Dimension of bolt: M 20 x 60

M: metric; 20: diameter is 20 mm ;

60: length of shank + length of thread
pultin
pultinkara
kara kierre
kierre

Diameters of bolt

dc : core diameter df: flank diameter (dc+d)/2

d: shank diameter ds: stress diameter (df +dc)/2
Diameters of hole
d0 = d + nominal clearance

nominal clearance of standard holes in Eurocode 3:

•1mm for M12 and M14 bolts

•2mm for M16 to M24 bolts
•3mm for M27 and larger bolts.
Bolt grades:

Grade 4.6 5.6 6.5 6.8 8.8 10.9

fyb (MPa) 240 300 300 480 640 900

fub (MPa) 400 500 600 600 800 1000

Yield strength = first number x second number x 10

Ultimate strength = first number x 100

Grade 4.6:
fyb = 4 x 6 x 10 = 240 MPa ;
fub = 4 x 100 = 400 MPa
Type of bolts:
non-preload or ordinary bolt—common type; connection is called
bearing type connection

pre-loaded bolt—transfer load by friction; benefit in alternating load

Load transmission:
shear;
tension;
combined shear and tension
Design of bolts—shear resistance (per shear plane)

(a) shear plane passing through the threaded portion:

Fv,Rd = 0.6fubAs/γMb for strength grades 4.6, 5.6 and 8.8
Fv,Rd = 0.5fubAs/γMb for strength grades 4.8, 5.8, 6.8 and 10.9
(b) shear plane passing through the unthreaded portion:
Fv,Rd = 0.6fubA/γMb

A: shank area calculated

with shank diameter
As: stress area calculated
with stress diameter
γMb: partial safety factor,
resistance for bolt connection
 Failure
Failureplanes
planes
Two
Twoshear
shearplanes
planesfor
foreach
eachbolt
bolt

Failure
Failureplane
plane
One
Oneshear
shearplane
planefor
forbolt
bolt

Failure
Failureplanes
planes
Two
Twoshear
shearplanes
planesfor
foreach
eachbolt
bolt
Four
Fourshear
shearplanes
planesfor
fortwo
twobolts
bolts
Long joints

Distance Lj between the centers of the end fasteners in a joint,

measured in the direction of the transfer of force , is more than 15d,
(where d is the nominal diameter of the bolts)
Design shear resistance of all the fasteners shall be reduced by a
reduction factor
βLf = 1- (Lj-15d) / 200 d but βLf ≤ 1.0 and βLf ≥ 0.75

This provision does not apply where there is a uniform distribution

of force transfer over the length of the joint, e.g. the transfer of
shear force from the web of a section to the flange
Design of bolts—bearing resistance

Shear
Shearout
outfailure
failure

Bearing
Bearingarea:
area:ddxxt t
d:
d:diameter
diameterof
ofbolt
bolt
t:t: thickness
thicknessof
ofconnected
connectedplate
plate
Design of bolts—bearing resistance

if e2 ≥ 1.5 do and p2 is at least 3.0 do

Fb.Rd = 2.5αfudt/γMb , α = min( e1/3d0, p1/3d-1/4, fub/fu, 1.0)

if e2 is reduced to 1.2 do and/or p2 is reduced to 2.4 do

Fb.Rd = (2/3)·(2.5αfudt/γMb)

for intermediate values 1.2 do < e2 ≤ 1,5 do and/or 2.4 do ≤ p2 ≤ 3 do

the value of Fb.Rd may be determined by linear interpolation
Design of bolts—bearing resistance

Single lap joint with one bolt:

Fb.Rd ≤ 1.5 fu d t / γMb
Design of bolt connection—spacing requirements for connected plates

