Chapter 5

Hyperbolic Equations
with Two Space Variables

2
2
5.1. Wave Equation 
2 =  2

5.1.1. Problems in Cartesian Coordinates

The wave equation with two space variables in the rectangular Cartesian system of coordinates has
the form   
2 2 2
  2 
2
= 2
+  2
.

5.1.1-1. Particular solutions and some relations.

1 . Particular solutions:
  
 ( , , )= exp   +   12 +  22  ,
1 2
 
 ( , , )= sin(  + +  12 +  22  ,
1 1 ) sin(  2 2 ) sin  
 
 ( , , )= sin(  + +  12 +  22  ,
1 1 ) sin(  2 2 ) cos 
 
 ( , , )= +  12 +  22  ,
sinh(  1 1 ) sinh(  2 +  2 ) sinh  
 
 ( , , )= +  12 +  22  ,
sinh(  1 1 ) sinh(  2 +  2 ) cosh  
  
 ( , , ) =  ( sin  + cos  +  ) +  ( sin  + cos  −  ),

where  ,  1,  2 ,  1 ,  2 , and  are arbitrary constants, and  (  ) and  (  ) are arbitrary functions.
2 . Particular solutions that are expressed in terms of solutions to simpler equations:
   !"!  # #
 ( , , ) =  cos(  ) +  sin(  )  ( , ), where  = 2  −  2  2 , (1)
   !"!  # #
 ( , , )=  cosh(  ) +  sinh(  )  ( , ), where  = 2
 + 2 2
  , (2)
    # #  %%
 ( , , ) =  cos(  ) +  sin(  )$ ( , ), where  +  = −(  &  )  , 2
(3)
    # #  %%
 ( , , )=  cosh(  ) +  sinh(  )  ( , ), where  +  = ( &  )  ,2
(4)
   )
    *  # #
 ( , , ) = exp  ( , ( ), ( = , where  ='  . (5)
2' 2

For particular solutions of equations (1) and (2) for the function  ( , ), see the Klein–Gordon
equation 4.1.3. For particular solutions of equations (3) and (4) for the function  ( , ), see
Subsection 7.3.2. For particular solutions of the heat equation (5) for the function  ( , ( ), see
Subsection 1.1.1.

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3 . Fundamental solution:
+

 ( −- ) 1 for  ≥ 0,
( , , )= ,  , ( ) = 0
2.  /  2 2 −- 2 , 0 for  < 0,

where - = 2 + 2.

4 . Infinite series solutions that contain arbitrary4 functions

4 of the space variables:
  
 354 (  )2 2 2
 ( , , ) = 1 ( , )+ 2 ≡  + 
4 1 ( , ), 2 2
,
(26 )! 7 4 7
=1

 9 8  53 4 (  )2 8
 ( , , ) = ( , )+ 2 ( , ),
(26 + 1)! 7
=1
8
where 1 ( , ) and ( , ) are any infinitely  ! differentiable functions. The first solution satisfies
the initial conditions  ( ,  ,! 0) = 1 ( , ),8  ( , , 0) = 0 and the second solution to8 the initial
conditions  ( , , 0) = 0,  ( , , 0) = ( , ). The sums are finite if 1 ( , ) and ( , ) are
bivariate polynomials.
:<;
Reference: A. V. Bitsadze and D. F. Kalinichenko (1985).

5 . A wide class of solutions to the wave equation with two space variables are described by the
formulas  
 ( , , ) = Re = (> ) and  ( , , ) = Im = (> ). (6)

Here, = (> ) is an arbitrary analytic function of the complex argument > related to the variables ( , , )
by the implicit relation 
 − ( − 0 )> + ( − 0 ) / 1 − > 2 = ? (> ), (7)
where ? (> ) is any analytic function and 0 , 0 are arbitrary constants. Solutions of the forms (6), (7)
find wide application in the theory of diffraction. If the argument > obtained by solving (7) with
a prescribed ? (> ) is real in some domain @ , then one should set Re = (> ) = = (> ) in relation (6)
everywhere in @ .
:<;
Reference: V. I. Smirnov (1974, Vol. 3, Pt. 2).

6 . Suppose  =  ( , , ) is a solution of the wave equation. Then the functions
 A  A  A 
 =  ( + + +
1 1, 2, 3 ),
 
−2
 −B −B 
2 =   , ,  ,
1 − ( B &  )2 1 − ( B &  )2

     
3 =   , , ,
|- 2 − - 2− 2 2 - 2− 2 2 - 2− 2 2
2 2|
   
   +  1 ( 2 2 − - 2 ) +  2 ( 2 2 − - 2 )  +  3( 2 2 − - 2 )
4 = , , ,
/ C C C  C
 
2
- = 2 + 2 , C = 1 − 2(  1 +  2 −   3 ) + (  12 +  22 −  32 )(- 2 −  2 2 ),
A
where  ,  1 ,A  2 ,  3 ,  1 ,  2 ,  3 , B , and are arbitrary constants, are also solutions of the equation.
The signs at in the expression of  can be taken independently of one another. The function 
1 2
results from the invariance of the wave equation under the Lorentz transformation.
More detailed information about particular solutions and transformations of the wave equation
with two space variables can be found in the references cited below.
:<;
References: E. Kalnins and W. Miller, Jr. (1975, 1976), W. Miller, Jr. (1977).

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 2 E 2H
2
DF

5.1.1-2. Domain: − J < < J , −J < < J . Cauchy problem.

Initial conditions are prescribed:

 = 1 ( , ) at = 0,
 ! 8 
 = ( , ) at = 0.

Solution (Poisson’s formula):

 8
 1   K K 1 (P , Q ) R P R Q 1 K K (P , Q ) R P R Q
 ( , , )=   +   ,
2.  L MON  2 2 − (P − ) − (Q − )
2 2 2 .  L MON  2 2 − ( P − )2 − ( Q − )2

where the integration is performed over the interior of the circle of radius  with center at ( , ).
:<;
References: N. S. Koshlyakov, E. B. Gliner, and M. M. Smirnov (1970), A. N. Tikhonov and A. A. Samarskii (1990).

5.1.1-3. Domain: 0 ≤ ≤ S 1, 0 ≤ ≤ S 2 . First boundary value problem.

A rectangle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:

 = 1 0 ( , ) at =0 (initial condition),
 ! 
 = 1 1 ( , ) at =0 (initial condition),
8 
 = 1( , ) at =0 (boundary condition),
8 
 = 2( , ) at =S1 (boundary condition),
8 
 = 3( , ) at =0 (boundary condition),
8 
 = ( , ) at =S2 (boundary condition).
4

Solution:

 1 2  1 2 
 ( , , )=   K T K T 1 0 (P , Q ) ? ( , , P , Q , ) R Q R P +K T K T 1 1 (P , Q ) ? ( , , P , Q , ) R Q R P
!0 0 0 0

2 8 
+  2K K T 1 (Q , ( ) U  ? ( , , P , Q , − ( )V W R Q R (
0! 0 P =0
2 8

− X 2K K T 2 (Q , ( ) U Y ? (Z , [ , P , Q , \ − ( )V W R Q R (
0! 0 P =
Y 1

1 8
T
+ X 2K K T 3 (P , ( ) U Y ? (Z , [ , P , Q , \ − ( )V ] R P R (
0! 0 Q =0
Y
1 8
− X 2K K T 4 (P , ( ) U Y ? (Z , [ , P , Q , \ − ( )V ] R P R ( ,
0 0 Q =
Y 2
T
where
4 4 4
34 3 4 A
4 A 1 sin(_
? (Z , [ , P , Q , \ ) = 2 2 Z ) sin( ` ^ [ ) sin(_ P ) sin( ` ^ Q ) sin( X ^ \ ),
X S 1 S 24 ^
=1 ^ =1 4
6 . . A
_ = , ` ^ = a , ^ = b _ 2c + ` 2^ .
S1 S2

The problem of vibration of a rectangular membrane with sides S 1 and S 2 rigidly fixed in its
contour is characterized by homogeneous boundary conditions, d e ≡ 0 ( f = 1, 2, 3, 4).
g<h
References: M. M. Smirnov (1964), B. M. Budak, A. A. Samarskii, and A. N. Tikhonov (1980).

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 5.1.1-4. Domain: 0 ≤ Z ≤ i 1 , 0 ≤ [ ≤ i 2 . Second boundary value problem.
A rectangle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
j
= k 0 (Z , [ ) at \ =0 (initial condition),
j
= k 1 (Z , [ ) at \ =0 (initial condition),
Y l j
= d 1 ([ , \ ) at Z =0 (boundary condition),
Y m j
= d 2 ([ , \ ) at Z =i1 (boundary condition),
Y m j
= d 3 (Z , \ ) at [ =0 (boundary condition),
Y n j
= d 4 (Z , \ ) at [ =i2 (boundary condition).
Y n
Solution:
1 2 1 2
j
(Z , [ , \ ) = Y k 0 (q , r ) s (t , u , q , r , v ) w r w q + k 1 (q , r ) s (t , u , q , r , v ) w r w q
\ o 0p o 0p o 0p o 0p
Y
2
2 l
−X d 1 (r , x ) s (t , u , 0, r , v − x ) w r w x
o 0 o 0p
2
2 l
+X d 2 (r , x ) s (t , u , i 1 , r , v − x ) w r w x
o 0 o 0p
1
2 l
−X d 3 (q , x ) s (t , u , q , 0, v − x ) w q w x
o 0 o 0p
1
2 l
+X d 4 (q , x ) s (t , u , q , i 2, v − x ) w q w x ,
o 0 o 0p
where
v 2 z z c { }
s (t , u , q , r , v ) = + } c cos(~ c t ) cos(  { u ) cos(~ c q ) cos(  { r ) sin( X c { v ),
i 1i 2 X i 1i 2 c y { y {
=0 =0 |

} c
0 for = = 0,
~ c = €  ,  { = ‚  , { = b ~ 2c +  2{ , c { = ƒ 1 for € ‚
= 0 ( ≠ ),
i1 i2 € ‚ € ‚
2 for ≠ 0,
g<h | € ‚
References: A. G. Butkovskiy (1979), B. M. Budak, A. A. Samarskii, and A. N. Tikhonov (1980).

5.1.1-5. Domain: 0 ≤ t ≤ i 1 , 0 ≤ u ≤ i 2 . Third boundary value problem.

A rectangle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
j
= k 0 (t , u ) at v =0 (initial condition),
j
= k 1 (t , u ) at v =0 (initial condition),
Y l
j
− „ 1 j = d 1 (u , v ) at t =0 (boundary condition),
Y m j
+ „ 2 j = d 2 (u , v ) at t =i1 (boundary condition),
Y m j j
− „ 3 = d 3 (t , v ) at u =0 (boundary condition),
Y n j
+ „ 4 j = d 4 (t , v ) at u =i2 (boundary condition).
Y n
j
The solution (t , u , v ) is determined by the formula in Paragraph 5.1.1-4 where
4 z z 1
s (t , u , q , r , v ) =
c { †
sin(‡ c t + ‰ c ) sin( ˆ { u + Š { )
X cy y ‡ 2c + ˆ {2
=1 { =1

× sin(‡ c q + ‰ c ) sin( ˆ { r + Š { ) sin ‹ŒX vb ‡ 2c + ˆ {2  ,

‡ c ˆ { ( „ 1 „ 2 + ‡ 2c )( „ 1 + „ 2) ( „ 3 „ 4 + ˆ {2 )( „ 3 + „ 4)
‰ c = arctan , Š { = arctan , c { = Ž"i 1 + 
Ž i 2 + ,
i1 i2 ( „ 12 + ‡ 2c )( „ 22 + ‡ 2c )  ( „ 32 + ˆ {2 )( „ 42 + ˆ {2 ) 

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 2 ’ 2•
2
‘“
where the ‡ c and ˆ { are positive roots of the transcendental equations

‡ 2 − „ 1 „ 2 = ( „ 1 + „ 2 )‡ cot( i 1 ‡ ), ˆ 2 − „ 3 „ 4 = ( „ 3 + „ 4 ) ˆ cot( i 2 ˆ ).
g<h
References: B. M. Budak, A. A. Samarskii, and A. N. Tikhonov (1980).

5.1.1-6. Domain: 0 ≤ t ≤ i 1 , 0 ≤ u ≤ i 2 . Mixed boundary value problems.

