:

1.4.1 What the socio-economic characteristics of scavengers in Minna.

1.4.2. Assess the operational processes of scavenging in the surroundings in Minna.

1.4.3. Assess the impact of scavenging on livelihood enhancement in Minna.

1.4.4. Access the strategies that could enhance the livelihood opportunities of scavengers in Minna.

17
1.5 Significance of the Study

The significance of this study lies in its direct alignment with the United Nations Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those related to poverty alleviation, sustainable cities and

communities, responsible consumption and production, and environmental sustainability. By

investigating the "Effect of participation in scavenging activities on livelihood enhancement in

Minna," this research contributes significantly to several SDGs:

Firstly, it addresses SDG 1 (No Poverty) by examining the role of scavenging in poverty reduction.

Understanding how scavenging enhances livelihoods can inform poverty alleviation strategies,

especially in marginalized communities where formal employment opportunities are limited. Also,

this study is linked to SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities). Exploring scavenging

practices in the Bosso area of Minna, it delves into the dynamics of waste management within

urban settings. Effective waste management is crucial for creating sustainable and resilient cities,

making this research pertinent to the goal of building more sustainable communities.

Furthermore, the research aligns with SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production).

Scavenging inherently promotes recycling and resource recovery, which are fundamental

principles of responsible consumption and production. Examining scavenging practices can shed

light on how communities can reduce waste generation and achieve more sustainable consumption

patterns. The study contributes to SDG 15 (Life on Land) by addressing its target of protecting and

restoring ecosystems. Scavenging, when done responsibly, diverts materials from landfills and

reduces environmental degradation. Understanding its impact on local ecosystems can inform

strategies to mitigate environmental harm and promote the conservation of natural resources.

18
1.6 Scope of the Study

This study focused specifically on the effect of scavenging activities on livelihood enhancement

in Minna, the capital city of Niger State in Nigeria. It examined the socioeconomic impacts of

scavenging activities, the impact of scavenging on the physical and social well-being of

scavengers, the financial benefits and challenges associated with scavenging activities in Minna,

and the strategies that could enhance the livelihood opportunities of scavengers. The research

primarily targeted scavengers within the urban areas of Minna. While the study acknowledged the

broader waste management context, it specifically centered on the livelihood outcomes of the

people in the scavenging sector.

1.7 Study Area

The study is focused on Minna, the capital city of Niger State in Nigeria. Minna is located in the

North-Central region of the country and serves as an administrative, commercial, and cultural

centre for the state. It is situated approximately 150 kilometres northwest of Abuja, the federal

capital of Nigeria.

Minna has a rapidly growing population and experiences urbanisation pressures, resulting in the

emergence of various economic activities, including scavenging. The city is characterised by a mix

of residential, commercial, and industrial areas, each contributing to the overall waste generation

and management dynamics.

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Figure 1.1: Map of Niger State showing Minna

Source: Federal Ministry of Information web, 2019

1.7.1 Historical Background

Minna, the capital city of Niger State in Nigeria, has a rich historical background that has shaped

its development and current status as an urban centre. The area where Minna is situated has been

inhabited for centuries, with evidence of early human settlements and pre-colonial kingdoms. Prior

to European colonialism, the region was home to various indigenous communities, including the

Gwari and Nupe ethnic groups. These communities engaged in agriculture, fishing, and trade,

establishing local economies and cultural practices that formed the foundation of the region's social

fabric.

20
During the 19th century, the area around Minna came under the influence of the Sokoto Caliphate,

a powerful Islamic empire that extended its authority across northern Nigeria. The Caliphate

established administrative structures and fostered Islam as a dominant religion in the region,

leaving a lasting impact on the cultural and religious makeup of Minna and its surrounding areas.

The colonial era brought significant changes to the region. In the late 19th century, the British

established their control over Nigeria and introduced a system of indirect rule. Minna, being part

of the broader Niger region, came under British administration, leading to the establishment of

colonial institutions and the introduction of Western education and governance systems.

After Nigeria gained independence in 1960, Minna witnessed further development and growth. It

became the capital of Niger State when the state was created in 1976, centralising administrative

and governmental functions. This led to increased infrastructure development, including the

construction of government buildings, educational institutions, healthcare facilities, and

transportation networks. In recent decades, Minna has experienced rapid urbanisation, with a

growing population and expanding economic activities. It has attracted investments in commerce,

industry, and education, contributing to its status as a regional hub.

1.7.2 Climate

Minna, located in the North-Central region of Nigeria, experiences a semi-arid climate with

distinct wet and dry seasons. The city's climate is influenced by its proximity to the Sahel region

and the West African monsoon system. The dry season in Minna typically begins around

November and lasts until March. During this period, the city experiences hot and dry conditions

with minimal rainfall. Average temperatures during the day can reach highs of around 35-40

degrees Celsius (95-104 degrees Fahrenheit), making it a relatively hot period. The nights are

21
generally cooler, with temperatures dropping to around 15-20 degrees Celsius (59-68 degrees

Fahrenheit).

