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Chapter 26-Reproductive System - Class Outline

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Chapter 26-Reproductive System - Class Outline

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stupidisg00gleofcourse
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Reproductive System

Chapter 26
Primary Sex Organs (Gonads) and Secondary Sex Organs
Primary sex organs: Produce gametes
▪ Males: testes
▪ Females: ovaries

Secondary Sex Organs: All other organs


necessary for reproduction.

▪ Males:
o Spermatic duct system (epididymis, ductus
deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra),
Accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles,
prostate, and bulbourethral glands)
o Penis.
▪ Females
o Uterine tubes
o Uterus
o vagina
Male Reproductive System: Testes
Testes - Primary Sex Organ
▪ Site of spermatogenesis (sperm production)
and testosterone secretion.
▪ Develop in abdominal cavity.
▪ Descend into scrotum ~2 months before birth.
▪ Temp too high in abdominal cavity for viable
sperm production.

▪ Scrotum: external pouch, divided into left and right


compartments by the median septum.
o Perineal raphe: External seam that marks the
location of the septum.

▪ Left testis suspended lower than right.


o Reduces compression of testes between thighs.
Male Reproductive System: Testes
▪ Spermatic cord:
o Contains nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels, fibrous
connective tissue, and ductus deferens.
o Attaches to posterior/superior surface of testis
Male Reproductive System: Testes
▪ Seminiferous tubules are in the testes
o Site of spermatogenesis (production of sperm cells).
o Nurse cells/Sertoli cells in the tubules: protect and nourish
developing sperm
▪ Interstitial cells: outside seminiferous tubules
o Produce testosterone

Sperm cell
▪ Head: nucleus
▪ Midpiece:
mitochondria
▪ Tail: flagellum
Male Reproductive System: Spermatic Duct System
Epididymis
▪ Located on posterior surface of testes.
▪ Single, highly coiled tube
▪ Sperm storage and maturation site.
▪ Defective sperm absorbed here.

Ductus deferens (formerly the vas deferens)


▪ Muscular tube (3 smooth muscle layers).
▪ Contraction of the ductus deferens during ejaculation
transports sperm from the epididymis into the
ejaculatory duct.
Male Reproductive System: Spermatic Duct System

Ejaculatory duct
▪ Formed by the union of the ductus deferens with the duct
of the seminal vesicle.
▪ Passes through prostate and empties into urethra.

Urethra
▪ Rapid sperm transport during ejaculation.
▪ Refer to chapter 25 (urinary system) for more on structure
▪ Contractions of internal urethral sphincter of bladder
prevents urine entering during ejaculation.
Male Reproductive System: Accessory Glands
Accessory Sex Glands
▪ Add secretions to male duct system.
▪ Sperm do not pass through these glands.
▪ Semen = sperm + accessory gland secretions
o Contains nutrients
o Neutralizes pH of vagina
o Contains prostaglandins
o Provides other molecules that aid sperm function

Bulbourethral Glands (<1% of semen)


▪ Secretion (often called pre-ejaculate) is added to the
urethra.
▪ Secretion passes through urethra before sperm to remove
residual urine.

Seminal Vesicles (~65-70% of semen)


▪ Secretion added to ejaculatory duct.
Male Reproductive System: Accessory Glands
Prostate Gland (~25-30% of semen)
▪ Secretion added to the urethra which it partially
surrounds.

Ejaculation of semen has 2 phases


1.Emission:
o Muscle contractions in ductus deferens move
sperm from tail of epididymis into urethra.

2. Expulsion:
o Contraction of bulbospongiosus muscle
(wraps around root of penis) expels semen
out of urethra.
Male Reproductive System: Penis
▪ Male copulatory organ (organ of sexual intercourse).
o Root: internal region of penis.
o Shaft: visible external region of penis.
o Glans penis: expanded head at distal end.
• Packed with sensory nerve endings
• External urethral orifice is at the tip.
• It is a moist mucosal surface when the foreskin is present; dry
epidermis when foreskin is absent.