1 — . A rectangle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:

j
= k 0 (t , u ) at v =0 (initial condition),
j
= k 1 (t , u ) at v =0 (initial condition),
Y l j
= d 1 (u , v ) at t =0 (boundary condition),
j
= d 2 (u , v ) at t =i1 (boundary condition),
j
= d 3 (t , v ) at u =0 (boundary condition),
Y n j
= d 4 (t , v ) at u =i2 (boundary condition).
Y n

Solution:

1 2 1 2
j
(t , u , v ) = Y k 0 (q , r ) s (t , u , q , r , v ) w r w q + k 1 (q , r ) s (t , u , q , r , v ) w r w q
v o 0p o 0p o 0p o 0p
Y
2
2 l
+X d 1 (r , x ) Ž Y s (t , u , q , r , v − x ) W w r w x
o 0 o 0p q  =0
Y
2
2 l
−X d 2 (r , x ) Ž Y s (t , u , q , r , v − x ) W w r w x
o 0 o 0p q  =1
Y
1
2 l p
−X d 3 (q , x ) s (t , u , q , 0, v − x ) w q w x
o 0 o 0p
1
2 l
+X d 4 (q , x ) s (t , u , q , i 2, v − x ) w q w x ,
o 0 o 0p

where

2 { z z }
s (t , u , q , r , v ) = } c sin(~ c t ) cos(  { u ) sin(~ c q ) cos(  { r ) sin( X c { v ),
X i 1i 2 c y { y {
=1 =0 |

{ = ˜ 1 for ‚ = 0,
} c
~ c = €  ,  { = ‚  , { = b ~ 2c +  2{ ,
i1 i2 2 for ≠ 0.
‚
|
2 — . A rectangle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:

j
= k 0 (t , u ) at v =0 (initial condition),
j
= k 1 (t , u ) at v =0 (initial condition),
Y l j
= d 1 (u , v ) at t =0 (boundary condition),
j
= d 2 (u , v ) at t =i1 (boundary condition),
Y m j
= d 3 (t , v ) at u =0 (boundary condition),
j
= d 4 (t , v ) at u =i2 (boundary condition).
Y n

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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 Solution:
1 2 1 2
j
(t , u , v ) = Y k 0 (q , r ) s (t , u , q , r , v ) w r w q + k 1 (q , r ) s (t , u , q , r , v ) w r w q
v o 0p o 0p o 0p o 0p
Y
2
2 l
+X d 1 (r , x ) Ž Y s (t , u , q , r , v − x ) W w r w x
o 0 o 0p q  =0
Y
2
2 l
+X d 2 (r , x ) s (t , u , i 1 , r , v − x ) w r w x
o 0 o 0p
1
2 l
+X d 3 (q , x ) Ž Y s (t , u , q , r , v − x ) w q w x
o 0 o 0p r  ™ =0
Y
1
2 l
+X d 4 (q , x ) s (t , u , q , i 2, v − x ) w q w x ,
o 0 o 0p
where
4 z z 1 }
s (t , u , q , r , v ) = } c sin(~ c t ) sin(  { u ) sin(~ c q ) sin(  { r ) sin( X c { v ),
X i 1i 2 c y { y {
=0 =0
(2 + 1) (2 + 1) } c
~ c =  € ,  { =  ‚ , { = b ~ 2c +  2{ .
2i 1 2i 2

5.1.2. Problems in Polar Coordinates

The wave equation with two space variables in the polar coordinate system has the form
2j 2j
1 j 1 2j
Y 2 =X 2š Y 2 + Y + 2 Y 2 , = † t 2 + u 2.
v ›
Y Y › › Y › › Y œ
One-dimensional solutions ž = ž ( , v ) that are independent of the angular coordinate are
› œ
considered in Subsection 4.2.1.

5.1.2-1. Domain: 0 ≤ ≤Ÿ ,0≤ ≤ 2 . First boundary value problem.

› œ 
A circle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
ž = 0 ( , ) at v = 0 (initial condition),
› œ
ž = 1 ( , ) at v = 0 (initial condition),
Y ¡ › œ
ž = d ( ,v ) at =Ÿ (boundary condition).
œ ›
Solution:
2¢ 2¢
ž ( , ,v ) = Y 0 (q , r ) s ( , , q , r , v )q w q w r + 1 (q , r ) s ( , , q , r , v )q w q w r
› œ v o 0 o 0£ › œ o 0 o 0£ › œ
Y 2¢
¡
− ¤ 2Ÿ s ( , ,q ,r ,v −x ) d (r , x ) Ž ¥
w r w x .
o 0 o 0 › œ  ¦ = q
¥ §
Here, § §
§ § § £ § § §
1 z¨§ z
s ( , ,q ,r ,v ) = © (‡ { ) © (‡ { q ) cos[ ( − r )] sin(‡ { ¤ v ),
› œ ¤ Ÿ 2 y {y ‡ { [ © ª (‡ § { Ÿ )]2 › € œ
 =0 =1 |
§
0 = 1, = 2 ( = 1, 2, ««« ),
§ € §
where the © (q ) are the Bessel| functions| (the prime denotes the derivative with respect to the
argument) and the ‡ { are positive roots of the transcendental equation © (‡ Ÿ ) = 0.
The problem of vibration of a circular membrane of radius Ÿ rigidly fixed in its contour is
characterized
¬<­
by the homogeneous boundary condition, d ( , v ) ≡ 0.
œ
References: N. S. Koshlyakov, E. B. Gliner, and M. M. Smirnov (1970), A. G. Butkovskiy (1979), B. M. Budak,
A. A. Samarskii, and A. N. Tikhonov (1980).

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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 2 ’ 2•
2
‘“

5.1.2-2. Domain: 0 ≤ ≤Ÿ ,0≤ ≤ 2 . Second boundary value problem.

› œ 
A circle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:

ž = 0( , ) at v =0 (initial condition),
œ ›
ž = 1 ( , ) at v =0 (initial condition),
¥ ¡ › œ
ž = d ( ,v ) at =Ÿ (boundary condition).
¥ ® œ ›
Solution:
2¢ 2¢
ž ( , ,v ) = ¥ 0 (q , r ) s ( , , q , r , v )q w q w r + 1 (q , r ) s ( , , q , r , v )q w q w r
› œ v o 0 o 0£ › œ o 0 o 0£ › œ
¥
2¢
¡
+ ¤ 2Ÿ d (r , x ) s ( , , Ÿ , r , v − x ) w r w x .
o 0 o 0 › œ

Here, § § § § § §
§
§‡ § §
v )© 1 z5§ z { © (‡ { (‡ { q )
s ( , ,q ,r ,v ) = + § › cos[ ( − r )] sin(‡ { ¤ v ),
› œ Ÿ 2 y =0 { y =1 | (‡ 2 { Ÿ 2 − 2 )[ © (‡ { Ÿ )]2
¤ € œ
  €
§ 0 = 1, = 2§ ( = 1, 2, ««« ),
€
§ | |
where the © (q ) are the Bessel functions and the ‡ { are positive roots of the transcendental equation
© ª (‡ Ÿ ) = 0.
¬<­
References: A. G. Butkovskiy (1979), B. M. Budak, A. A. Samarskii, and A. N. Tikhonov (1980).

5.1.2-3. Domain: 0 ≤ ≤Ÿ ,0≤ ≤ 2 . Third boundary value problem.

› œ 
A circle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:

ž = 0( , ) at v =0 (initial condition),
œ ›
ž = 1 ( , ) at v =0 (initial condition),
¥ ¡ › œ
ž +„ ž = d ( ,v ) at =Ÿ (boundary condition).
¥ ® œ ›
The solution ž ( , , v ) is determined
§ by
§ the
§ formula
§ § in Paragraph
§ 5.1.2-2 where
› œ §
§ § §
1 z5§ z
{ © (‡ { ) © (‡ { q ) ‡
s ( , ,q ,r ,v ) = › cos[ ( − r )] sin(‡ { ¤ v ),
› œ ¤ y {y (‡ 2 { Ÿ 2 + „ § 2 Ÿ 2 − 2 )[ © (‡ { Ÿ )]2 € œ
 =0 =1 | €
§ 0 = 1, =2
§ ( = 1, 2, ««« ).
€
|
Here, the © (q ) are the Bessel functions and| the ‡ { § are positive roots of the transcendental equation
§
‡ © ª (‡ Ÿ ) + „ © (‡ Ÿ ) = 0.

5.1.2-4. Domain: Ÿ 1 ≤ ≤Ÿ 2, 0≤ ≤ 2 . First boundary value problem.

› œ 
An annular domain is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:

ž = 0( , ) at v =0 (initial condition),
œ ›
ž = 1 ( , ) at v =0 (initial condition),
¥ ¡ › œ
ž = d 1( , v ) at =Ÿ 1 (boundary condition),
œ ›
ž = d 2( , v ) at =Ÿ 2 (boundary condition).
œ ›

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 Solution:
2¢ 2 2¢ 2

ž ( , ,v ) = ¥ 0 (q , r ) s ( , , q , r , v )q w q w r + 1 (q , r ) s ( , , q , r , v )q w q w r
› œ v o 0 o £1 › œ o 0 o £1 › œ
¥
2¢
¡ £ £w r w x
+ ¤ 2Ÿ 1 d 1 (r , x ) Ž ¥ s ( , , q , r , v − x )
o 0 o 0 q › œ  ¦ =
¥ 1
2¢
¡ £
− ¤ 2Ÿ 2 d 2 (r , x ) Ž ¥ s ( , , q , r , v − x ) w r w x .
o 0 o 0 q › œ  ¦ =
¥ 2

Here, £
§ ¯ § § § § § §
z5§ z
s ( , ,q ,r ,v ) =  { q ) cos[ ( − r )] sin(‡ { ° (‡ { )° (‡ { ¤ v ),
› œ 2¤ § § € œ
y =0 { y =1 › §
§ ¯ §
| § § §
1 ² 2 for = 0, ‡ { © 2 ( ‡ §{ Ÿ 2 )
§ = ±§ § € § § {§ = 2 § § §2 § ,
1 for ≠ 0, © (‡ { Ÿ 1 ) − © (‡ { Ÿ 2 )
€
§ | ° (§ ‡ { ) = © (‡ { Ÿ 1 ) ³ (‡ { ) − ³ (‡ § { Ÿ 1 ) © (‡ { ),
› › ›
where the © ( ) and ³ ( ) are§ the Bessel
§
functions,
§
and the§ ‡ { are positive roots of the transcen-
› ›
dental equation
© (‡ Ÿ 1 )³ (‡ Ÿ 2) −³ (‡ Ÿ 1) © (‡ Ÿ 2) = 0.

5.1.2-5. Domain: Ÿ 1 ≤ ≤Ÿ 2, 0≤ ≤ 2 . Second boundary value problem.

› œ 
An annular domain is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:

ž = 0( , ) at ´ =0 (initial condition),
›
œ
ž = 1 ( , ) at ´ =0 (initial condition),
¥ ¡ › œ
ž = d 1( , ´ ) at =Ÿ 1 (boundary condition),
¥ ® œ ›
ž = d 2( , ´ ) at =Ÿ 2 (boundary condition).
¥ ® œ ›
Solution:
2¢ 2 2¢ 2

ž ( , ,´ ) = ¥ 0 (¶ , · ) ¸ (¹ , , ¶ , · , ´ )¶ º ¶ º · + 1 (¶ , · ) ¸ (¹ , , ¶ , · , ´ )¶ º ¶ º ·
› œ ´ µ 0 µ £1 œ µ 0 µ £1 œ
¥
2½
− ¤ 2» 1
£ d 1 (· , ¾ ) ¸ (¹ , , » 1 , · , ´ − ¾ ) º · º ¾ £
µ 0¼ µ 0 œ
2½
+ ¿ 2» 2 d 2 (· , ¾ ) ¸ (¹ , , » 2 , · , ´ − ¾ ) º · º ¾ .
µ 0¼ µ 0 œ

Here, Â Å Â Â Å Â Â Å Â Å Â
Å Â Å Â Å Â Â Å Â
´ 1 5Á Â Á Ã Æ ( Ã Â ¹ ) Æ ( Ã ¶ ) cos[ ( − · )] sin( Ã ¿ ´ )
¸ (¹ , , ¶ , · , ´ ) = »( 2 −Å »  2) + ¿  À Å Â À » € œ ,
 Š 2 2) Æ Â 2Å (  à » 2) − (Å Â 2 à » 2 − 2) Æ 2 ( à » 1)
2−
œ ( 2 Ã
 2 1
 =0 à =1 Ä € 1
€
Æ Â ( Ã ¹ ) = Ç È ( Ã » 1) ³ ( Â Ã ¹ ) − ³ È ( Â Ã » 1) Ç ( Ã ¹ ),
Å Â
where 0 = 1 and = 2 for = 1, 2, ÉÉÉ ; the Ç (¹ ) and ³ (¹ ) are the Bessel functions; and the
€
à are positive roots of the transcendental
 Š Šequation
 Š Å
Ä Ä
Ç È ( » 1 ) ³ È ( » 2 ) − ³ È ( » 1 ) Ç È ( » 2 ) = 0.

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 2 Ë 2Î
2
ÊÌ

5.1.2-6. Domain: » 1 ≤¹ ≤» 2, 0≤ ≤ 2 . Third boundary value problem.

œ 
An annular domain is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
Ð
= Ñ 0 (¹ , ) at Ò =0 (initial condition),
Ó Ð œ
= Ñ 1 (¹ , ) at Ò =0 (initial condition),
Ó Ô Ð œ
− Õ 1¼ Ð = d 1 ( , Ò ) at ¹ =» 1 (boundary condition),
Ó Ô Ð œ
+ Õ 2 Ð = d 2( , Ò ) at ¹ =» 2 (boundary condition).
œ
Ð
The solution (¹ , , Ò ) is determined
 Šby
 the
 formula
Å Â ÂinÅ Paragraph
 5.1.2-5 whereÅ Â
œ
Å Â Å Å Â Â Å Â
1 Â
5
Á Ã Æ ( Ã Â ¹ ) Æ ( Ã ¶ ) cos[ (
Á Â
− · )] sin( Ã ¿ Ò )
¸ (¹ , , ¶ , · , Ò ) = € œ ,
œ ¿ ÂÀ ŠàÀ
=0 =1
( Õ 22» Å 22Â +Ä 2Â Ã Å » Â 22 − 2) Æ 2 ( Â Ã Å » Â 2) − ( Õ 12» Â 12 +
Å Â 2 Ã » 2 − 2) Æ 2 (
1
à » 1)
 € €
Æ ( à ¹ ) = Ö Å Â Ã Ç È Â ( Å Â Ã » 1) − Õ 1 Ç Â ( Å Â Ã » 1)×Ø Â ( Å Â Ã ¹ )

 −Ö Ã Ø È( à » 1) − Õ 1 Ø (  à » 1) × Ç ( à ¹ ).
Å Â
Here, 0 = 1 and = 2 for Ù = 1, 2, ÉÉÉ ; the Ç (¹ ) and Ø (¹ ) are the Bessel functions; and the
à are
Å positive
 Šroots  ofŠthe transcendental
Å Â Å equation
 Å
Ä Ä
» ( » Ö Ø È ( » 2 )Å + Õ Â 2 Ø Å ( » Â Å Å Â Å Â Å
Ö Ç È ( 1) − Õ 1 Ç 1 )× 2 )×

= Ö Ø È( » 1) − Õ 1Ø ( » 1 )× Ö Ç È ( » 2) + Õ 2 Ç ( » 2 )× .