The wet season in Minna spans from April to October, characterized by increased rainfall and

higher humidity. The peak of the rainy season occurs between June and September. The average

annual precipitation in Minna is approximately 900-1000 millimetres (35-39 inches), with

variations across different years. Rainfall patterns can be erratic, with intense downpours occurring

during thunderstorms. The climate of Minna has implications for various aspects, including

agriculture, water resources, and daily life. The dry season poses challenges for agriculture, as

water availability becomes limited, and farmers often rely on irrigation systems to sustain their

crops. The wet season, on the other hand, supports agricultural activities, as the rainfall provides

moisture for crop growth.

1.7.3 Temperature

There is a gradual increase in temperature from January to March. The onset of rains in April

ushers in a noticeable decline in temperature. This continues in cessation periods of October

ending, when a further decline is made possible in November- December by the coming of the

Harmattan winds. The hottest temperatures are recorded in March when Temperatures were at

37.1°C while the coldest temperatures are recorded in December when temperatures could dip to

19.3°C, (NOAA, 2016).

1.7.4 Vegetation

The vegetation type found in Minna is the Southern Guinea Savanna Vegetation. It is characterised

by grassland interspersed with shrubs and trees.

22
1.7.5 Population

The population of Minna over time has shown tremendous increase from 192,437 in 1991 to about

300,000 in 2006. Minna is emerging as one of the growing cities in Nigeria with population density

of 56 persons per/Km2 the growth of the city recently has been due to increase in the

developmental projects embarked upon by the government and individuals in the city especially

after it became the state capital.

1.7.6 Ethnicity

The inhabitants of Minna town are majorly Gwari and Nupe tribe with few Hausa’s

1.7.7 Religious Beliefs

The inhabitants of Minna are majorly Muslims, followed by Christianity. This is evidenced by the

presence of many Mosques and Churches within the study area.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Scavenging Practices Worldwide

Scavenging, defined as the process of collecting discarded materials for reuse or recycling, plays

a pivotal role in waste management systems globally (Wilson et al, 2015). This practice is

predominantly conducted by individuals and informal groups seeking to extract value from

discarded items and materials. The historical roots of scavenging can be traced back to ancient

civilizations, where resource recovery and recycling were integral parts of sustainable resource

management (Craemer, 2008).

The ubiquity of scavenging is a testament to its adaptability across diverse geographical and socio-

economic contexts. Scavenging practices exhibit notable variations influenced by factors such as

urbanization rates, waste generation patterns, and economic conditions. Understanding these

variations is crucial for comprehending the role of scavenging in both developed and developing

regions, as well as its impact on local economies and waste management systems (Velis, 2015).

As the world faces escalating challenges related to waste generation and resource depletion, an in-

depth examination of scavenging practices worldwide is essential. This exploration serves as a

foundation for comprehending how scavenging contributes to livelihood enhancement and

sustainable resource management, while also highlighting the need for tailored approaches in

different regions.

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2.2 Scavenging in Europe

Scavenging practices in Europe have undergone significant transformations in response to

evolving economic and environmental dynamics (Bilitewski et al., 2017). The European Union

(EU), in its commitment to sustainable waste management, has adopted stringent policies and

regulations aimed at bolstering recycling and resource recovery initiatives (Bilitewski et al., 2017).

This proactive approach has given rise to a thriving ecosystem of scavengers, including individuals

and informal groups, who are actively involved in the collection of recyclable materials such as

plastics, paper, and metals from various waste streams across the continent.

The synergy between these scavenging activities and formal recycling systems is a noteworthy

aspect of Europe's waste management landscape (Bilitewski et al., 2017). Scavengers often operate

in parallel with established recycling infrastructure, effectively enhancing the overall recycling

rates and contributing to the region's environmental sustainability goals. Simultaneously, this

engagement serves as a source of income and livelihood enhancement for those participating in

scavenging endeavors, thus aligning with broader socio-economic objectives (Bilitewski et al.,

2017).

The evolution of scavenging practices in Europe underscores the adaptability of this informal

sector in response to changing circumstances, emphasizing the importance of understanding the

dynamics at play within this unique waste management ecosystem.

2.3 Scavenging in Africa

Scavenging practices in Africa offer a unique perspective shaped by the continent's distinctive

socio-economic landscape. Rapid urbanization in many African countries has resulted in increased

waste generation, creating a pressing need for effective waste management solutions (Velis et al.,

25
2015). However, the formal waste management infrastructure in Africa often falls short of

addressing this growing challenge.

In response to this gap, informal waste picking, or scavenging, has emerged as a vital component

of waste management (Oduro-Appiah et al., 2019). Scavengers, frequently marginalized

individuals or families, play a crucial role in diverting recyclable materials from landfills and

incineration, contributing significantly to waste reduction efforts (Oduro-Appiah et al., 2019).

Their presence is particularly pronounced in urban areas, where waste volumes are highest.

Despite their indispensable role, African scavengers face a myriad of challenges. Health risks

associated with handling waste without proper protective gear are a prominent concern (Mmereki

et al., 2013). Moreover, social stigmatization remains a persistent issue, as scavengers often endure

discrimination due to their occupation (Wilson et al., 2015). These challenges underscore the need

for research and policy interventions that not only recognize the significance of scavenging but

also address the vulnerabilities and hardships faced by those engaged in this informal sector.