Minimum end distance: e1 ≥ 1.5 d0

Maximum edge or end distance: t: thickness of thinner connected plate
-- e1 or e2 ≤ 40 mm + 4 t for corrosive influences
-- e1 or e2 ≤ max (12 t, 150 mm) for other cases
Minimum spacing:
-- p1 ≥ 2.2 d0 should be increased if necessary to provide adequate
bearing resistance
-- p2 ≥ 3.0 d0 may be reduced to 2.4 d0 if design bearing resistance is
reduced accordingly
Maximum spacing

Compression

Tension
Design of bolt connection—failure of connected plates

net
netsection
sectionfailure
failure

net
netarea
areacalculation
calculation

route
route11 AB = lAB – d0

route
route22 AT = lAB – 2 d0 + s2/ 4g

Anet = min (AB, AT) ⋅ t

Resistance
Resistance NRd=0.9⋅Anet⋅fu/γM2
Design of bolts—tension resistance of a bolt

Ft.Rd = 0,9fubAs/γMb

As tensile stress area of a bolt

Design of bolts—interaction of tension and shear of a bolt

Fv/Fv.Rd + Ft / (1.4Ft.Rd)≤ 1.0

Angle connected with plate

Design rules for a single row bolts in one leg

with 1 bolt: Nu,Rd = 2.0 (e2 – 0.5 do) t fu /γM2

 with 3 or more bolts:
with 2 bolts: Nu,Rd = β2Anetfu/γM2 Nu,Rd = β3Anetfu/γM2

Anet is the net section area of the angle.

For an unequal-leg angle connected by
its smaller leg, Anet should be taken as
equal to the net section area of an
equivalent equal-leg angle of leg size
equal to that of the smaller leg.
β2 and β3 are reduction factors dependant on the pitch p1;
For intermediate values of p1 the value of β may be determined by
linear interpolation

Pitch p1 ≤ 2.5 d0 ≥ 5.0 do

2 bolts β2 0.4 0.7

3 bolts or more β3 0.5 0.7
parent metal or base metal: steel material which is welded.

filler metal or weld metal: electrode material used in the

welding process
root: point of joint line reached by penetration of the filler metal.

face: outside surface of the weld.

toe: line on weld face between filler metal and parent metal.
heat affected zone:
a part of the parent metal which has not been melted with the filler
metal, but which undergoes fast heating and cooling during the
passage of the welding arc.
In this zone, the parent metal is subject to a hardening treatment
and can consequently become brittle.
 päittäishitsi
päittäishitsiT-liitoksessa
T-liitoksessa
Butt weld: made within the cross-section of the abutting plates

Fillet weld:approximately triangular cross-section applied to the

surface profile of the plates
pienahitsi
pienahitsi
two geometrical weld parameters for design
throat thickness, a, is the minimum distance from the root to the
weld face ignoring the convex zone.

length is the longitudinal weld dimension in the direction of the

welding arc displacement.
 l1l
1

l2l l l==l1l ++l1l ++l2l

1 1 2
2

l1l
1

for lap joint l would be the sum of twice overlapped length plus
width of smaller plate.

In practice, weld calculations are principally concerned with fillet

welds since these account for approximately 80% of all structural
welds.
For weld design, three fundamental assumptions are made

•The welds are homogeneous and isotropic elements.

•The parts connected by the welds are rigid and their
deformations are negligible.
•Only nominal stresses due to external loads are considered.
Effects of residual stresses, stress concentrations and shape of
the welds are neglected in static design

Eurocode 3 specifies that

the filler metal shall have mechanical properties (yield strength,

ultimate tensile strength, elongation at failure and minimum Charpy
V-notch energy value) equal to, or better than, the corresponding
properties of the parent material.
Therefore, for weld calculation and design, the strength of the parent
material is normally taken as the reference strength.
 σ1 = Fσ⊥ normal stress
perpendicular to plane of
the throat area,
τ1 = Fτ⊥ shear stress in
the plane of the throat
area, transverse to the
weld axis.
τ2 = Fτ// shear stress in
the plane of the throat
area, parallel to the weld
axis.

normal stress σ2 is not considered because the cross-section of the

weld is very small and has negligible strength in comparison with the
strength of the throat area subjected to the shear stress component τ2
von Mises criterion σeq = √[σ12 + 3(τ12 + τ22)]
 Basic Method (EC3 Annex M)

σeq ≤ fu/(βwγMw) and

σ1 ≤ fu/γMw

fu nominal ultimate tensile

strength of the weaker part
joined.