5.1.2-7. Domain: 0 ≤ ¹ ≤ » , 0 ≤ ≤ 0. First boundary value problem.

œ œ
A circular sector is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
Ð
= Ñ 0 (¹ , ) at Ò =0 (initial condition),
Ó Ð œ
= Ñ 1 (¹ , ) at Ò =0 (initial condition),
Ð œ
= d 1( , Ò ) at ¹ =» (boundary condition),
¼ œ
Ð
= d 2 (¹ , Ò ) at =0 (boundary condition),
Ð œ
= d 3 (¹ , Ò ) at = 0 (boundary condition).
œ œ
Solution:
Ó 0 0
Ð
(¹ , , Ò ) = Ó Ñ 0 (¶ , · ) ¸ (¹ , , ¶ , · , Ò )¶ º ¶ º · + Ñ 1 (¶ , · ) ¸ (¹ , , ¶ , · , Ò )¶ º ¶ º ·
œ Ò µ 0Ú µ 0Û œ µ 0Ú µ 0Û œ
0
Ó
− ¿ 2» d 1 ( · , ¾ ) Ü Ó ¸ ( ¹ , , ¶ , · , Ò − ¾ )Ý Þ º · º ¾
µ 0¼ µ 0Ú ¶ œ =
Ó
1
+¿ 2
d 2 ( ¶ , ¾ ) Ü Ó ¸ ( ¹ , , ¶ , · , Ò − ¾ )Ý ß Û º ¶ º ¾
µ 0¼ µ 0Û ¶ · œ =0
Ó
2 1
−¿ d 3 (¶ , ¾ ) Ü Ó ¸ ( ¹ , , ¶ , · , Ò − ¾ )Ý ß º ¶ º ¾ .
µ 0¼ µ 0Û ¶ · œ = 0

Here, Â Å Â Â Å Â Ú
Å Â
ÁÂ Á Å Â Â Å Â
4 Ç ½ à 0( Ã ¹ ) Ç ½ à 0( Ã ¶ ) Ù â Ù â ·
¸ (¹ , , ¶ , · , Ò ) = » 2 » 2
sin á œ sin á sin( à ¿ Ò ),
à [Ç È Ã
œ  ¿
œ
0 À À
=1 Ã =1 Ú ½ à 0( Ú Å )] Â
œ
0 ã
œ
0 ã
 Å
where the Ç ½ à 0 (¹ ) are the Bessel functions and
Ú the à are positive roots of the transcendental
equation Ç ½ à 0 ( » ) = 0.
Ú
Ú

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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5.1.2-8. Domain: 0 ≤ ¹ ≤ » , 0 ≤ ≤ 0. Second boundary value problem.
œ œ
A circular sector is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
Ð
= Ñ 0 (¹ , ) at Ò =0 (initial condition),
Ó Ð œ
= Ñ 1 (¹ , ) at Ò =0 (initial condition),
Ó Ô Ð œ
= d 1( , Ò ) at ¹ =» (boundary condition),
¼ œ
−1 Ó Ð
¹ = d 2 (¹ , Ò ) at =0 (boundary condition),
œ
−1 Ó Ð
¹ Ú = d 3 (¹ , Ò ) at = 0 (boundary condition).
œ œ
Solution: Ú
Ó 0 0
Ð
(¹ , , Ò ) = Ó Ñ 0 (¶ , · ) ¸ (¹ , , ¶ , · , Ò )¶ º ¶ º · + Ñ 1 (¶ , · ) ¸ (¹ , , ¶ , · , Ò )¶ º ¶ º ·
œ Ò µ 0Ú µ 0Û œ µ 0Ú µ 0Û œ
0
+ ¿ 2» d 1 (· , ¾ ) ¸ (¹ , , » , · , Ò − ¾ ) º · º ¾
µ 0¼ µ 0Ú œ

2
−¿ d 2 (¶ , ¾ ) ¸ (¹ , , ¶ , 0, Ò − ¾ ) º ¶ º ¾
µ 0¼ µ 0Û œ

2
+¿ d 3 (¶ , ¾ ) ¸ (¹ , , ¶ , 0 , Ò − ¾ ) º ¶ º ¾ .
µ 0¼ µ 0Û œ œ
Here, Å Â Â Å Â Â Å Â

2Ò 4 0 ÁÂ Á Ã ÅÇ Â ½ à ( Ã ¹ )Ç Â ½ à (Å Â Ã ¶ )
¸ (¹ , , ¶ , · , Ò ) = » 2 + œ 0 0

œ ¿ À à À (» 2 2 2 à » 2
œ
0
=0 =1 − 2 2
Ú Ù â ) ÖäÇ ½ à Ú 0 ( à Š )×
œ 0
Ù â Ù â ·
Â × cosÅ á  œ cos á Ú sin( à ¿ Ò ),
0 ã 0 ã
 Šœ œ
where the Ç ½ à 0 (¹ ) are the Bessel functions and the à are positive roots of the transcendental
equation Ç È ½ à 0 ( » ) = 0.
Ú
Ú
5.1.2-9. Domain: 0 ≤ ¹ ≤ » , 0 ≤ ≤ 0. Mixed boundary value problem.
œ œ
A circular sector is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
Ð
= Ñ 0 (¹ , ) at Ò =0 (initial condition),
Ó Ð œ
= Ñ 1 (¹ , ) at Ò =0 (initial condition),
Ó Ô Ð œ
+ Õ¼ Ð = d ( ,Ò ) at ¹ =» (boundary condition),
Ó Ð œ
=0 at =0 (boundary condition),
Ó Ð œ
Ú
=0 at = 0 (boundary condition).
œ œ
Solution: Ú
Ó 0 0
Ð
(¹ , , Ò ) = Ó Ñ 0 (¶ , · ) ¸ (¹ , , ¶ , · , Ò )¶ º ¶ º · + Ñ 1 (¶ , · ) ¸ (¹ , , ¶ , · , Ò )¶ º ¶ º ·
œ Ò µ 0Ú µ 0Û œ µ 0Ú µ 0Û œ
0

+ ¿ 2» d (· , ¾ ) ¸ (¹ , , » , · , Ò − ¾ ) º · º ¾ .
µ 0¼ µ 0Ú œ
Here, Â Å Â Å Â Â Â Å Â
ÁÂ Á
¸ (¹ , , ¶ , · , Ò ) = Ã Ç eäå ( Ã ¹ ) Ç eäå ( Ã ¶ ) cos( f
Å Â ) cos( f · ) sin( Ã ¿ Ò ),
œ  À =0 à À =1  œ
Ä Å Â Â Å Â
Ù â 4 Ã
f = , Ã = 2
,
2 Ã » 2 + Õ 2 » 2 − f 2 ) Ö Ç eäå ( Ã » )×
œ
0 ¿ 0(
Ä œ

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 2 Ë 2Î
ÊÌ Å Â
2

where the Ç eäå (¹ ) are the Bessel functions à are positive roots of the transcendental
Å Å and the Å
equation
Ç eäÈ å ( » ) + Õ Ç eäå ( » ) = 0.

5.1.3. Axisymmetric Problems

In the axisymmetric case the wave equation in the cylindrical system of coordinates has the form
Ó 2Ð Ó 2Ð Ó Ó 2Ð
2 1 Ð
Ó 2 =¿ á Ó 2 + Ó + Ó æ 2 , ¹ = ç è 2 + é 2.
Ò ¹ ¹ ¹ ã
One-dimensional problems with axial symmetry that have solutions Ð = Ð (¹ , Ò ) are considered in
Subsection 4.2.1. æ
In theæ solution of the problems considered below, the modified Green’s function ê (¹ , , ¶ , · , Ò ) =
2â ¶ ¸ (¹ , , ¶ , · , Ò ) is used for convenience.
æ
5.1.3-1. Domain: 0 ≤ ¹ ≤ » , 0 ≤ ≤ ë . First boundary value problem.
A circular cylinder of finite length is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
Ð æ
= Ñ 0 (¹ , ) at Ò =0 (initial condition),
Ó Ð æ
= Ñ 1 (¹ , ) at Ò =0 (initial condition),
Ð æ
= d 1 ( , Ò ) at ¹ =» (boundary condition),
¼ æ
Ð
= d 2 (¹ , Ò ) at =0 (boundary condition),
Ð æ
= d 3 (¹ , Ò ) at =ë (boundary condition).
Solution:
Ó
Ð æ æ æ
(¹ , , Ò ) = Ó Ñ 0 (¶ , · ) ê (¹ , , ¶ , · , Ò ) º ¶ º · + Ñ 1 (¶ , · ) ê (¹ , , ¶ , · , Ò ) º ¶ º ·
Ò µ 0ì µ 0Û µ 0ì µ 0Û
Ó
2 æ
−¿ 1 (· ,¾ ) Ü Ó ê ( ¹ , , ¶ , · , Ò − ¾ )Ý Þ º · º ¾
µ 0¼ µ 0ì í ¶ =
Ó
æ ð
+ ¿ 2î î
2 ( ï , ¾ ) Ü Ó ð ê ( ñ , , ï , , Ò − ¾ )Ý ß
Û ï ¾
0¼ 0Û í =0 ò ò
Ó
2î î æ ð
−¿ 3 (ï , ¾ ) Ü Ó ð ê ( ñ , , ï , , Ò − ¾ )Ý ß ï ¾ .
0¼ 0Û í = ò ò
Å Â Å Â Â
Here,
ì æ ð
Å Â Â
æ ð 4ï Á  Á 1 ñ ï â â sin öŒ÷ Òùø ú à û
ê (ñ , , ï , , Ò ) = ó 2 Ç 0á ó Ç 0á ó sin á õ sin á õ ,
ë ô Ã ô =1 Ç 12( ) ã Å Â ã ë ã ë ã ÷ ø ú Ã
=1 Â
2
â 2 2
Å Â ú Ã = ó 2
+ õ2 Å ,
ë
where the are positive zeros of the Bessel function, Ç 0 ( ) = 0.

ó æ
5.1.3-2. Domain: 0 ≤ ñ ≤ ,0≤ ≤ ë . Second boundary value problem.
A circular cylinder of finite length is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
Ð æ
= Ñ 0 (ñ , ) at Ò =0 (initial condition),
Ó ü Ð æ
= Ñ 1 (ñ , ) at Ò =0 (initial condition),
Ó Ô Ð æ ó
= 1 ( , Ò ) at ñ = (boundary condition),
Ó ý Ð í æ
= 2 (ñ , Ò ) at =0 (boundary condition),
Ó ý Ð í æ
= 3 (ñ , Ò ) at =ë (boundary condition).
í

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 Solution:
Ó
Ð æ î î ð æ ð ð ð æ ð ð
(ñ , , Ò ) = Ó Ñ 0 (ï , ) ê (ñ , , ï , , Ò ) ï +î î Ñ 1 (ï , ) ê (ñ , , ï , , Ò ) ï
Ò ü0 ì 0Û ò ò 0ì 0Û ò ò
ð æ ó ð ð
+ ÷ 2î î
1 ( , þ ) ê (ñ , , , , Ò − þ ) þ
0ü 0ì í ò ò
æ
− ÷ 2î î
2 ( ï , þ ) ê ( ñ , , ï , 0, Ò − þ ) ï þ
0ü Û
0 í ò ò
æ
+ ÷ 2î î
3 (ï , þ ) ê (ñ , , ï , ë , Ò − þ ) ï þ .
0 0Û í ò ò

Here,

æ ð 2Òÿï 2ï
  
ñ  
ï
ê (ñ , , ï , , Ò ) = ó 2 + ó 2  2 0 ó  0 ó 
ë ë
ô =0  ô =0 0 ( 
)
ð
sin öŒ÷ ø ú
 û
× cos  õ   cos  õ   ,
÷ ø ú


2


2 2 
0 for = 0, = 0,
õ
ú
 = ó 2
+  õ2 ,
 = 1 for = 0, > 0,
õ
2 for > 0,
õ

where the 
are zeros of the first-order Bessel function, 1 ( ) = 0 ( 0 = 0).

ó
5.1.3-3. Domain: 0 ≤ ñ ≤ ,0≤ ≤ . Third boundary value problem.
A circular cylinder of finite length is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:

=  0 ( , ) at =0 (initial condition),
 ü 
=  1 (  , ) at =0 (initial condition),
   
+ 1 =  1( , ) at  =  (boundary condition),
 ý  
− 2 =  2 ( , ) at =0 (boundary condition),
 ý  
+ 3 =  3 ( , ) at = (boundary condition).