2.4 Scavenging in Nigeria

Scavenging in Nigeria presents a multifaceted challenge. Nigeria, as a prominent African nation,

faces rapid urbanization, resulting in substantial waste generation (UNEP, 2013). High

unemployment rates have driven many individuals and communities to turn to scavenging as a

means of survival (NBS, 2020). Scavengers in Nigeria engage in various activities, including

collecting recyclables like plastics and metals, as well as repurposing discarded items (Ojewale,

2018).

These scavenging activities have the potential to significantly impact the livelihoods of those

involved, particularly within marginalized communities (Aderemi et al., 2021). Income

26
opportunities derived from scavenging can provide a vital source of sustenance, contributing to

poverty alleviation (Aderemi et al., 2021; NBS, 2020). Moreover, scavengers often exhibit

resourcefulness, reimagining the utility of discarded materials, which enhances their adaptability

in challenging economic environments (Ojewale, 2018).

Nonetheless, the absence of formal recognition and regulation poses significant challenges to

scavengers in Nigeria (Aderemi et al., 2021; UNEP, 2013). Scavengers often operate without legal

protection, rendering them vulnerable to health and safety risks (Ojewale, 2018). These risks

include exposure to hazardous waste materials and injuries during collection and sorting processes

(UNEP, 2013).

As such, exploring the dynamics of scavenging in Nigeria, particularly in the context of Minna's

Bosso area, becomes crucial. An in-depth study can shed light on the specific challenges and

opportunities faced by scavengers, as well as inform policy interventions aimed at improving waste

management, enhancing livelihoods, and ensuring the safety and well-being of those engaged in

scavenging activities.

2.5 Scavenging and Livelihood Enhancement

The relationship between scavenging and livelihood enhancement is multifaceted and can

significantly impact the economic well-being of individuals and communities. Scavenging often

serves as a critical source of income, especially in regions characterized by limited access to formal

employment opportunities (Smith et al., 2020). This income, although often modest, provides a

lifeline for many, allowing them to meet basic needs and improve their overall quality of life

(Satterthwaite et al., 2013).

27
Moreover, engagement in scavenging activities equips participants with valuable skills that extend

beyond the realm of waste management. Scavengers develop expertise in material identification,

repair, and recycling, which not only enhances their livelihoods but also contributes to

environmental sustainability (Lohri et al., 2017). These acquired skills foster adaptability and

resourcefulness, empowering scavengers to explore diverse income-generating opportunities

(Wilson, 2012).

However, it is essential to acknowledge the challenges associated with scavenging. Health risks

are a pressing concern, as scavengers are often exposed to hazardous materials and unhygienic

conditions. These risks can lead to a range of health issues, from respiratory ailments to physical

injuries (Medina, 2015). Additionally, social stigma remains a persistent challenge, as scavengers

may face discrimination and marginalization due to their association with waste-related activities

(Wilson & Velis, 2015).

Addressing these complexities requires a holistic approach that recognizes both the positive

economic contributions and the vulnerabilities associated with scavenging. Policymakers and

researchers must consider strategies to mitigate health risks, reduce social stigma, and formalize

scavenging practices to enhance the overall well-being of those engaged in this critical informal

sector.

2.6 Research Gap

Scavenging, as a topic of study, has garnered substantial attention in diverse global settings, yet a

critical research void exists when it comes to comprehensively understanding the intricacies and

consequences of scavenging within the Bosso area of Minna, Nigeria. Prior research has

predominantly concentrated on scavenging practices in urban areas or regions with different socio-

28
economic contexts (Mitullah & Andrian, 2009; Manimekalai & Kumaravel, 2017). Consequently,

the dynamics of scavenging in this specific locale remain unexplored.

This research gap is particularly noteworthy due to the distinct socio-economic and environmental

factors at play in Minna's Bosso area. The area grapples with unique challenges such as high

unemployment rates, limited formal waste management infrastructure, and the coexistence of both

urban and rural settings. These factors create a distinctive scavenging landscape that necessitates

focused investigation (Aderemi et al., 2021; Akunna & Nnorom, 2010).

This study endeavors to bridge this gap by conducting an in-depth analysis of scavenging activities

in Bosso, Minna, providing empirical insights into the challenges faced by scavengers and the

opportunities available for livelihood enhancement. By addressing this specific research gap, the

study aims to contribute valuable knowledge that can inform policies and interventions tailored to

the nuances of scavenging in this region, thereby facilitating more effective waste management

strategies and poverty alleviation efforts.

2.7 Theoretical Frame Work

2.7.1.1 Social Capital Theory and Livelihood Enhancement through Scavenging

Social Capital Theory, developed by Pierre Bourdieu and James S. Coleman, provides a robust

theoretical framework for understanding how participation in scavenging activities can lead to

livelihood enhancement (Bourdieu, 1986; Coleman, 1988). This theory posits that social networks,

relationships, and community interactions can generate valuable resources that individuals can

leverage for personal and collective benefits (Portes, 1998).

In the context of scavenging, social capital theory suggests that engagement in scavenging

activities can enhance livelihoods through several mechanisms:

29
2.7.1.2 Access to Resources

Scavengers often form tight-knit communities or networks where information sharing and

resource pooling occur (Narayan & Pritchett, 1999). These networks can provide

scavengers with access to crucial resources, such as information on profitable scavenging

locations, access to markets, and even financial support for expanding their operations.