▪ Prepuce (foreskin): a collar of skin covering the glans


o Protects the glans and maintains it as a moist mucosal surface.
o Packed with sensory nerve endings on inner surface.
o Removed in male circumcision.
o Attached to the glans by the frenulum
Male Reproductive System: Penis
▪ Contains 3 columns of erectile tissue
o Contain blood sinuses that become engorged
with blood during sexual excitation.
o Cause the penis to become erect

Corpora Cavernosa
▪ Two columns of erectile tissue located on dorsal
side of penis

Corpus Spongiosum
▪ Single column of erectile tissue located on
ventral side of penis.
▪ Urethra passes through this tissue.
The Female Reproductive System: Ovaries
Ovary – Primary Sex Organ
▪ Site of most of oogenesis (egg cell production)
▪ Paired organs.
▪ Produce estrogen, which controls parts of the
menstrual cycle.
▪ Surrounded by an outer germinal epithelium
o Cuboidal epithelium covering surface of ovary.

▪ At birth, the ovaries contains all a female’s follicles


with primary oocytes (developing egg cells) inside
▪ At puberty, follicles start to mature over a ~300-day
period.
▪ Each month, the ovaries select 1 mature follicle to
ovulate (release oocyte)
The Female Reproductive System: Uterine Tubes

▪ Overhang but not physically connected to


ovaries.
▪ Equipped with fimbriae
▪ Fertilization occurs here
▪ Muscular tubes lined with ciliated cells and
peg cells.
o Cilia and smooth muscle contraction directs
the oocyte or zygote toward the uterus.
o Peg cells produce a secretion that lubricates
the tube and nourishes the oocyte.
The Female Reproductive System: Uterus
▪ Pear-shaped organ.
▪ Site of implantation of fertilized egg.
▪ 3 Regions:
o Fundus: Superior, rounded region.
o Body: Broad region, uterine tubes open
here.
o Cervix: Inferior region that partially projects
into the vagina.

▪ Cervical glands: produce secretions


o Composition changes throughout the
menstrual cycle.
o Protects the uterus from infection
o Fertile secretions (egg-white consistency)
aid sperm and promote fertilization
The Female Reproductive System: Uterus
Layers of Uterine Wall

Endometrium: Inner lining. 2 zones.


▪ Functional layer
o Contains endometrial glands surrounded by loose connective tissue.
• Secretions nourish the early embryo.
o Implantation occurs in this layer
o This layer detaches and sloughs away during the menstrual cycle.
▪ Basal layer: remains intact during the menstrual cycle and proliferation regenerates the
functional layer.

Myometrium: middle layer.


▪ Smooth muscle.

Perimetrium: external layer.


▪ Serous membrane that secretes a lubricating fluid
Figure 26.19
The Female Reproductive System: Vagina
▪ Serves as the receptacle for the penis and as the birth canal.
▪ Urethra bound to anterior wall.

Layers of Vaginal Wall


▪ Mucosa: inner layer. Lined by stratified squamous epithelium
o Earlier in life, partially coverers vaginal opening as the hymen
▪ Muscularis: 2 layers of smooth muscle
▪ Adventitia: outer fibrous connective tissue layer.

▪ Vaginal rugae: transverse ridges at lower end


o Typically disappear with advancing age
The Female Reproductive System: Vulva
Vulva
▪ External female genitalia.
▪ Occupies most of perineum.

▪ Mons pubis
o Skin with pubic hair covering a mound of adipose tissue
above the pubic symphysis.
▪ Labia majora
o Large skin folds inferior to the mons pubis.
▪ Labia minora
o Small skin folds medial to the labia majora.
o Meet at anterior margin to form prepuce over clitoris.
▪ Clitoris
o Homologous to the penis.
o Pair of corpora cavernosa enclosed in connective tissue
o Functions in sexual arousal/sensation.
The Female Reproductive System: Glands
▪ Greater vestibular glands
o Homologous to bulbourethral glands of male.
o Mucus glands next to vagina that produce a secretion when
aroused.
o Empty into vestibule or lower vagina.
o Provide vaginal lubrication for intercourse.

▪ Vestibular bulbs
o Fill with blood when aroused
o Function in arousal

▪ Paraurethral glands
o Homologous to prostate gland.
o Secrete fluid during orgasms
o Empty into vestibule.

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