The solution  ( , , ) is determined by the formula in Paragraph 5.1.3-2 where

2
 2 
 
  
  ( )  ( ) sin   !
 "
( , ,  ,  , ) = 2  0  0      ,
 2 

=1  =1 (  1 
2 +  2
) 02(
 )    2   !


2

 2
!
 = + # 2 ,  ( ) = cos(#  )+ sin(#  ),
 2  # 
2 2 2
  2  3 #  +  2  2  2
 = + +  1+  .
 2 # 2 # 2 +  32 2 # 2 2 #  2

Here, the 
and #  are positive roots of the transcendental equations

  tan(# )  2 + 3
 1 ( )− 1 0 ( ) = 0, = .
# # 2 −  2 3

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5.1.3-4. Domain: 0 ≤  ≤  ,0≤ ≤ . Mixed boundary value problems.

1 + . A circular cylinder of finite length is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:

=  0 ( , ) at =0 (initial condition),
 , 
=  1 ( , ) at =0 (initial condition),

=  1 ( , ) at  = (boundary condition),
 - 
=  2 ( , ) at =0 (boundary condition),
 - 
=  3 ( , ) at = (boundary condition).

Solution:

  
( , , ) =   0 ( ,  ) ( , ,  ,  , ) 0  0  +  1 ( ,  ) ( , ,  ,  , ) 0  0 
. ,0 ì . 0 / . 0ì . 0/

2 
−  1 ( ,1 ) 2  (  , ,  ,  , − 1 )3 4 0  0 1
. 0 . 0ì  =
,

2 
−  2 ( , 1 ) ( , ,  , 0, − 1 ) 0  0 1 /
. 0, . 0/

2 
+  3 ( , 1 ) ( , ,  , , − 1 ) 0  0 1 .
. 0 . 0/

Here,

 2 5 5  6 7
 6 7
  sin    !
 "
( , ,  ,  , ) = 2  
6 2 0  0  cos  8   cos  8   ,

=1  =0 1 ( 7 )

    !


2 2 2
7
 1 for = 0,
!
 = +  82 ,  = 9 8
 2 2 for > 0,
8
6
where the 7
are positive zeros of the Bessel function, 0 (7 ) = 0.
2 + . A circular cylinder of finite length is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:

=  0 ( , ) at =0 (initial condition),
 , 
=  1 (  , ) at =0 (initial condition),
  
=  1( , ) at  = (boundary condition),

=  2 ( , ) at =0 (boundary condition),

=  3 ( , ) at = (boundary condition).

Solution:

  
( , , ) =   0 ( ,  ) ( , ,  ,  , ) 0  0  +  1 ( ,  ) ( , ,  ,  , ) 0  0 
. ,0 ì . 0 / . 0ì . 0/

2 
+  1 ( , 1 ) ( , ,  ,  , − 1 ) 0  0 1
. 0, . 0ì

2 
+  2 ( ,1 ) 2  (  , ,  ,  , − 1 )3 : 0  0 1
. 0 . 0/  =0
,

2 
−  3 ( ,1 ) 2  (  , ,  ,  , − 1 )3 : 0  0 1 .
. 0 . 0/  =

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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Here,
 4 5 5 1 6 7
 6 7
  sin   !
 "
( , ,  ,  , ) = 2  
6
2
0  0  sin  8   sin  8   ,

=0  =1 0 (7 )     !


2 2 2
7

!
 = 2
+  82 ,
 6
where the 7
are zeros of the first-order Bessel function, 1 (7 ) = 0 (7 0 = 0).

5.1.3-5. Domain:  1 ≤ ≤  2, 0≤ ≤ . First boundary value problem.

A hollow circular cylinder of finite length is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:

=  0 ( , ) at =0 (initial condition),
 , 
=  1 ( , ) at =0 (initial condition),

=  1 ( , ) at  = 1 (boundary condition),

=  2( , ) at  = 2 (boundary condition),

=  3 ( , ) at =0 (boundary condition),

=  4 ( , ) at = (boundary condition).
Solution:

2 2
  
( , , ) =   0 ( ,  ) ( , ,  ,  , ) 0  0  +  1 ( ,  ) ( , ,  ,  , ) 0  0 
. 0ì . /1 . 0ì . /1
,

2 
+ /  (
1 ,1 ) 2  (  , ,  ,  , − 1 )3 4 0 / 0 1
. 0 . 0ì  =
, 1

2 
−  2 ( ,1 ) 2  (  , ,  ,  , − 1 )3 4 / 0  0 1
. 0 . 0ì  =
, 2

2
2 
+  3 ( ,1 ) 2  (  , ,  ,  , − 1 )3 :/ 0  0 1
. 0 . /1  =0
,

2
2 / 
−  4 ( ,1 ) 2  (  , ,  ,  , − 1 )3 : 0  0 1 .
. 0 . /1  =
Here,
2
/
26 2
ì
  5 7
0 ( ;<7
)
5  sin    !
 "
( , ,  ,  , ) = 
2 6 2 6
( )
( ) sin  8   sin  8   ,
 
) − 2( <

=1  =1 0 ( 7 )=

!

1 0 ; 7 =  

2 2 2
6 7
 6 7
  2 7


( ) = > 0( 7
) 0  − 0( 7
)> 0  , ; = , !
 = 2
+  82 ,
=  1  1  1  1
6
where 0 (7 ) and > 0 (7 ) are the Bessel functions, and the 7
are positive roots of the transcendental
equation
6 6
0 ( 7 ) > 0 ( ;<7 ) − 0 ( ;<7 ) > 0 ( 7 ) = 0.

5.1.3-6. Domain:  1 ≤  ≤  2 , 0 ≤ ≤ . Second boundary value problem.

A hollow circular cylinder of finite length is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:

=  0 ( , ) at =0 (initial condition),
 , 
=  1 ( , ) at =0 (initial condition),
  
=  1( , ) at  =  1 (boundary condition),
  
=  2( , ) at  =  2 (boundary condition),
 - 
=  3 ( , ) at =0 (boundary condition),
 - 
=  4 ( , ) at = (boundary condition).

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Solution:

2 2
  
( , , ) =   0 ( ,  ) ( , ,  ,  , ) 0  0  +  1 ( ,  ) ( , ,  ,  , ) 0  0 
. 0C . /1 . 0C . /1
, ,

2  2/ 
− /  (
1 , 1 ) ( , ,  1,  , −1 )0  0 1 +  2 ( , 1 ) ( , ,  2,  , −1 )0  0 1
. 0, . 0C . 0, . 0 C
2 2
2  2 
−  3 ( , 1 ) ( , ,  , 0, − 1 ) 0  0 1 +  4 ( , 1 ) ( , ,  , , − 1 ) 0  0 1 .
. 0 . /1 . 0 . /1

Here, / /

 2D 4 5 1  
( , ,  ,  , ) = 2 2
+ 2 2
cos  8   cos  8   sin  8  
( 2 −  1)  ( 2 − 
1 )  =1
 8
 6 2
2  7 2
sin 
1 ( ;<7
 5 5
)    !
 "
+ 
2 6 2 6 2
( )
( ) cos  8   cos  8   ,
2 1
 

=1  =0 1 ( 7

)−
1 ( ;<7

)= =   !


where
6 7
 6 7
  2

( ) = > 1 (7
) 0  − 1 (7
)> 0  , ; = ,
=  1  1  1
2 2 2
 1 for = 0, 7

 = 9 8 !
 = +  82 ;
2 for > 1,  2
1
8
6 E E
(7 ) and > (7 ) are the Bessel functions (  = 0, 1); and the 7
are positive roots of the transcendental
equation
6 6
1 (7 ) > 1 ( ;<7 ) − 1 ( ;<7 ) > 1 (7 ) = 0.

5.2. Nonhomogeneous Wave Equation

F
2G 2J H
F H
2 = I 2
G
+ K (L , M , )

5.2.1. Problems in Cartesian Coordinates

5.2.1-1. Domain: − N < O < N , −N <P < N . Cauchy problem.
Initial conditions are prescribed:

= Q (O , P ) at R = 0,
S , 
= T (O , P ) at R = 0.

Solution:
S
 1 Q (Z , [ ) \ Z \ [ 1 T (Z , [ ) \ Z \ [
(O , P , R ) = S ] + ]
2U V R
X
W W , V 2R 2 −^ 2 2U V W W ,
X ≤Y V 2R 2 −^ 2
, ≤Y
1 (Z , [ , b ) \ Z \ [ 2
+ ] \ b , ^ = ( Z − O )2 + ( [ − P )2 .
2U V W 0 _ X W ,W V 2 (R − b )2 − ^ 2c
≤Y ( −` ) a
dfe
Reference: N. S. Koshlyakov, E. B. Gliner, and M. M. Smirnov (1970).

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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 5.2.1-2. Domain: 0 ≤ O ≤ g 1 , 0 ≤ P ≤ g 2 . First boundary value problem.
A rectangle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
h
= Q 0 (O , P ) at R =0 (initial condition),
S , h
= Q 1 ( O , P ) at R =0 (initial condition),
h
= T 1 (P , R ) at O =0 (boundary condition),
h
= T 2 (P , R ) at O =g1 (boundary condition),
h
= T 3 (O , R ) at P =0 (boundary condition),
h
= T 4 (O , R ) at P =g2 (boundary condition).
h
The solution (O , P , R ) is given by the formula in Paragraph 5.1.1-3 with the additional term
,
1 2

(Z , [ , b ) i (O , P , Z , [ , R − b ) \ [ \ Z \ b ,
W 0 W 0C W 0C

which allows for the equation’s nonhomogeneity;

a this term is the solution of the nonhomogeneous
equation with homogeneous initial and boundary conditions.
dfe
Reference: B. M. Budak, A. A. Samarskii, and A. N. Tikhonov (1980).

5.2.1-3. Domain: 0 ≤ O ≤ g 1 , 0 ≤ P ≤ g 2 . Second boundary value problem.

A rectangle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
h
= Q 1 (O , P ) at R =0 (initial condition),
S , h
= Q 2 (O , P ) at R =0 (initial condition),
S j h
= T 1 (P , R ) at O =0 (boundary condition),
S j h
= T 2 (P , R ) at O =g1 (boundary condition),
S k h
= T 3 (O , R ) at P =0 (boundary condition),
S k h
= T 4 (O , R ) at P = g 2 (boundary condition).
The solution h (O , P , R ) is given by the formula in Paragraph 5.1.1-4 with the additional term
specified in Paragraph 5.2.1-2 (the Green’s function is taken from Paragraph 5.1.1-4).
dfe
References: A. G. Butkovskiy (1979), B. M. Budak, A. A. Samarskii, and A. N. Tikhonov (1980).

5.2.1-4. Domain: 0 ≤ O ≤ g 1 , 0 ≤ P ≤ g 2 . Third boundary value problem.

A rectangle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
h
= Q 1 (O , P ) at R =0 (initial condition),
S , h
= Q 2 (O , P ) at R =0 (initial condition),
S j h h
−l 1 = T 1 (P , R ) at O =0 (boundary condition),
S j h h
+l 2 = T 2 (P , R ) at O =g1 (boundary condition),
S k h h
−l 3 = T 3 (O , R ) at P =0 (boundary condition),
S k h h
+l 4 = T 4 (O , R ) at P =g2 (boundary condition).
h
The solution (O , P , R ) is the sum of the solution to the homogeneous equation with non-
homogeneous initial and boundary conditions (see Paragraph 5.1.1-5) and the solution to the
nonhomogeneous equation with homogeneous initial and boundary conditions. This solution is
given by the formula in Paragraph 5.2.1-2 in which one should substitute the Green’s function of
Paragraph 5.1.1-5).
dfe
References: A. G. Butkovskiy (1979), B. M. Budak, A. A. Samarskii, and A. N. Tikhonov (1980).

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 2n
2q
2
m'o

5.2.1-5. Domain: 0 ≤ O ≤ g 1 , 0 ≤ P ≤ g 2 . Mixed boundary value problems.

1 s . A rectangle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
h
= Q 1 (O , P ) at R =0 (initial condition),
S t h
= Q 2 (O , P ) at R =0 (initial condition),
h
= T 1 (P , R ) at O =0 (boundary condition),
h
= T 2 (P , R ) at O =g1 (boundary condition),
S k h
= T 3 (O , R ) at P =0 (boundary condition),
S k h
= T 4 (O , R ) at P = g 2 (boundary condition).
The solution h (O , P , R ) is given by the formula in Paragraph 5.1.1-6, Item 1 s , with the additional
term specified in Paragraph 5.2.1-2.
2 s . A rectangle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
h
= Q 1 (O , P ) at R =0 (initial condition),
S t h
= Q 2 (O , P ) at R =0 (initial condition),
h
= T 1 (P , R ) at O =0 (boundary condition),
S j h
= T 2 (P , R ) at O =g1 (boundary condition),
h
= T 3 (O , R ) at P =0 (boundary condition),
S k h
= T 4 (O , R ) at P = g 2 (boundary condition).
The solution h (O , P , R ) is given by the formula in Paragraph 5.1.1-6, Item 2 s , with the additional
term specified in Paragraph 5.2.1-2.

5.2.2. Problems in Polar Coordinates

A nonhomogeneous wave equation in the polar coordinate system has the form
S
2h 2h h 2h
2u v 1 v 1 v
] {
S = V + + + (w , x , z ), w = 2 + | 2.
R 2 v w
2
w v w w
2
v x
2 y

a
One-dimensional boundary value problems independent of the angular coordinate x are consid-
ered in Subsection 4.2.2.

