MAM IOI OF

Derivatives Lecture 1 10103

section overview

average rate of change

instantaneous rate of change
derivative

Lecturer James Mbewa

Overview of Derivatives Section
Intro average rate of change
instantaneous rate of change
definition of derivative
by first principles
Differentiation
Derivatives of polynomials and roots
Marginal analysis
Limits and continuity
Limit rules rational function asymptotes
General differentiation rules
product rule
quotient rule
chain rule
Derivatives of exponential functions

see Lecture Schedule on Vala

 Intro to the Derivative
We will describe the concepts of
average rate of change
instanteous rate of change and
the derivative

using an example
Example
Suppose you drive from Cape Town to George The
distance is 504 km and it takes G hours
We can represent the distance
travelled by a function fat FA
500
t time hours noo
flt total distance travelled 300
by time t km
200
What was your average speed
100
t
What speed were you travelling 2 3 4 s f
at exactly 4 hours into the
journey
Speed
What is speed
A speed of 120 km h I
travel 120 km in 1 hour
or km
240 in 2 hours
We
say speed is a rate of change of distance
For constant speed

speed change in distance

change in time

In this example if at constant speed

speed 581 84 km hr
 greek letter delta
used to say change
Change
Defn the change of flt Ibe tween a and b is

change of f Dfa f b f a

the units of Dfat are the same as for fat

Fet

Fcb I

set I
b fla 1
f
I
flat
g f t

sometimes written as

the change of fat for a stab

Example
Given the graph flt representing the distance
travelled by time t
Calculate Fet
504
the change of f t between
a 0 and b G
Af Ct f b Ala
f G RCO 224
504 0 504 km 126

the of flt for

I change 3 6 t
3 t 24 4
ARCH f 4 RG
224 126
98 km
 At b a
Average Rate of Change
Defn the average rate of change of fat over an
interval a b b a is
Bfa b fca
average rate of change of f At b a

the units are the units of flt per unit of t

On the graph we see that

the average rate of change fat
of fat is the same as
the slope of the straight
line connecting Ca Fca
and b F b f b x

YEE fca ox

tf a b t
Example
Remember that speed is the rate of change distance so
the average speed between time tea and t b

the average rate of change of flt over La b

What was average speed for the

the whole journey
The whole journey was from E O to 6 6

rate of change 0
speed
flg
are are

5
1
84 km h

same speed as if travelling at constant speed

What was the average speed between hours 3 and 4

rate of change
due speed are
84532
121
2241
98 km h

you can get diff due rate change for diff

intervals
Exact Speed at t 4
So far we know how to calculate the average speed
but what about the exact speed at 4 hours
What if we used the average speed over an interval
around to 4 as an approximation
e g 24,5 smaller 4,4 I
the smaller we choose the interval e g I second
the more accurate the speed will be we can only
accelerate so quickly
We can approx the exact speed at t 4 by
calculating the average speed over a small interval
around t 4

In our example the exact speed at t 4 is the

instantaneous rate of of Rct
change at t 4
Instantaneous Rate of Change
Defn the rate of change of ft at a specific tea
is called the instantaneous rate of change
of fat at t d

To calculate the instantaneous rate of change we

need an interval around t a and then we make the
interval smaller and smaller
Lets choose b ath so the p
interval is La at h

If we calculate the ave

rate of change on this flath
interval and h is very
small we will get a good
for instantaneous
approx
rate of
flag
change
a ath t
Ave rate of change of fat over La ath
Flath fca f ath f a
ath a h
 C

Example
Assume the distance travelled function is given by
f t 14 t

Approximate the instantaneous rate of change at t a

lie exact speed by calculating the average rate of
change over 24 4th for smaller and smaller values
of h
h l are rate of change fC4tDfd
126 km h
h o I n C4t f

113 4 km th

h o 01 a kat

112 14 km h

h 0.001 112 01 km h
we can
approx instantaneous rate of change as 112 Kml
 Instantaneous Rate of Change Tangents
Remember how the
average rate of change over the
interval a ath is the slope of the line through
Ca fca and Cath flath
h smaller D
FC FC FC

flath X
flath
fca x fca x Fta xx
a ath t a ath t t
oath

as h
Ca Fca
gets smaller the line through the totwo points
and Cath f ath
gets closer the
tangent line at Ca Fca
this means
the instantaneous rate of change
the slope of the tangent at a
Limit Notation
We want to make h as close to 0 as possible
but not h o because divide by 0

This process of taking h closer and closer to 0 is

called
taking the limit as h tends to 0
and is written mathematically as

lim
h o
The Derivative
Defn The instantaneous rate of change of
f Ct at t a is
flat h f a
f a
Liz h

as long as the limit exists

The units are the same as the units for average
rate of change unit of fat per unit of t
If thelimit does not exist then the instantaneous
rate of change is not defined We say that
f is not differentiable at a
If the limit exists we say f is differentiable
at a and we call
flea the derivative of flt at a

instantaneous rate of change

derivative at a point
Calculate f 4
algebraically using the definition
FCT I4 E
FI
F 4
hi fathn
Liz
144 1442
43
1427
3
4
14411
14124421

his kCkEth
Ling 112
14hL goes to 0
112
Next time in MAM lol OF
differentiation by first principles

textbook Chapter 10 G p 797 804