γΜω partial safety factor for

welds (= 1,25).
Fillet welds:
required throat thickness : a ≥ 3 mm.
with l ≤ max (40mm, 6a) ignored for
transmission of forces
 correlation factor βw taken as follows:
Ultimate tensile
Steel Grade Correlation factor βw
strength fu
S235 360 Ν/mm2 0.8
S275 430 Ν/mm2 0.85
S355 510 Ν/mm2 0.9

Mean Stress Method (main text)

Weld strength equals to shear strength, independent of direction of

force acting on it. Since weld is weakest in pure shear mean stress
method always gives results on the safe side.

F/(a⋅1) ≤ fvw = fu/[√3.βwγMw]

LONG WELD

Stress
Stressdistribution
distributionin
inlong
longwelds
welds

Eurocode 3 specifies that the design resistance for a long weld in a

lap joint shall be multiplied by a reduction factor βlw to allow for the
effects of non-uniform stress distribution.
If the lap joint is longer than 150a

βLW = 1.2 – 0.2Lj/150a ≤ 1

Lj is the overall length of the lap in the

direction of the force transfer

For fillet welds longer than 1.7 metres connecting transverse

stiffeners in plated members

βLW = 1.1 - Lw/17 0.6 ≤ βLW ≤ 1.0

Lw is the length of the weld (in metres)

BASE METAL CHECKING

Whatever weld design method is used it is also necessary to ascertain

that the base metal of the connected parts has sufficient resistance.

•Tensile failure in member 1 (path 1-1)

•Tensile failure in member 2 (path 2-2)

 •Failure in member 2,
--along the line 3-3,
--with tensile failure
(path b-c)
--shearing rupture
(paths a-b and c-d).

In this case, the total resistance can be taken as the sum of the
ultimate strength of each individual path.

{2l1/√3 + l2}t2fu2 /γM2 ≥ fu2

γM2 is the partial safety factor against ultimate = 1.25

fu2 is the ultimate deign strength of member 2
Partial safety factors

Partial safety factor γM for connections shall be taken as:

resistance of bolted connections: γMb = 1.25
resistance of welded connections: γMw = 1.25

Partial safety factor γM for cross-section shall be taken as:

resistance of Class 1, 2 or 3 γM0 = 1.1
resistance of net section at bolt holes: γM2 = 1.25
2 angles welded to a gusset plate (kulma levy). Perform the verification of welded connections.
6
Systems MPa := 10 ⋅ Pa
Gusset plate: tg := 10 ⋅ mm
S 235 fy := 235 ⋅ MPa fu := 360 ⋅ MPa
Angles: 2 L 50 x 5 La := 50 ⋅ mm ta := 5 ⋅ mm
S 235 fy := 235 ⋅ MPa fu := 360 ⋅ MPa
throat thickness: a := 3 ⋅ mm
welded length: l1 := 55 ⋅ mm l2 := 50 ⋅ mm l3 := 55 ⋅ mm

( )
l := 2 l1 + l2 + l3 l = 320 mm
3
Loading kN := 10 ⋅ N
tension loading: NSd := 188 ⋅ kN

In angles connected by one leg, the welded lap joint end connection may be allowed for by adpoting
an effective cross-sectional area and then treating as concentrically loaded. For equal-leg angle the
effective area is taken as equal to the gross section.
Checking geometrics of weld
In order to resist the load, welded length should be larger than max(40, 6a)
max ( 40 ⋅ mm , 6 ⋅ a) = 40 mm < l2 = 50 mm Thus, the load is taken by all welds.
If lap joints is larger than 150a, the joints will be long joints and the resistance of weld should be
reduced.
l1 = 55 mm < 150 ⋅ a = 450 mm No reduction is necessary