5.2.2-1. Domain: 0 ≤ w ≤ } , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2~ . First boundary value problem.

A circle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
h
=  0 (w , x ) at z =0 (initial condition),
t h
v =  1 (w , x ) at z =0 (initial condition),
h
= € ( x , z ) at w =} (boundary condition).
h
The solution (w , x , z ) is given by the formula in Paragraph 5.1.2-1 with the additional term
t
2
(Z , [ , b ) i (w , x , Z , [ , z − b )Z \ Z \ [ \ b , (1)
W 0 W 0 W 0‚

a
which allows for the equation’s nonhomogeneity; this term is the solution of the nonhomogeneous
equation with homogeneous initial and boundary conditions.
dfe
References: N. S. Koshlyakov, E. B. Gliner, and M. M. Smirnov (1970), B. M. Budak, A. A. Samarskii, and
A. N. Tikhonov (1980).

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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 5.2.2-2. Domain: 0 ≤ w ≤ } , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2~ . Second boundary value problem.
A circle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
h
=  0 (w , x ) at z =0 (initial condition),
t h
v =  1 (w , x ) at z =0 (initial condition),
h
v ƒ = € ( x , z ) at w =} (boundary condition).
h
The solution (w , x , z ) is given by the formula in Paragraph 5.1.2-2 with the additional term (1).
dfe
References: A. G. Butkovskiy (1979), B. M. Budak, A. A. Samarskii, and A. N. Tikhonov (1980).

5.2.2-3. Domain: 0 ≤ w ≤ } , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2~ . Third boundary value problem.

A circle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
h
=  0 (w , x ) at z =0 (initial condition),
t h
v =  1 ( w , x ) at z =0 (initial condition),
h h
v ƒ +l = € (x , z ) at w = } (boundary condition).

The solution h (w , x , z ) is the sum of the solution to the homogeneous equation with nonho-
mogeneous initial and boundary conditions (see Paragraph 5.1.2-3) and the solution to the nonho-
mogeneous equation with homogeneous initial and boundary conditions [this solution is given by
formula (1) in which one should substitute the Green’s function in Paragraph 5.1.2-3].
dfe
References: A. G. Butkovskiy (1979), B. M. Budak, A. A. Samarskii, and A. N. Tikhonov (1980).

5.2.2-4. Domain: } 1 ≤w ≤ } 2, 0≤ x ≤ 2~ . First boundary value problem.

An annular domain is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
h
=  0 (w , x ) at z =0 (initial condition),
t h
v =  1 ( w , x ) at z =0 (initial condition),
h
= € 1(x , z ) at w = } 1 (boundary condition),
h
= € 2(x , z ) at w = } 2 (boundary condition).
h
The solution (w , x , z ) is given by the formula in Paragraph 5.1.2-4 with the additional term
t
2 2
(Z , [ , b ) i (w , x , Z , [ , z − b )Z \ Z \ [ \ b , (2)
W 0 W 0 W ‚1

a
which allows for the equation’s nonhomogeneity;
‚ this term is the solution of the nonhomogeneous
equation with homogeneous initial and boundary conditions.

5.2.2-5. Domain: } 1 ≤w ≤ } 2, 0≤ x ≤ 2~ . Second boundary value problem.

An annular domain is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
h
=  0 (w , x ) at z =0 (initial condition),
t h
v =  1 (w , x ) at z =0 (initial condition),
h
v ƒ = € 1 ( x , z ) at w =} 1 (boundary condition),
h
v ƒ = € 2(x , z ) at w = } 2 (boundary condition).

The solution h (w , x , z ) is given by the formula in Paragraph 5.1.2-5 with the additional term (2).

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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 2n
2q
2
m'o

5.2.2-6. Domain: } 1 ≤w ≤ } 2, 0≤ x ≤ 2~ . Third boundary value problem.

An annular domain is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
h
=  0 (w , x ) at z =0 (initial condition),
t h
v =  1 (w , x ) at z =0 (initial condition),
h h
v ƒ −l 1 = € 1 (x , z ) at w = } 1 (boundary condition),
h h
v ƒ +l 2 = € 2 (x , z ) at w = } 2 (boundary condition).
h
The solution (w , x , z ) is the sum of the solution to the homogeneous equation with nonho-
mogeneous initial and boundary conditions (see Paragraph 5.1.2-6) and the solution to the nonho-
mogeneous equation with homogeneous initial and boundary conditions [this solution is given by
formula (2) in which one should substitute the Green’s function in Paragraph 5.1.2-6].

5.2.2-7. Domain: 0 ≤ w ≤ } ,0≤x ≤x 0. First boundary value problem.

A circular sector is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
h
=  0 (w , x ) at z =0 (initial condition),
t h
v =  1 (w , x ) at z =0 (initial condition),
h
= € 1 ( x , z ) at w =} (boundary condition),
h
= € 2 (w , z ) at x =0 (boundary condition),
h
= € 3 (w , z ) at x = x 0 (boundary condition).
h
The solution (w , x , z ) is given by the formula in Paragraph 5.1.2-7 with the additional term
t
0
(Z , [ , b ) i (w , x , Z , [ , z − b )Z \ Z \ [ \ b , (3)
W 0 W 0ˆ W 0‚

which allows for the equation’s nonhomogeneity.

a

5.2.2-8. Domain: 0 ≤ w ≤ } ,0≤x ≤x 0. Second boundary value problem.

A circular sector is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
h
=  0 (w , x ) at z =0 (initial condition),
t h
v =  1 (w , x ) at z =0 (initial condition),
h
v ƒ = € 1(x , z ) at w = } (boundary condition),
−1 h
w v = € 2 (w , z ) at x =0 (boundary condition),
−1 h
w v ˆ = € 3 (w , z ) at x =x 0 (boundary condition).
h
The solution (w , x , z )ˆ is given by the formula in Paragraph 5.1.2-8 with the additional term (3).

5.2.2-9. Domain: 0 ≤ w ≤ } ,0≤x ≤x 0. Mixed boundary value problem.

A circular sector is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
h
=  0 (w , x ) at z =0 (initial condition),
t h
v =  1 (w , x ) at z =0 (initial condition),
h h
v ƒ +l = € ( x , z ) at w =} (boundary condition),
h
v =0 at x =0 (boundary condition),
h
v ˆ =0 at x =x 0 (boundary condition).
The solution h (w , x , z ) is
ˆ given by the formula in Paragraph 5.1.2-9 with the additional term (3).

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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5.2.3. Axisymmetric Problems
In the axisymmetric case, a nonhomogeneous wave equation in the cylindrical system of coordinates
has the form
2h 2h h 2h
v 2u v 1 v v
] {

2
= ‰
2
+ + 2 y
+ (w , Š , z ), w = 2 + | 2.
v z v w w v w v Š
a

5.2.3-1. Domain: 0 ≤ w ≤ } , 0 ≤ Š ≤ g . First boundary value problem.

A circular cylinder of finite length is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
h
=  0 (w , Š ) at z =0 (initial condition),
t h
v =  1 (w , Š ) at z =0 (initial condition),
h
= € 1 (Š , z ) at w =} (boundary condition),
h
= € 2 (w , z ) at Š =0 (boundary condition),
h
= € 3 (w , z ) at Š = g (boundary condition).
The solution h (w , Š , z ) is given by the formula in Paragraph 5.1.3-1 with the additional term
t

(Z , [ , b ) ‹ (w , Š , Z , [ , z − b ) \ Z \ [ \ b , (1)
W 0 W 0C W 0‚

a
which allows for the equation’s nonhomogeneity; this term is the solution of the nonhomogeneous
equation with homogeneous initial and boundary conditions.

5.2.3-2. Domain: 0 ≤ w ≤ } , 0 ≤ Š ≤ g . Second boundary value problem.

A circular cylinder of finite length is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
h
=  0 (w , Š ) at z =0 (initial condition),
t h
v =  1 ( w , Š ) at z =0 (initial condition),
h
v ƒ = € 1(Š , z ) at w =} (boundary condition),
h
v Œ = € 2 (w , z ) at Š =0 (boundary condition),
h
v Œ = € 3 (w , z ) at Š =g (boundary condition).
The solution h (w , Š , z ) is given by the formula in Paragraph 5.1.3-2 with the additional term (1).

5.2.3-3. Domain: 0 ≤ w ≤ } , 0 ≤ Š ≤ g . Third boundary value problem.

A circular cylinder of finite length is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
h
=  0 (w , Š ) at z =0 (initial condition),
t h
v =  1 (w , Š ) at z =0 (initial condition),
h h
v ƒ +l 1 = € 1 ( Š , z ) at w =} (boundary condition),
h h
v Œ −l 2 = € 2 (w , z ) at Š =0 (boundary condition),
h h
v Œ +l 3 = € 3 (w , z ) at Š =g (boundary condition).
h
The solution (w , Š , z ) is the sum of the solution to the homogeneous equation with nonho-
mogeneous initial and boundary conditions (see Paragraph 5.1.3-3) and the solution to the nonho-
mogeneous equation with homogeneous initial and boundary conditions [this solution is given by
formula (1) in which one should substitute the Green’s function in Paragraph 5.1.3-3].

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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 2

 2 2

5.2.3-4. Domain: 0 ≤ ≤ ,0≤ ≤  . Mixed boundary value problems.

1  . A circular cylinder of finite length is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
 =  0 ( , ) at  =0 (initial condition),
 
=  1 ( , ) at  =0 (initial condition),
 =  1 ( ,  ) at = (boundary condition),
  
=  2( ,  ) at =0 (boundary condition),
  
=  3( ,  ) at = (boundary condition).
The solution  ( , ,  ) is given by the formula in Paragraph 5.1.3-4, Item 1  , with the additional
term (1).
2  . A circular cylinder of finite length is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
 =  0 ( , ) at  =0 (initial condition),
 
=  1 ( , ) at  =0 (initial condition),
  
=  1( ,  ) at = (boundary condition),
 =  2( ,  ) at =0 (boundary condition),

=  3 ( ,  ) at = (boundary condition).

The solution ( , ,  ) is given by the formula in Paragraph 5.1.3-4, Item 2  , with the additional
term (1).

5.2.3-5. Domain: 1 ≤ ≤ 2, 0≤ ≤  . First boundary value problem.

A hollow circular cylinder of finite length is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
 =  0 ( , ) at  =0 (initial condition),
 
=  1 ( , ) at  =0 (initial condition),
 =  1 ( ,  ) at = (boundary condition),
1
 =  2( ,  ) at = 2 (boundary condition),
 =  ( , ) at =0 (boundary condition),
3

=  4 ( ,  ) at = (boundary condition).

The solution ( , ,  ) is given by the formula in Paragraph 5.1.3-5 with the additional term
    2
( ,  ,  )  ( , ,  ,  ,  −  )    , (2)
0 0  1 
which allows for the equation’s nonhomogeneity; this term is the solution of the nonhomogeneous
equation with homogeneous initial and boundary conditions.

5.2.3-6. Domain: 1 ≤ ≤ 2, 0≤ ≤  . Second boundary value problem.

A hollow circular cylinder of finite length is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
 =  0 ( , ) at  =0 (initial condition),
 
=  1 ( , ) at  =0 (initial condition),
  
=  1 ( ,  ) at = 1 (boundary condition),
  
=  2( ,  ) at = 2 (boundary condition),
  
=  3( ,  ) at =0 (boundary condition),
  
=  4( ,  ) at = (boundary condition).
The solution  ( , ,  ) is given by the formula in Paragraph 5.1.3-6 with the additional term (2).

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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 2" 2%
5.3. Equations of the Form !
2 = $ 2
" – & " + ' (( , ) , # )
! #
5.3.1. Problems in Cartesian Coordinates
The two-dimensional nonhomogeneous Klein–Gordon equation with two space variables in the
rectangular Cartesian coordinate system is written as
 2
 2  2
, -
 2
=* 2 +  ,
2
+  - 2. − /  + ( , ,  ).
 

5.3.1-1. Fundamental solutions.

2
1  . Case / = − 0 < 0:

1 , - ( *  − ) cosh 450 6  2 − 27 * 2 8 , -
( , , ) = 2 , =6 2 + 2,
23 * 2 6  2 − 27 * 2

where ( ) is the Heaviside unit step function.

2
2
2  . Case / = 0 > 0:

1 , - ( *  − ) cos 490 6  2 − 27 * 2 8 , -
( , , ) = 2 , =6 2 + 2.
23 * 2 6  2 − 27 * 2
:<;
References: V. S. Vladimirov, V. P. Mikhailov, A. A. Vasharin, et al. (1974), B. M. Budak, A. A. Samarskii, and
A. N. Tikhonov (1980).

, -
5.3.1-2. Domain: − = < < = , −= < < = . Cauchy problem.
Initial conditions are prescribed:
 , -
=  ( , ) at  = 0,
  , -
= ( , ) at  = 0.