2.7.1.3 Trust and Cooperation

Trust is a fundamental component of social capital (Putnam, 1993). In scavenging

communities, trust and cooperation play a significant role in ensuring the smooth

functioning of activities. Trust among scavengers can lead to collaborations, cost-sharing

arrangements, and mutual assistance, all of which can improve the efficiency and

profitability of scavenging operations (Narayan & Pritchett, 1999).

2.7.1.4 Social Norms and Reciprocity

Social capital theory also emphasizes the role of shared norms and reciprocity within

communities (Fukuyama, 1995). Scavenging communities often develop norms related to

resource allocation, waste management practices, and ethical scavenging behavior.

Adherence to these norms can lead to increased social support and cooperation, thereby

enhancing livelihoods.

2.7.1.5 Information Flow

Information is a valuable resource in scavenging, influencing decisions about where and

when to scavenge and which materials to prioritize (Narayan & Pritchett, 1999). Social

30
 networks within scavenging communities facilitate the flow of information, allowing

scavengers to adapt to changing market conditions and optimize their activities.

2.7.1.6 Collective Advocacy: Social capital can also empower scavengers to engage in

collective advocacy efforts to improve their working conditions and gain formal recognition

(Woolcock & Narayan, 2000). This may involve negotiating with local authorities, advocating for

legal protections, or accessing support from non-governmental organizations.

By applying Social Capital Theory to the study of scavenging, researchers can analyze how social

networks, trust, shared norms, and cooperation among scavengers contribute to livelihood

enhancement. This framework offers a comprehensive understanding of the socio-cultural and

interpersonal dimensions of scavenging, shedding light on the ways in which participation in

scavenging activities can positively impact the economic well-being and social capital of

individuals and communities (Woolcock & Narayan, 2000).

2.7.2 Human Development Theory and Scavenging as a Livelihood Strategy

Amartya Sen's Human Development Theory provides a compelling theoretical framework for

understanding how scavenging serves as a means of livelihood enhancement, particularly in

resource-constrained environments (Sen, 1999). This theory contends that human development

should be assessed based on the expansion of individuals' capabilities and freedoms, including

economic opportunities and access to essential resources.

In the context of scavenging, Human Development Theory suggests the following:

31
2.7.2.1 Enhancing Capabilities

Scavenging can enhance individuals' capabilities by providing them with access to income,

which, in turn, enables them to pursue education, healthcare, and other essential services

(Kabeer, 1999). Income generated from scavenging empowers individuals to escape the

constraints of poverty and expand their life choices.

2.7.2.2 Income and Poverty Reduction

Scavenging serves as an immediate income source for marginalized communities,

contributing directly to poverty reduction (Moser, 1998). Income from scavenging can lift

individuals and families out of extreme poverty, facilitating access to basic needs and

improving overall well-being.

2.7.2.3 Empowerment and Agency

Engaging in scavenging activities can empower individuals by providing them with a

degree of economic independence (Alsop & Heinsohn, 2005). This newfound agency

enables individuals to make decisions about their lives and invest in activities that enhance

their overall human development.

2.7.2.4 Resource Utilization

Scavenging optimizes the use of existing resources (Tisdell, 2009). By repurposing

discarded materials and goods, scavengers contribute to resource conservation and

sustainable resource management, aligning with the principles of human development

focused on sustainability.

2.7.2.5 Social Inclusion

32
 Scavenging can foster social inclusion by providing income opportunities to marginalized

groups, such as women and informal waste workers (Kabeer, 1999). In doing so, it

promotes gender equality and social justice, which are integral aspects of human

development.

Applying the Human Development Theory to the study of scavenging offers a comprehensive

understanding of how scavenging activities enhance livelihoods and contribute to broader human

development goals. It recognizes that livelihood enhancement through scavenging goes beyond

income generation; it encompasses the expansion of capabilities, empowerment, and the promotion

of social inclusion, all of which are essential components of human development (Sen, 1999).

2.7.3 Sustainable Livelihoods Framework and Scavenging as a Livelihood Strategy

The Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, developed by the Department for International

Development (DFID), offers a valuable lens through which to examine the role of scavenging in

livelihood enhancement (DFID, 1999). This framework underscores the multidimensional nature

of livelihoods, emphasizing the various assets, strategies, and institutions that individuals and

communities use to secure their well-being.

When applied to the context of scavenging, the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework provides the

following insights:

2.7.3.1 Livelihood Assets

Scavenging involves the utilization of various assets, including natural, physical, human,

social, and financial capital (DFID, 1999). For scavengers, these assets represent tools and

resources necessary for their activities, such as knowledge of recyclable materials (human

capital), access to waste streams (physical capital), and social networks (social capital).

33
 2.7.3.2 Livelihood Strategies

Scavenging serves as a livelihood strategy within the framework (DFID, 1999). It is one

of the multiple strategies employed by individuals and communities to diversify their

income sources and reduce vulnerability. By engaging in scavenging, people can achieve

economic resilience and adapt to changing circumstances.