Weld resistance
partial safety factor for resistance of welded connection: γMw := 1.25
correlation factor for S235 β w := 0.8
fu
weld resistance: Nw.Rd := ⋅a⋅l Nw.Rd = 199.532 kN > NSd = 188 kN
3 ⋅ β w ⋅ γMw
Checking of tear out
partial safety factor for resistance of gusset plate: γM0 := 1.1
fu fu
NRd := 2 ⋅ l1 ⋅ tg ⋅ + l ⋅t ⋅ NRd = 371.482 kN > NSd = 188 kN
3 ⋅ γM0 2 g γM0
System
Member: Welded section Steel grade S355
Splice plates: 880 x 340 x 16 mm thick
Steel grade S355
Bolts: M 24, 8.8
3
Loading kN := 10 ⋅ N
Tension force: NSd := 3000 ⋅ kN
Dimensions
ts := 16 ⋅ mm bs := 340 ⋅ mm Ls := 880 ⋅ mm
d := 24 ⋅ mm d0 := d + 2 ⋅ mm d0 = 26 mm
N
Material properties MPa := 1 ⋅
2
mm
fys := 355 ⋅ MPa f := 510 ⋅ MPa fyb := 640 ⋅ MPa
us
fub := 800 ⋅ MPa
Partial safety factor γMb := 1.25 γM0 := 1.1 γM2 := 1.25
Bolt resistance
shear resistance:
1 0.6 ⋅ fub ⋅ A
shear is assumed to be at shank A := ⋅ π ⋅ d 2 Fv.Rd :=
4 γMb Fv.Rd = 173.718 kN
distance between the center of end bolts is:

Lj := 4 ⋅ 80 ⋅ mm Lj = 320 mm < 15 ⋅ d = 360 mm no reduction for shear resistance

The force applied to each bolt on one shear plane is:

NSd
NSd1 := NSd1 = 150 kN < Fv.Rd = 173.718 kN
10 ⋅ 2
bearing resistance
e2 := 50 ⋅ mm e1 := 60 ⋅ mm p1 := 80 ⋅ mm
e2 = 50 mm > 1.5 ⋅ d0 = 39 mm p1 = 80 mm > 3 ⋅ d0 = 78 mm no reduction for
bearing resistance
 e1 p1 1 fub 
α := min  , − , , 1 α = 0.769
3 ⋅ d0 3 ⋅ d0 4 fus
 
 1
Fb.Rd := 2.5 ⋅ α ⋅ fus ⋅ d ⋅ ts ⋅ Fb.Rd = 301.292 kN > NSd1 = 150 kN
γMb
Resistance of members
gross cross-section

bolted member: A1 := 340 ⋅ mm ⋅ 16 ⋅ mm ⋅ 2 + 260 ⋅ mm ⋅ 12 ⋅ mm 4

A1 = 1.4 × 10 mm
2

splice plate: As := bs ⋅ ts ⋅ 2 As = 1.088 × 10 mm

4 2
fys
(
Npl.Rd := min A1 , As ⋅
γM0
) N pl.Rd = 3.511 × 10
3
kN > N Sd = 3 × 10
3
kN
net cross-section
l22 := bs − 2 ⋅ d0 l22 = 288 mm

s := 80 ⋅ mm g := 80 ⋅ mm
2
s
l33 := bs − 4 ⋅ d0 + 2 ⋅ l33 = 276 mm
4 ⋅g
(
Anet := min l22 , l33 ⋅ ts ) 3
Anet = 4.416 × 10 mm
2
fus
Nu.Rd := 0.9 ⋅ Anet ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 3
Nu.Rd = 3.243 × 10 kN > NSd = 3 × 10 kN
γM2