1  . Solution for / = − * 2 > 2

< 0:
    
 (, , - ,  ) = 1 cosh 4 > 6 * 2 2 − A 28 1 cosh 4 > 6 * 2 2 − A 28
  ( ,  )   +  ( ,  )  
23 * 
?
 6 * 2 2 − A 2 23 * ?  6 * 2 2 − A 2
 ≤@ ≤@
  
1 cosh 4 > 6 * 2( −  )2 − A 28 , -
+  ( ,  ,  )   , A =6 ( −  )2 +( −  )2.
23 * 0 ? ≤@
  6 * 2(  − )2 − A 2
( −B )

2  . Solution for / = * 2 > 2

> 0:
    
 (, , - ,  ) = 1 cos 4 > 6 * 2 2 − A 2 8 1 cos 4 > 6 * 2 2 − A 2 8
  ( ,  )   +  ( ,  )  
23 * 
?
 6 * 2 2 − A 2 23 * ?  6 * 2 2 − A 2
 ≤@ ≤@
  
1 cos 4 > 6 * 2( −  )2 − A 2 8 , -
+  ( ,  ,  )   , A = 6 ( −  )2 + ( −  )2.
23 * 0 ? ≤@
  6 * 2(  − )2 − A 2
( −B )
:<;
Reference: B. M. Budak, A. A. Samarskii, and A. N. Tikhonov (1980).

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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 2

 2 C 
, -
5.3.1-3. Domain: 0 ≤ ≤  1, 0 ≤ ≤  2 . First boundary value problem.

A rectangle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:

 , -
=  0 ( , ) at  =0 (initial condition),
  , -
=  1 ( , ) at  =0 (initial condition),
 =  (- ,  ) at ,
=0 (boundary condition),
1
 - ,
=  2( ,  ) at =1 (boundary condition),
 , -
=  3( ,  ) at =0 (boundary condition),
 , -
=  4( ,  ) at =2 (boundary condition).

Solution:
   1 2   1 2
 (, , - ,  ) =  , -
 0 ( ,  ) D ( , ,  ,  ,  )   +
, -
 1 ( ,  ) D ( , ,  ,  ,  )  
 0 0 0 0
  2 
2 , -
+*  1 ( ,  ) E  D ( , ,  ,  ,  −  )F G  
0 0  =0
  2 
2 , -
−*  2 ( ,  ) E  D ( , ,  ,  ,  −  )F G  
0 0  = 1
  1 
2 , -
+*  3 ( ,  ) E  D ( , ,  ,  ,  −  )F H  
0 0  =0
  1 
2 , -
−*  4 ( ,  ) E  D ( , ,  ,  ,  −  )F H  
0 0  =
 2
   1 2
, -
+ ( ,  ,  ) D ( , ,  ,  ,  −  )    ,
0 0 0 

where
K K K
K
, - 4 JLK J 1 , - N
D ( , , , , ) = N sin(O ) sin( P M ) sin(O  ) sin( P M  ) sin( M  ),
M
K  1  2 I =1 M I =1 K K
3 3 N
O = Q , P M = R , M = S * 2O 2 + * 2 P 2M + / .
1 2

, -
5.3.1-4. Domain: 0 ≤ ≤ T 1, 0 ≤ ≤ T 2 . Second boundary value problem.

A rectangle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:

U , -
= V 0 ( , ) at W =0 (initial condition),
X YU , -
= V 1 ( , ) at W =0 (initial condition),
X Z U - ,
= [ 1( , W ) at =0 (boundary condition),
X Z U - ,
= [ 2( , W ) at =T1 (boundary condition),
X \ U , -
= [ 3( , W ) at =0 (boundary condition),
X \ U , -
= [ 4( , W ) at =T2 (boundary condition).

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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 Solution:
X
U (, , - , W ) = X , - , -
1 2 1 2
V 0 (_ , ` ) a ( , , _ , ` , W ) b ` b _ + V 1 (_ , ` ) a ( , , _ , ` , W ) b ` b _
W ] Y0 ^ ] 0^ ] 0^ ] 0^

2
2
, -
−c [ 1 (` , d ) a ( , , 0, ` , W − d ) b ` b d
] 0Y ] 0^

2
2
, -
+c [ 2 (` , d ) a ( , , T 1 , ` , W − d ) b ` b d
] 0Y ] 0^

2
1
, -
−c [ 3 (_ , d ) a ( , , _ , 0, W − d ) b _ b d
] 0Y ] 0^

2
1
, -
+c [ 4 (_ , d ) a ( , , _ , T 2, W − d ) b _ b d
]Y 0 ] 0^
1 2
, -
+ (_ , ` , d ) a ( , , _ , ` , W − d ) b ` b _ b d ,
] 0 ] 0^ ] 0^ e

where o
o o o
o
, - sin fgWih j k 2 nLo n M , - N
a ( , ,_ ,` ,W ) = l l + l l N cos(O ) cos( P M ) cos(O _ ) cos( P M ` ) sin( M q ),
1 2h j 1 2 m =0 M m M
o o =0
op o
N 0 for = = 0,
O = Qlr , P M = s l r , M = t c 2O 2 + c 2 P 2M + j , M = u 1 for Q s
= 0 ( ≠ ),
1 2 Q s Q s
2 for ≠ 0.
p Q s
l - l
5.3.1-5. Domain: 0 ≤ v ≤ 1 , 0 ≤ ≤ 2 . Third boundary value problem.
A rectangle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
w -
= x 0 (v , ) at q =0 (initial condition),
X Y w -
= x 1 (v , ) at q =0 (initial condition),
X Z w w -
−y 1 = [ 1 ( , q ) at v =0 (boundary condition),
X Z w - l
+ y 2 w = [ 2( , q ) at v = 1 (boundary condition),
X \ w -
− y 3 w = [ 3 (v , q ) at =0 (boundary condition),
X \ w w - l
+y 4 = [ 4 (v , q ) at = 2 (boundary condition).
-
The solution w (v , , q ) is determined by the formula in Paragraph 5.3.1-3 where
o o
no n o o1
- -
a (v , , _ , ` , q ) = 4 z sin({ v +} ) sin( | M +~ M )
m =1 M m M t oc 2{ 2 +o c 2 | M2 +j o
=1
o × sin( { _ +} ) sin( | M ` o + ~ M ) sin f q t c 2 { 2 + c 2 | M2 + j k ,
o o
{ | M o o
z l ( y 1 y 2 + { 2 )( y 1 + y 2 ) l ( y 3 y 4 + | M2 )( y 3 + y 4 )
} = arctan l , ~ M = arctan l , M =  1+  2 + .
o 1 2 ( y 12 + { 2 )( y 22 + { 2 ) € ( y 32 + | M2 )( y 42 + | M2 ) €

Here, the { and | M are positive roots of the transcendental equations

{ l
2
− y 1y 2 = (y 1 + y 2 ){ cot( 1 { ),
| l
2
− y 3y 4 = (y 3 + y 4 ) | cot( 2 | ).
<‚
References: A. G. Butkovskiy (1979), B. M. Budak, A. A. Samarskii, and A. N. Tikhonov (1980).

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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 2 „
2 ˆ
ƒ
l - l
5.3.1-6. Domain: 0 ≤ v ≤ 1 , 0 ≤ ≤ 2 . Mixed boundary value problems.

1 Ž . A rectangle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:

w -
= x 0 (v , ) at q =0 (initial condition),
X Yw -
= x 1 (v , ) at q =0 (initial condition),
w -
= [ 1( , q ) at v =0 (boundary condition),
w - l
= [ 2( , q ) at v = 1 (boundary condition),
X \ w -
= [ 3 (v , q ) at =0 (boundary condition),
X \ w - l
= [ 4 (v , q ) at = 2 (boundary condition).

Solution:
X
w (v , - , q ) = X -
1 2
x 0 (_ , ` ) a (v , , _ , ` , q ) b ` b _
q ] 0^ ] 0^
1 2
-
+ x 1 (_ , ` ) a (v , , _ , ` , q ) b ` b _
] 0^ ] Y0 ^
X
2
2
-
+c [ 1 (` , d )  X a (v , , _ , ` , q − d ) b ` b d
] 0Y ] 0^ _ €  =0
X
2
2
-
−c [ 2 (` , d )  X a (v , , _ , ` , q − d ) b ` b d
] 0Y ] 0^ _ €  = 1

2
1
- ^
−c [ 3 (_ , d ) a (v , , _ , 0, q − d ) b _ b d
] 0Y ] 0^

2
1
- l
+c [ 4 (_ , d ) a (v , , _ , 2 , q − d ) b _ b d
]Y 0 ] 0^
1 2
-
+ (_ , ` , d ) a (v , , _ , ` , q − d ) b ` b _ b d ,
] 0 ] 0^ ] 0^ e

where
o o o
o
- 2 no n M - N
a (v , , _ , ` , q ) = l l N sin(O v ) cos( P M ) sin(O _ ) cos( P M ` ) sin( M q ),
1 2 m m M
o =1 M =0 op o
N 1 for = 0,
O = Qlr , P M = sl r , M = t c 2O 2 + c 2 P 2M + j , M = s
1 2 2 for ≠ 0.
s
p
2 Ž . A rectangle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:

w -
= x 0 (v , ) at q =0 (initial condition),
X Yw -
= x 1 (v , ) at q =0 (initial condition),
w -
= [ 1( , q ) at v =0 (boundary condition),
X Z w - l
= [ 2( , q ) at v = 1 (boundary condition),
w -
= [ 3 (v , q ) at =0 (boundary condition),
X \ w - l
= [ 4 (v , q ) at = 2 (boundary condition).

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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 Solution:
X
w (v , - , q ) = X - -
1 2 1 2
x 0 (_ , ` ) a (v , , _ , ` , q ) b ` b _ + x 1 (_ , ` ) a (v , , _ , ` , q ) b ` b _
q ] Y0 ^ ] 0^ ] 0^ ] 0^
X
2
2
-
+c [ 1 (` , d )  X a (v , , _ , ` , q − d ) b ` b d
] 0Y ] 0^ _ €  =0

2
2
- l
+c [ 2 (` , d ) a (v , , 1 , ` , q − d ) b ` b d
] 0Y ] 0^
X
2
1
-
+c [ 3 (_ , d )  X a (v , , _ , ` , q − d ) b _ b d
] 0Y ] 0^ ` € ‘ =0

2
1
- l
+c [ 4 (_ , d ) a (v , , _ , 2, q − d ) b _ b d
]Y 0 ] 0^
1 2
-
+ (_ , ` , d ) a (v , , _ , ` , q − d ) b ` b _ b d ,
] 0 ] 0^ ] 0^ e

where
o o o
o
- 4 nLo n 1 - “
a (v , , _ , ` , q ) = l l “ sin(” v ) sin( • ’ ) sin(” _ ) sin( • ’ ` ) sin( ’ q ),
1 2 m m ’
o =0 ’ =0 o o
(2 + 1) (2 + 1) “
” = r Q l , • ’ = r s l , ’ = – c 2” 2 + c 2 • 2’ + j .
21 2 2

5.3.2. Problems in Polar Coordinates

A nonhomogeneous Klein–Gordon equation with two space variables in the polar coordinate system
has the form
X 2w 2w
1˜ w 1 ˜ 2w -
X =c 2 — ˜ + + › − œ w +  (™ , š , ž ), ™ = Ÿ v 2 + 2.
q 2
˜ ™
2
™ ˜ ™ ™
2
˜ š
2

One-dimensional solutions w = w (™ , ž ) independent of the angular coordinate š are considered

in Subsection 4.2.5.

5.3.2-1. Domain: 0 ≤ ™ ≤ , 0 ≤ š ≤ 2¡ . First boundary value problem.

A circle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
¢ = £ 0 (™ , š ) at ž =0 (initial condition),
Y ¢
˜ = £ 1 (™ , š ) at ž =0 (initial condition),
¢ = [ ( ,ž )
š at ™ = (boundary condition).

Solution:
2¥ 2¥
¢ ( , ,ž ) = ˜ £ 0 (§ , ¨ ) © (™ , š , § , ¨ , ž )§ ª § ª ¨ + £ 1 (§ , ¨ ) © (™ , š , § , ¨ , ž )§ ª § ª ¨
™ š
˜ ž ¤ 0 Y ¤ 0¦ ¤ 0 ¤ 0¦
2¥
−« 2 [ ( ¨ , ¬ ) ­ ˜ © ( ™ , š , § , ¨ , ž − ¬ )® ¯ ª ¨ ª ¬
¤ 0 ¤ 0 ˜ § =
Y
2¥
+  (§ , ¨ , ¬ ) © (™ , š , § , ¨ , ž − ¬ )§ ª § ª ¨ ¦ ª ¬ .
¤ 0 ¤ 0 ¤ 0¦

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 2 µ
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Here,* ½ ½
½ ½ ½ ½
½ ½
1 ¼L½ ¼ sin ÆgÇÉÈ « 2½ Â 2¾ +Ê Ë
© (™ , š , § , ¨ , ž ) = À ( ¾ à )À ( ¾ § ) cos[Ä ( Å − ¨ )] ,
¡ 2 » » [ À Á (Â ¾ )]2½ È « 2Â 2 ¾ +Ê
=0 ¾ =1 ¿
½ 0 = 1, = 2 (Ä = 1, 2, ÌÌÌ ),
½ ½
where the À (§ ) are the Bessel¿ functions¿ (the prime denotes the derivative with respect to the
argument) and the  ¾ are positive roots of the transcendental equation À ( ) = 0.

5.3.2-2. Domain: 0 ≤ Ã ≤ , 0 ≤ Å ≤ 2¡ . Second boundary value problem.