2.7.3.3 Vulnerability Context

Scavengers often operate in vulnerable contexts characterized by economic instability and

limited formal employment opportunities (DFID, 1999). The framework recognizes that

vulnerability is a crucial aspect of livelihoods, and scavenging can be both a response to

and a means of mitigating this vulnerability.

2.7.3.4 Institutions and Policies

The Sustainable Livelihoods Framework highlights the role of institutions and policies in

shaping livelihood outcomes (DFID, 1999). For scavengers, the absence of formal

recognition and supportive policies can pose significant challenges, while favorable policies

can enhance their livelihood prospects.

2.7.3.5 Sustainability

The framework emphasizes the importance of sustainable livelihoods, which aligns with

the eco-friendly aspects of scavenging (DFID, 1999). Scavengers contribute to sustainable

resource management by diverting materials from landfills and promoting recycling.

By utilizing the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, researchers can analyze how scavenging

aligns with the diverse assets and strategies employed by individuals to secure their well-being. It

34
also allows for an exploration of the institutional and policy contexts that influence scavenging

practices, shedding light on the opportunities and constraints faced by scavengers as they seek to

enhance their livelihoods in a sustainable manner (DFID, 1999).

2.8 Research Findings On the Concept of Scavenging and Its Impact On Livelihood

Enhancement

2.8.1 Informal Sector and Livelihood in Developing Countries

Mitullah and Andrian's research in Nairobi, Kenya, delves into the informal sector's significance

and emphasizes scavenging as a pivotal livelihood source for marginalized individuals (Mitullah

& Andrian, 2009). Their study meticulously reveals that scavenging activities not only provide an

income lifeline but also serve as a crucial source of employment, particularly in urban settings

where formal job opportunities are scarce. It sheds light on the socio-economic importance of

scavenging within the broader context of the informal sector.

2.8.2 Sustainability of Informal Urban Economic Activities: A Case Study of Waste Pickers

in Pune, India

Manimekalai and Kumaravel's study offers a comprehensive exploration of waste pickers in Pune,

India, elucidating the socio-economic impact of scavenging (Manimekalai & Kumaravel, 2017).

Their research underscores the role of scavenging in enhancing the livelihoods of waste pickers

while also contributing significantly to waste reduction and resource recovery, aligning perfectly

with the objectives of sustainable development. This case study provides invaluable insights into

the dual benefits of scavenging, benefiting both individuals and the environment.

2.8.3 Informal Recycling in an Emerging Economy: A Holistic Approach to the Scavenging

Industry in Accra, Ghana

35
Mensah and Larbi's research in Accra, Ghana, takes a holistic view of scavenging practices within

the broader context of informal recycling (Mensah & Larbi, 2019). Their findings underscore the

economic significance of scavenging, revealing how scavengers actively contribute to the

recycling value chain. Despite these contributions, scavengers often face formidable challenges

related to health and safety. This study highlights the multifaceted nature of scavenging within an

emerging economy and emphasizes the need for comprehensive support mechanisms.

2.8.4 Scavenger Communities in the Philippines: A Sustainable Livelihood Option

Rodriguez and Sumalde's exploration of scavenger communities in the Philippines unveils the

potential for scavenging activities to provide sustainable livelihood options (Rodriguez &

Sumalde, 2011). Their study showcases how scavengers in the Philippines engage in various

waste-related activities, shedding light on the diverse ways in which scavenging practices can

enhance the well-being of communities. It emphasizes the importance of recognizing and

harnessing scavenging as a viable means of livelihood, particularly in regions with limited formal

employment opportunities, thus contributing to sustainable development efforts.

36
2.9 Conceptual Framework: Scavenging and Livelihood Enhancement in Minna, Nigeria

In investigating the "Effect of participation in scavenging activities on livelihood enhancement in

Minna," the conceptual framework provides a structured approach to understanding the key

components and relationships involved in the study. This framework incorporates various

dimensions that influence scavenging practices and their impact on livelihoods in the specific

context of Minna, Nigeria.

2.9.1. Socioeconomic Factors

 Income Generation: This component examines how scavenging contributes to the income

of individuals and households in Minna (Mitullah & Andrian, 2009).

 Employment Opportunities: It explores the role of scavenging in providing employment

opportunities, particularly for marginalized communities (Manimekalai & Kumaravel,

2017).

 Asset Accumulation: This dimension considers the acquisition of assets and resources by

scavengers, including tools and materials (Mensah & Larbi, 2019).

2.9.2 Environmental Context

 Waste Management Practices: Investigates the prevailing waste management practices in

Minna and the role of scavengers in waste reduction and resource recovery (Mensah &

Larbi, 2019).

 Environmental Sustainability: Analyzes how responsible scavenging practices align with

environmental sustainability goals (Manimekalai & Kumaravel, 2017).

2.9.3. Social Capital and Networks

37
  Social Networks: Explores the social networks and relationships within scavenging

communities and their influence on livelihood outcomes (Mitullah & Andrian, 2009).

 Trust and Cooperation: Assesses the level of trust and cooperation among scavengers and

its impact on collective well-being (Mensah & Larbi, 2019).

2.9.4. Challenges and Barriers

 Health and Safety Risks: Examines the health and safety challenges faced by scavengers

in Minna (Mitullah & Andrian, 2009).