A circle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
¢ = £ 0 (Ã , Å ) at Ç =0 (initial condition),
Í Y¢
= £ 1 (Ã , Å ) at Ç =0 (initial condition),
Í Î ¢
= [ (Å , Ç ) at à = (boundary condition).
Solution:
Í 2¥ 2¥
¢ (Ã , Å , Ç ) = Í £ 0(§ , ¨ ) © (Ã , Å , § , ¨ , Ç )§ ª § ª ¨ + £ 1( § , ¨ ) © ( Ã , Å , § , ¨ , Ç ) § ª § ª ¨
Ç ¤ 0 Y ¤ 0¦ ¤ 0 ¤ 0¦
2¥
2
+« [ (¨ , ¬ ) © (Ã , Å , ,¨ ,Ç −¬ )ª ¨ ª ¬
Y ¤ 0 ¤ 0
2¥
+ (§ , ¨ , ¬ ) © (Ã , Å , § , ¨ , Ç − ¬ )§ ª § ª ¨ ª ¬ .
¤ 0 ¤ 0 ¤ 0¦ Ï
Here,
sin ÆgÇiÐ Ê Ë
© (Ã , Å , § , ¨ , Ç ) = ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½
¡ 2Ð Ê
½ ½ ½
1 ¼L½
¾ Ã ) À (Â ¾ § ) sin Æ Ç È « 2½ Â 2 ¾ + Ê Ë
¼ Â 2¾
À (Â
+ cos[ Ä ( Å − ¨ )] ,
¡½ » ¾ » (Â 2 ¾ 2 − Ä 2 )[ À (Â ½ ¾ )]2 È « 2Â 2 ¾ + Ê
=0 =1 ¿
½
where 0 = 1 and = 2 for Ä = 1, 2, ÌÌÌ ; the À (§ ) are the Bessel functions; and the  ¾ are
positive roots of the transcendental equation À Á (Â ) = 0.
¿ ¿

5.3.2-3. Domain: 0 ≤ Ã ≤ , 0 ≤ Å ≤ 2¡ . Third boundary value problem.

A circle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
¢ = £ 0 (Ã , Å ) at Ç =0 (initial condition),
Í Y¢
= £ 1 (Ã , Å ) at Ç =0 (initial condition),
Í Î ¢
+ Ñ ¢ = [ (Å , Ç ) at à =Ò (boundary condition).
The solution Ó (Ã , Å , Ç ) is determined
½ ½ by ½ formula
½ the ½ ½ in Paragraph 5.3.2-2 where ½
½ ½ ½
1 ¼L½ ¼ Â 2¾
(Â ¾ § ) À sin ÆgÇ È « 2½ Â 2 ¾ + Ê Ë
(Â ¾ Ã )À
© (Ã , Å , § , ¨ , Ç ) = Ô cos[ Ä ( Å − ¨ )] ,
»
¾
» (Â 2 ¿ ¾ Ò 2 + Ñ 2Ò 2½ − Ä 2)[ À (Â ¾ Ò )]2 È « 2Â 2 ¾ + Ê
=0 =1
½ 0 = 1, = 2 (Ä = 1, 2, ÌÌÌ ).
Here, the À (§ ) are the Bessel functions
¿ ½ and¿ the  ¾ ½are positive roots of the transcendental equation

 À Á (Â Ò ) + Ñ À (Â Ò ) = 0.

* In the expressions of the Green’s functions specified in Subsection 5.3.2, the ratios sin ÕÖºØ× ³ 2 Ù 2Ú Û + ¶ ÜiÝ × ³ 2 Ù 2Ú Û +¶
must be replaced by sinh ÕÞºØ× | ³ 2 Ù 2Ú Û + ¶ | ÜiÝ × | ³ 2 Ù 2Ú Û + ¶ | if ³ 2 Ù 2Ú Û + ¶ < 0.

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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5.3.2-4. Domain: Ò 1 ≤à ≤Ò 2, 0 ≤ Å ≤ 2Ô . First boundary value problem.
An annular domain is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
Ó =ß 0 (Ã,Å ) at Ç =0 (initial condition),
Í Y
Ó =ß Ã
1( , Å ) at Ç =0 (initial condition),
Ó =[ 1(Å , Ç ) at à =Ò 1 (boundary condition),
Ó =[ 2(Å , Ç ) at à =Ò 2 (boundary condition).
Solution:
Í 2¥ 2 2¥ 2
Ó (Ã , Å , Ç ) = Í ß 0(§ , ¨ ) © (Ã , Å , § , ¨ , Ç )§ ª § ª ¨ + ß 1(§ , ¨ ) © (Ã , Å , § , ¨ , Ç )§ ª § ª ¨
Ç ¤ 0 Y¤ ¦1 ¤ 0 ¤ ¦1
2¥ Í
+« Ò 2
1
¦ [ 1( ¨ , ¬ ) ­ Í © ( à , Å , § , ¨ , Ç − ¬ )® ¯ ¦ª ¨ ª ¬
¤ 0Y ¤ 0 § = 1
2¥ Í
− « 2Ò 2 [ 2( ¨ , ¬ ) ­ Í © ( Ã , Å , § , ¨ , Ç − ¬ )® ¯ ¦ ª ¨ ª ¬
¤ 0 ¤ 0 § =
Y 2
2¥ 2

+ ( § , ¨ , ¬ ) © ( à , Å , § , ¨ , Ç − ¬ ) § ª § ª ¨ ª¦ ¬ .
¤ 0 ¤ 0 ¤ ¦1 Ï
Here, ¦ ½
½ à ½ ½ ½ ½ ½
Ô ¼½ sin ÆgÇ È « 2½ Â 2 ¾ + Ê Ë
¼
© (Ã , Å , § , ¨ , Ç ) = ¾ § ) cos[Ä ( Å − ¨ )] , ¾ á (Â ¾ Ã )á (Â
2 » ¾» ½ ½ ½ È « 2Â 2 ¾ + Ê
½ =0 =1 à ½
¿ ½ ½ ½ ½
1 ã 2 for Ä = 0, Â 2 ¾ À 2 (Â ¾ Ò 2 )
½ = â½ ½ ½ ½ ¾½ = 2 ½ ½ ½2 ½ ,
1 for Ä ≠ 0, À (Â ¾ Ò 1 ) − À (Â ¾ Ò 2 )
½ ¿ á (½ Â ¾ Ã ) = À (Â ¾ Ò 1 ) ä (Â ¾ Ã ) − ä (Â ½ ¾ Ò 1 ) À (Â ¾ Ã ),

where the À (Ã ) and ä (Ã ) are½ the Bessel

½ functions,
½ and the½ Â
¾ are positive roots of the transcen-
dental equation
À (Â Ò 1 )ä (Â Ò 2) −ä (Â Ò 1) À (Â Ò 2) = 0.

5.3.2-5. Domain: Ò 1 ≤à ≤Ò 2, 0 ≤ Å ≤ 2Ô . Second boundary value problem.

An annular domain is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
=ß Ó 0 (Ã , Å ) at Ç =0 (initial condition),
Í Y
Ó =ß 1 ( Ã , Å ) at Ç =0 (initial condition),
Í Î
Ó =[ 1(Å ,Ç ) at à =Ò 1 (boundary condition),
Í Î
Ó =[ 2(Å , Ç ) at à =Ò 2 (boundary condition).
Solution:
Í 2¥ 2 2¥ 2
Ó (Ã , Å , Ç ) = Í ß 0( § , ¨ ) © ( Ã , Å , § , ¨ , Ç ) § ª § ª ¨ + ß 1( § , ¨ ) © ( Ã , Å , § , ¨ , Ç ) § ª § ª ¨
Ç ¤ 0 Y¤ ¦1 ¤ 0 ¤ ¦1
2¥
− « 2Ò 1
¦ [ 1(¨ , ¬ ) © (Ã , Å , Ò 1, ¨ ,Ç −¬ )ª ¨ ª ¬ ¦
¤ 0Y ¤ 0
2¥
+ « 2Ò 2 [ 2(¨ , ¬ ) © (Ã , Å , Ò 2, ¨ ,Ç −¬ )ª ¨ ª ¬
Y ¤ 0 ¤ 0
2¥ 2
+ (§ , ¨ , ¬ ) © (Ã , Å , § , ¨ , Ç − ¬ )§ ª § ª ¨ ª ¬ .
¤ 0 ¤ 0 ¤ ¦1 Ï

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Here,

sin ÆgÇiÐ Ê Ë
© (Ã , Å , § , ¨ , Ç ) = Ô
2 2 ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½
(Ò 2−Ò 1) Ð Ê
1 ¼½ ¼ ½ Â 2¾ á (Â ½ ¾ Ã ½ ) á (Â ½ sin½ Æ5Ç È
¾ § )½ cos[Ä ( Å − ¨ )] « 2Â 2¾ +½ Ê Ë
+ Ô » » å
2 2
,
2 á 2 (Â ¾ Ò 2 á 2 (Â ¾ Ò
(Â ¿ 2 ¾ Ò 2−Ä ) 2) − ( Â 1−Ä ) +Ê
2¾ « 2Â 2¾
=0 ¾ =1
Ò 1) æ È

where
½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½

á ¾ Ã ) = À Á (Â ¾ Ò ¾ Ã ) − ä Á (Â ¾ Ò ¾ Ã ), 1 for Ä = 0,
(Â 1)ä (Â 1) À (Â = â
½ ½ ½ 2 for Ä > 0,
¿
the À (à ) and ä (à ) are the Bessel functions, and the  ¾ are positive roots of the transcendental
½ ½ ½ ½
equation
À Á (Â Ò 1 )ä Á (Â Ò 2) − ä Á (Â Ò 1) À Á (Â Ò 2) = 0.

5.3.2-6. Domain: Ò 1 ≤à ≤Ò 2, 0 ≤ Å ≤ 2Ô . Third boundary value problem.

An annular domain is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:

=ß Ó 0 (Ã,Å ) at Ç =0 (initial condition),

Í Y
Ó =ß Ã
1( , Å ) at Ç =0 (initial condition),
Í Î
Ó − Ñ 1Ó = [ 1 (Å , Ç ) at à =Ò 1 (boundary condition),
Í Î
Ó + Ñ 2Ó = [ 2 (Å , Ç ) at à =Ò 2 (boundary condition).

The solution Ó (Ã , Å , Ç ) is determined by

½ the
½
formula
½ in
½ Paragraph 5.3.2-5 where
½
½
¾ (Ã ) á ½ ¾ (§ ) cos[Ä ( Å − ¨ )]½ sin( ç ¾ Ç ) ½ ½2 ¾ á
1 ¼L½ ¼ Â
© (Ã , Å , § , ¨ , Ç ) = Ô » ½ »
å ,
ç ¾ (½ Ñ 22 Ò 2½2 +  ½ 2 ¾ Ò 22 − Ä 2) ½á 2 ¾ ½ ( Ò 2) − ( Ñ ½ 12Ò 12½ +  2 ¾ Ò 12 − Ä 2) á 2 ¾ ( Ò 1)æ
=0 ¾ =1 ¿
å
á ¾ ( Ã ) = Â ½ ¾ À ½ Á ( Â ½ ¾ Ò 1) − Ñ 1 À ½ ( Â ½ ¾ Ò 1) æ ä ½ ( Â ½ ¾ Ã )
å
− Â ¾ ä Á (Â ¾ Ò 1) − Ñ 1ä (Â ¾ Ò 1)æ À (Â ¾ Ã ).
½ ½ ½ ½ ½
½
Here, 0 = 1 and = 2 for Ä = 1, 2, ÌÌÌ ; ç ¾ = È « 2 Â 2 ¾ + Ê ; the À (Ã ) and ä (Ã ) are the Bessel
functions;½ and the  ¾
¿ ¿ ½ are positive½ roots of the transcendental
½ equation
å å
 À Á ( Â Ò 1 ) − Ñ 1 À ( Â Ò 1 )æ  ä Á ( Â Ò 2 ) + Ñ ½ 2 ä ( Â Ò 2 )æ ½ ½ ½
å å
= Â ä Á ( Â Ò 1 ) − Ñ 1 ä ( Â Ò 1 )æ Â À Á ( Â Ò 2 ) + Ñ 2 À ( Â Ò 2 )æ .

5.3.2-7. Domain: 0 ≤ Ã ≤ Ò , 0 ≤ Å ≤ Å 0. First boundary value problem.

A circular sector is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:

Ó = ß 0 (Ã , Å ) at Ç =0 (initial condition),
Í Y
= ß 1 (Ã , Å ) at
Ó Ç =0 (initial condition),
Ó = [ 1 ( Å , Ç ) at à =Ò (boundary condition),
Ó = [ 2 (Ã , Ç ) at Å =0 (boundary condition),
Ó = [ 3 (Ã , Ç ) at Å =Å 0 (boundary condition).