 Social Stigma: Analyzes the social stigma associated with scavenging and its effects on

scavengers' social integration (Mensah & Larbi, 2019).

2.9.5. Policy and Institutional Context

 Formal Recognition: Considers the extent to which scavenging activities are formally

recognized and regulated (Manimekalai & Kumaravel, 2017).

 Supportive Policies: Assesses the presence of policies and initiatives that support

scavenging as a livelihood strategy (Rodriguez & Sumalde, 2011).

2.9.6. Livelihood Enhancement

 Income and Economic Stability: Investigates the role of scavenging in providing income

and economic stability to individuals and households (Mitullah & Andrian, 2009).

 Skills Development: Explores how engagement in scavenging activities contributes to skill

development and resourcefulness among participants (Manimekalai & Kumaravel, 2017).

38
  Resilience and Adaptability: Considers how scavengers' ability to adapt to changing

circumstances influences their livelihood resilience (Mitullah & Andrian, 2009).

2.9.7. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

 Alignment with SDGs: Evaluates how scavenging activities in Minna align with United

Nations Sustainable Development Goals, such as poverty alleviation (SDG 1) and

sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11) (Manimekalai & Kumaravel, 2017;

Rodriguez & Sumalde, 2011).

By integrating these dimensions, the conceptual framework provides a comprehensive structure

for assessing the effect of participation in scavenging activities on livelihood enhancement in

Minna, Nigeria, while drawing on the insights and findings from previous research studies.

39
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Method

The methodology for this study includes the design, procedure, methods, and techniques that will

be employed in data collection and analysis.

RESEARCH DESIGN

QUANTITAVE RESEARCH

TYPES OF DATA

PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA

POPULATION FRAME

SAMPLING SIZE

DATA COLLECTION METHOD (QUESTIONNAIRE)

DATA ANALYSIS

DATA PRESENTATION

40
Fig. 3.1 Research Design

Source: Student’s research work 2023

3.2 Research Design

Research design is the framework of research methods and techniques that will be chosen for the

research, the design phase of the study determines which tools to use and how they are used. The

nature of the problem that will be addressed in this study suggests an adoption of the quantitative

survey type of research design. This involves the collection of data from a sampled population

through polls, questionnaires, and surveys, where the data will be collected at one point in time

from a determined sample and it will be used to draw inferences from the entire population.

3.3 Types and Sources of Data

The data required for this research will be drawn from primary and secondary sources. The primary

data will be obtained through organized fieldwork comprising visual and mental observation,

questionnaire administration, and personal interviews with scavengers. The secondary data sources

include data obtained from journals, articles, seminar papers, internet sources, and other

documents relevant to this research project.

3.4 Reconnaissance Survey

This will be done in order to get acquainted with the environment through a preliminary visit to

the study area and also to get first-hand information on the existing situation, thereby revealing the

extent of the work to be carried out and the approaches to undertake it.

3.5 Sampling frame/Research population

The sampling frame of the study area will involve the scavengers in Minna, which is the sum total

of all scavengers found in the major collection points in Minna.

41
3.6 Sample size

It is the total number chosen from the research population for which the questionnaire will be

administered. It is also the fractional part of the total population selected for sampling. Therefore,

the sample size for this study was drawn from the total number of scavengers in the study area. A

total of 70 scavengers will be sampled, therefore, the sample size is 70.

3.7 Research Instrument

The primary research instrument that was used for the collection of data was the questionnaire.

The questionnaire was structured to contain open and closed-ended questions. In the open-ended

questions, respondents filled the required information. However, in the closed-ended questions,

respondents selected the most appropriate option from a given checklist. The questionnaire was

divided into two sections; section one collected the socio-demographic data of the respondents,

and the remaining section gathered information pertaining to the focus of this research.

3.8 Data Presentation and Analysis

In analyzing the data collected, descriptive statistics were employed. Frequency distribution tables

and charts were used in the presentation of the number of respondents and their opinions from the

field. This enhanced comparison and drew valid conclusions. Some statistical analytical tools were

also used to present the data obtained from the site for easy understanding, including tables, bar

chart graphs, and pictures.

42
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION

4.1 What Are the Socioeconomic Characteristics of Scavengers in Minna

Figure 4.1.1 Socio Characteristics of Scavengers in Minna

The data revealed that the majority of respondents in the survey were male, constituting 97% of

the sample, while females accounted for only 3%. In terms of age distribution, half of the

respondents fell within the 18-25 age group, with decreasing percentages in older age brackets.

Regarding educational background, a significant portion of the respondents had no formal

education, comprising 56%, followed by those with primary education at 26%. Secondary

education and college/university backgrounds were represented by 15% and 3% of the

respondents, respectively.

Gender, Age Range and Educational Status Of Respondent

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

Source: Student Fieldwork 2023

43
Figure 4.1.2 Income and Marital Status of respondents

The data reveals that a significant portion of the surveyed population falls within the income range

of 10,000 to 20,000, constituting 47% of the sample. In comparison, the income brackets of 21,000

to 40,000, 41,000 to 60,000, 61,000 to 80,000, and above 80,000 represent 19%, 16%, 11%, and

7%, respectively.

Regarding marital status, the majority of respondents are married, accounting for 66% of the

sample. Singles make up 34% of the surveyed population, while no respondents identified as

divorced.

Icome Level and Marital Status of Respondents

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
10,000 - 21,000 - 41,000 - 61,000 - Above Marital Single Married Divorced
20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 80,000 Status

Frequency Percentage

Source: Student Fieldwork 2023

44
Figure 4.1.3 Economic Characteristics of Scavengers in Minna

The majority of respondents in the survey reported engaging in scavenging activities as their main

source of income, constituting 100% of the sample. In terms of the duration of scavenging

engagement, the highest percentage of respondents (50%) had been involved in scavenging for 4-

6 years, followed by 24% who had been engaged for more than 6 years. Smaller proportions were

found in the 1-3 years (21%) and less than 1 year (5%) categories. None of the respondents

indicated combining scavenging activities with other informal work, formal employment, or other

sources of income.

Duration of Scavenging and Source of Income

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Source: Student Fieldwork 2023

45
4.2 What are the Operational Processes of Scavenging in the Surroundings of Minna

Table 4.2 Operational Processes of Scavenging in the Surroundings of Minna

In the survey, it was found that 97% of respondents were primarily engaged in scavenging metals

such as cans and wires, while 3% focused on paper/cardboard, and none reported scavenging

plastics or other materials.

Regarding preferred scavenging locations, 89% of respondents favored residential areas, while 4%

and 7% chose commercial and industrial areas, respectively. Public places like parks and streets

were not selected by any respondents.

When it comes to tools and equipment, 50% of respondents used basic sorting machines, 35.7%

utilized hand gloves and sacks, and none reported using trolleys or carts. Additionally, 14.3%

mentioned manual scavenging without specific tools.

In terms of safety measures, 33% of respondents worked in groups, 29% took limited safety

measures, and 7% used safety equipment such as gloves and helmets. Surprisingly, 22% reported

having no safety measures in place during scavenging.

The challenges faced during scavenging activities varied, with 46% citing social stigma and

discrimination, 37% mentioning health hazards, and 17% reporting limited access to valuable

materials. None of the respondents indicated challenges related to the lack of legal recognition.

In the aspect of daily time commitment, 61% of respondents spent 4-6 hours on scavenging, 17%

allocated 1-3 hours, and 22% dedicated 7-9 hours. Notably, none reported spending more than 9

hours per day on scavenging activities.

46
Element Frequency Percentage

Primary Materials Scavenged

Plastics 0 0

Paper/cardboard 2 3

Metals (cans, wires) 68 97

Other (please specify) 0 0

Total 70 100

Preferred Scavenging Locations

Residential areas 62 89

Commercial areas 3 4

Industrial areas 5 7

Public places (parks, streets) 0 0

Total 70 100

Tools and Equipment Used for scavenging

Hand gloves and sacks 25 35.7

Trolleys and carts 0 0

Basic sorting machines 35 50

47
None, scavenging is done manually 10 14.3

Total 70 100

What are the Safety Measures Taken During Scavenging

Use of safety equipment (gloves, helmets) 5 7

Working in groups for safety 23 33

Limited safety measures 20 29

No safety measures 22 31

Total 70 100

Challenges Faced During Scavenging Activities

Health hazards 26 37

Limited access to valuable materials 12 17

Social stigma and discrimination 32 46

Lack of legal recognition 0 0

Total 70 100

Average Daily Hours Spent Scavenging

1-3 hours 12 17

4-6 hours 43 61

7-9 hours 15 22

48
More than 9 hours 0 0

Total 70 100

Source: Student Fieldwork 2023

4.3 What is the impact of scavenging on livelihood enhancement in Minna

Figure 4.3 Income power and access to Education of scavengers

The income derived from scavenging appears to be largely insufficient to meet basic needs for the

majority of respondents, as indicated by 63% reporting that it is barely enough for this purpose.

Another 36% mentioned that scavenging allows them to cover basic needs, while only 1% reported

being able to generate savings. None of the respondents claimed that scavenging provides a

comfortable lifestyle. When it comes to the impact of scavenging on education, a notable 93% of

respondents stated that education is not applicable to them in the context of scavenging. Only 7%

reported granted limited access to education through scavenging, and none mentioned ensuring

basic education or gaining access to higher education as a result of their scavenging activities.

49
 Income Power and Education Access
70

60

50

40

30

20

10

Source: Student Fieldwork 2023

Table 4.3 Housing Conditions, Healthcare, Community recognition and Impact of mental

and physical health of scavenging

The data reveals that a significant portion of respondents, 81.4%, reported no improvement in

housing conditions due to their involvement in scavenging. Only 4.3% mentioned basic

improvements such as repairs and sanitation, while none indicated an upgrade to better housing

facilities or the attainment of permanent residence through scavenging.

In terms of healthcare accessibility, 97% of respondents reported no improvement, while 3%

mentioned access to basic healthcare services. None reported regular medical check-ups or access

to specialized medical services through scavenging.

50
Regarding community recognition and social integration, 36% of respondents experienced

significant social stigma and isolation, 46% reported limited social integration, 17% felt accepted

within the community, and 1.4% were actively involved in community affairs as a result of their

scavenging activities.

The impact of scavenging on mental and physical health is notable, with 53% reporting

deteriorating health due to scavenging. Seventeen percent indicated a stable health condition, while

30% were unsure about the impact. Interestingly, none reported improved mental and physical

health resulting from their involvement in scavenging.

Element Frequency Percentage

Scavenging business Improved Housing Conditions

No improvement 57 81.4

Basic improvements (repairs, sanitation) 3 4.3

Upgraded housing (better facilities) 0 0

Own permanent residence 0 0

Total 60 85.7

Scavenging business and Healthcare Accessibility Improvement

No improvement 68 97

Access to basic healthcare services 2 3

Regular medical check-ups ensured 0 0

Access to specialized medical services 0 0

51
Total 70 100

Community Recognition and Social Integration through scavenging

Significant social stigma and isolation 25 36

Limited social integration 32 46

Accepted within the community 12 17

Actively involved in community affairs 1 1

Total 70 100

Impact of scavenging on Mental and Physical Health

Deteriorating health due to scavenging 37 53

Stable health condition 12 17

Improved mental and physical health 0 0

Not sure 21 30

Total 70 100

Source: Student Fieldwork 2023

52
4.4 What are the strategies that could enhance the livelihood opportunities of scavengers in

Minna

Table 4.4 Strategies to Enhance Livelihood Opportunities

The survey results indicate that there is a lack of awareness and training programs, with 100% of

respondents reporting no such initiatives. Similarly, there are no skill diversification programs, as

reported by 100% of respondents. None of the respondents indicated the presence of community

integration initiatives, with 100% reporting no efforts in this regard. Additionally, there is no

access to government and NGO support, as all respondents (100%) reported a lack of such support,

whether occasional, regular, or comprehensive with sustainable initiatives.

Element Frequency Percentage

Awareness and Training Programs

No awareness or training programs 70 100

Limited awareness campaigns 0 0

Regular awareness programs 0 0

Ongoing training and skill development initiatives 0 0

Skill Diversification Programs

No skill diversification programs 70 100

Limited skill training opportunities 0 0

Skill diversification initiatives available 0 0

53
Ongoing skill development programs 0 0

Total 70 100

Community Integration Initiatives

No community integration efforts 70 0

Limited community involvement programs 0 0

Actively involved in community initiatives 0 0

Leading community development projects 0 0

Total 70 0

Access to any Government and NGO Support

No government or NGO support 70 0

Limited occasional support 0 0

Regular government and NGO support programs 0 0

Comprehensive support with sustainable initiatives 0 0

Total 70 0

Source: Student Fieldwork 2023

54
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary of Findings

The research conducted in Minna reveals a predominantly male demographic among scavengers,

constituting 97% of the surveyed population. The majority of scavengers fall within the 18-25 age

group, with 56% having no formal education. Scavenging, particularly for metals, is the sole

source of income for all respondents, with 50% engaged for 4-6 years. Operational processes

indicate a focus on metal scavenging in residential areas, primarily using basic sorting machines

and hand gloves. Safety measures vary, with 33% working in groups and 22% lacking safety

measures. Challenges include social stigma (46%) and health hazards (37%). Scavengers spend an

average of 4-6 hours daily. However, income from scavenging is insufficient for basic needs, and

93% perceive no impact on education. Housing conditions and healthcare accessibility show

minimal improvement, while social stigma and deteriorating health are prevalent. Lack of

awareness, training programs, skill diversification, community integration, and government/NGO

support compounds their challenges.

55
5.2 Conclusion

The socio-economic characteristics of scavengers in Minna reveal a vulnerable group,

predominantly male and lacking formal education. Scavenging is the primary income source, with

operational challenges and limited safety measures. The impact on livelihoods is negative,

affecting housing, healthcare, and social integration. Education opportunities are scarce, and

mental and physical health deteriorates for many. Strategies for livelihood enhancement, such as

awareness programs, skill diversification, community integration, and government/NGO support,

are nonexistent, exacerbating the challenges faced by scavengers.

5.3 Recommendations

Addressing the challenges faced by scavengers in Minna requires a multi-faceted approach:

1. Awareness and Training Programs: Implement initiatives to raise awareness about

alternative livelihood options and provide training programs to enhance skills

diversification.

2. Community Integration: Develop programs to integrate scavengers into the community,

reducing social stigma and promoting a sense of belonging.

3. Government and NGO Support: Establish support mechanisms, including financial aid,

healthcare services, and sustainable initiatives, to uplift the socio-economic status of

scavengers.

4. Education Initiatives: Explore avenues to provide education opportunities for scavengers,

ensuring access to basic education and potentially higher education.

56
 5. Safety Measures: Promote and enforce safety measures during scavenging activities to

mitigate health hazards and ensure the well-being of scavengers.

6. Livelihood Diversification: Encourage the development of alternative livelihood

opportunities to reduce dependence on scavenging and improve overall socio-economic

conditions.

7. Research and Monitoring: Conduct regular assessments and monitor the impact of

implemented initiatives to refine strategies based on evolving needs.

Implementing these recommendations will contribute to enhancing the livelihood opportunities,

socio-economic conditions, and overall well-being of scavengers in Minna.

57
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