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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 Solution:
Í 0 0
Ó (Ã , Å , Ç ) = Í ß 0 (§ , ¨ ) © (Ã , Å , § , ¨ , Ç )§ ª § ª ¨ + ß 1 (§ , ¨ ) © (Ã , Å , § , ¨ , Ç )§ ª § ª ¨
Ç ¤ 0è Y¤ 0¦ ¤ 0è ¤ 0¦
0
Í
2
−« Ò [ 1 (¨ , ¬ ) ­ Í © ( Ã , Å , § , ¨ , Ç − ¬ )® ¯ ª ¨ ª ¬
¤
Y 0 ¤ 0è § =
Í
2 1 ¦ª § ª ¬
+« [ 2 (§ , ¬ ) ­ Í © ( Ã , Å , § , ¨ , Ç − ¬ )® é
¤ 0Y ¤ 0¦ § ¨ =0
Í
2 1
−« [ 3 (§ , ¬ ) ­ Í © ( Ã , Å , § , ¨ , Ç − ¬ )® é ª § ª ¬
¤ 0 ¤ 0¦ § ¨ =
Y 0

0
+ (§ , ¨ , ¬ ) © (Ã , Å , § , ¨ , Ç − ¬ )§ ª § ª ¨ è ª ¬ .
¤ 0 ¤ 0è ¤ 0¦ Ï
½ ½ ½ ½ ½
Here,
½ ½
4 ¼L½ ¼ À ¥ ê (½ ¾ à )À ¥ ê ( ¾ § ) Ä Ô Å Ä Ô ¨ sin Æ9ç ¾ ÇíË
© (Ã , Å , § , ¨ , ½ Ç ) = 2
0 0
½ sin ë sin ë ,
Ò Å 0 » ¾» [ À Á ¥ ê 0(Â ¾ Ò )]2 Å 0 ì Å 0 ì ç ¾
=1 =1 è è
½ ½ ½
where the À ¥ ê 0 (Ã ) are the Bessel functions è
and the  ¾ are positive roots of the transcendental
equation À ¥ ê 0 (Â Ò ) = 0, and ç ¾ = È « Â ¾ +Ê .
2 2
è
è
5.3.2-8. Domain: 0 ≤ Ã ≤ Ò , 0 ≤ Å ≤ Å 0. Second boundary value problem.
A circular sector is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
Ó = ß 0 (Ã , Å ) at Ç = 0 (initial condition),
Í Y
Ó = ß 1 (Ã , Å ) at Ç = 0 (initial condition),
Í Î
Ó = [ 1(Å , Ç ) at à =Ò (boundary condition),
à −1 Í
Ó = [ 2 (Ã , Ç ) at Å =0 (boundary condition),
à −1 Í
è Ó = [ 3 (Ã , Ç ) at Å =Å 0 (boundary condition).
Solution:
Í è
0 0

Ó (Ã , Å , Ç ) = Í 0 (ò , ó ) ô (õ , Å , ò , ó , ö )ò ÷ ò ÷ ó + 1 (ò , ó ) ô (õ , Å , ò , ó , ö )ò ÷ ò ÷ ó
Ç î 0ï Yî 0ð ñ î 0ï î 0ð ñ
0

+ ø 2ù [ 1 (ó , ú ) ô (õ , Å , ù , ó , ö − ú ) ÷ ó ÷ ú
îY 0 î 0ï

2
−ø [ 2 (ò , ú ) ô (õ , Å , ò , 0, ö − ú ) ÷ ò ÷ ú
î 0Y î 0ð

2
+ø [ 3 (ò , ú ) ô (õ , Å , ò , Å 0, ö −ú )÷ ò ÷ ú
îY 0 î 0ð
0

+ (ò , ó , ú ) ô (õ , Å , ò , ó , ö − ú )ò ÷ ò ÷ ó ÷ ú .
î 0 î 0ï î 0ð û
Here,
 2
 
 
2 sin ügöiý þ ÿ (
 õ ) 
  (
 ò )
ô (õ , Å , ò , ó , ö ) = + 4Å 0 0
ù ù )æ 2 0 » » å
− 2 Ô 2) 
  
2Å
=0  =1 ( ù 2 Å 20  2

ï  ï 0(
 0ý þ

 Ô Å  Ô ó ï sin ügö ø 2  2
 + þ ÿ
× cos  cos  ,
Å 0 0 ø 2  2
 + þ
where the 
  0 (õ ) are the Bessel functions and the 
 are positive roots of the transcendental
equation 
  0 ( ù ) = 0.
ï
ï

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5.3.2-9. Domain: 0 ≤ õ ≤ ù , 0 ≤ ≤ 0. Mixed boundary value problem.

A circular sector is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
Ó = 0 (õ , ) at ö =0 (initial condition),
 Y ñ
Ó = 1 (õ , ) at ö =0 (initial condition),
  ñ
Ó +  Ó = [ ( ,ö ) at õ =ù (boundary condition),

Ó =0 at =0 (boundary condition),

ï
Ó =0 at = 0 (boundary condition).
Solution: ï
 0

Ó (õ , , ö ) =  0 (ò , ó ) ô (õ , , ò , ó , ö )ò ÷ ò ÷ ó
ö î 0ï î 0ð ñ
0

+ 1 (ò , ó ) ô (õ , , ò , ó , ö )ò ÷ ò ÷ ó
î 0ï î 0ðY ñ
0

+ ø 2ù [ (ó , ú ) ô (õ , , ù , ó , ö − ú ) ÷ ó ÷ ú
Y î 0 î 0ï
0
+ (ò , ó , ú ) ô (õ , , ò , ó , ö − ú )ò ÷ ò ÷ ó ÷ ú .
î 0 î 0ï î 0ð û
Here,

ô (õ , , ò , ó , ö ) = »
   (
 õ )   (
 ò ) cos( 
) cos( 
ó ) sin ü ö ø 2  2
 +þ ÿ ,

»

=0  =1 
 ! 4 2


= ,
 = å 2
,
 2
 ù 2
0
 0( +  2 ù 2 − 
2 )    (
 ù )æ ø 2  2
 +þ
where the   (õ ) are the Bessel functions and the 
 are positive roots of the transcendental
equation
   ù
 ( ) +    ( ù ) = 0.

5.3.3. Axisymmetric Problems

In the axisymmetric case, a nonhomogeneous Klein–Gordon equation in the cylindrical system of
coordinates has the form
 2"  2"   2"
1 " #
 2 =ø 2  2 +  +  # 2
− þ " + (õ , , ö ), õ = $ 2 + % 2.
ö õ õ õ û
#
In the# solutions of the problems considered below, the modified Green’s function & (õ , , ò , ó , ö ) =
2! ò ô (õ , , ò , ó , ö ) is used for convenience.

#
5.3.3-1. Domain: 0 ≤ õ ≤ ù , 0 ≤ ≤ ' . First boundary value problem.
A circular cylinder of finite length is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
" #
= 0 (õ , ) at ö =0 (initial condition),
 Y " ñ #
= 1 (õ , ) at ö =0 (initial condition),
" = [ ñ ( # , ö ) at õ =ù (boundary condition),
1
" #
= [ 2 (õ , ö ) at =0 (boundary condition),
" #
= [ 3 (õ , ö ) at =' (boundary condition).

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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 Solution:

" (õ , # , ö ) =  #
0 (ò , ó ) & (õ , , ò , ó , ö ) ÷ ò ÷ ó
ö î 0( î 0ð ñ
#
+ 1 (ò , ó ) & (õ , , ò , ó , ö ) ÷ ò ÷ ó
î 0 ( î 0Y ð ñ

2 #
−ø [ 1 (ó , ú ) )  & ( õ , , ò , ó , ö − ú )* + ÷ ó ÷ ú
î 0Y î 0( ò =

#
+ø 2
[ 2 (ò , ú ) )  & ( õ , , ò , ó , ö − ú )* , ð ÷ ò ÷ ú
î 0Y î 0ð ó =0

2 #
−ø [ 3 (ò , ú ) )  & ( õ , , ò , ó , ö − ú )* , ÷ ò ÷ ú
î 0 î 0ð ó =
Y
#
+ (ò , ó , ú ) & (õ , , ò , ó , ö − ú ) ÷ ò ÷ ó ( ÷ ú .
î 0 î 0( î 0ð û
Here,


#
# 4ò 1 õ ò ! ! ó sin ügö ý ç
 ÿ
& (õ , , ò , ó , ö ) = ù 2  0 ù  0 ù sin  - sin  - ,
' » »

=1  =1  12(
) ' ' ý ç

ø 2 2
ø 2! 2 2
ç
 = ù 2
+ 2
- +þ ,
'
where the 
are positive zeros of the Bessel function,  0 ( ) = 0.

#
5.3.3-2. Domain: 0 ≤ õ ≤ ù , 0 ≤ ≤ ' . Second boundary value problem.
A circular cylinder of finite length is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
" #
= 0 (õ , ) at ö =0 (initial condition),
 Y " ñ #
= 1 (õ , ) at ö =0 (initial condition),
  " ñ #
= [ 1 ( , ö ) at õ =ù (boundary condition),
 . " #
= [ 2 (õ , ö ) at =0 (boundary condition),
 . " #
= [ 3 (õ , ö ) at =' (boundary condition).

Solution: 
" (õ , # , ö ) =  #
0 (ò , ó ) & (õ , , ò , ó , ö ) ÷ ò ÷ ó
ö î 0( î 0ð ñ
#
+ 1 (ò , ó ) & (õ , , ò , ó , ö ) ÷ ò ÷ ó
î 0( î 0Y ð ñ
#
+ø 2
[ 1 (ó , ú ) & (õ , , ù , ó , ö − ú ) ÷ ó ÷ ú
î 0Y î 0(

2 #
−ø [ 2 (ò , ú ) & (õ , , ò , 0, ö − ú ) ÷ ò ÷ ú
î 0Y î 0ð

2 #
+ø [ 3 (ò , ú ) & (õ , , ò , ' , ö − ú ) ÷ ò ( ÷ ú
îY 0 î 0ð
#
+ (ò , ó , ú ) & (õ , , ò , ó , ö − ú ) ÷ ò ÷ ó ÷ ú .
î 0 î 0( î 0ð û

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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Here,

# 2ò sin ügö ý þ ÿ
& (õ , , ò , ó , ö ) = ù 2 '9ý þ


#
2ò
 õ ò ! ! ó sin ügö ý ç
 ÿ
+ù  0  ù  0 ù cos  - cos  - ,
2'

=0  =0
» »  2(
) ' ' ý ç

0

ø 2 2
ø 2! 2 2
0 for = 0,  = 0,
-
ç
 = ù 2 + - +þ ,
 = / 1 for = 0,  > 0,
'2 -
 2 for > 0,
-
where the 
are zeros of the first-order Bessel function,  1 ( ) = 0 ( 0 = 0).

#
5.3.3-3. Domain: 0 ≤ õ ≤ ù , 0 ≤ ≤ ' . Third boundary value problem.
A circular cylinder of finite length is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:

" #
= 0 (õ , ) at ö =0 (initial condition),
 Y " ñ #
= 1 (õ , ) at ö =0 (initial condition),
  " ñ #
"
+ 1 =[ 1( ,ö ) at õ =ù (boundary condition),
 . " #
−  2" = [ 2 (õ ,ö ) at =0 (boundary condition),
 . " #
+  3" = [ 3 (õ ,ö ) at =' (boundary condition).
#
The solution " (õ , , ö ) is determined by the formula in Paragraph 5.3.3-2 where

 2


#
# 2ò õ ò  ( )  (ó ) sin ügö ý ç
 ÿ
& (õ , , ò , ó , ö ) = ù 2 » » 2 ù 2 +  2
)  2( 
) 0
  ù  0  ù 0 0 ,

=1  =1 (  1  2 ý ç

0
2 2
# # #
ø 
ç
 = ù 2 + ø 2 1 2 + þ ,  ( ) = cos(1  ) + 1 2 sin(1  ),

0 0 2  3 1  2
+ 22
 2 '  2
 = 1 2 1 2 2
+ 1 2 +  1 + 1 22 .
2   + 3 2  2 

Here, the 
and 1  are positive roots of the transcendental equations

   ù  tan(1 ' )  2+ 3

1 ( ) −  1  0 ( ) = 0, 1 = 1 2− 
.
2 3

#
5.3.3-4. Domain: 0 ≤ õ ≤ ù , 0 ≤ ≤ ' . Mixed boundary value problems.

1 2 . A circular cylinder of finite length is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:

" #
= 3 0 (õ , ) at ö =0 (initial condition),
 Y " #
= 3 1 (õ , ) at ö =0 (initial condition),
" = [ ( # , ö ) at õ =ù (boundary condition),
1
 . " #
= [ 2 (õ , ö ) at =0 (boundary condition),
 . " #
= [ 3 (õ , ö ) at =' (boundary condition).

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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 Solution:

" (õ , # , ö ) =  #
3 0 (6 , 7 ) & (8 , , 6 , 7 , 9 ) : 6 : 7
ö 4 0( 4 05
#
+ 3 1 (6 , 7 ) & (8 , , 6 , 7 , 9 ) : 6 : 7
4 0 ( 4 0Y 5

2 #
−; [ 1 (7 , < ) )  & ( 8 , , 6 , 7 , 9 − < )* + : 7 : <
4 0 4 0( 6 =
Y
2 # 5
−; [ 2 (6 , < ) & (8 , , 6 , 0, 9 − < ) : 6 : <
4 0Y 4 05

2 #
+; [ 3 (6 , < ) & (8 , , 6 , ' , 9 − < ) : 6 : <
4Y 0 4 0 5
#
+ (6 , 7 , < ) & (8 , , 6 , 7 , 9 − < ) : 6 : 7 : < .
4 0 4 0( 4 05 =
@ @ @
Here,
@ @
# 26 A? @ ? B C D 8 C D 6 7 sin KL9NM O B P
& (8 , , 6 , 7 , 9 ) = > 2 » » C 2 0 E > F 0 E > F cos E G JH I F cos E G JH F ,
 @ B
'
@
=1 B =0 1 (D ) M O

1 for ; 2D 2 ; 2 2 2 = 0,
@ O B = > + H J 2G +Q , B = R
2 for G 2 > 0,
 C G
where the D are positive zeros of the Bessel function, 0 (D ) = 0.
2 S . A circular cylinder of finite length is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
T
= U 0 (8 , ) at 9 =0 (initial condition),
V Y T I
= U 1 (8 , ) at 9 =0 (initial condition),
V W T I >
= [ 1 ( , 9 ) at 8 = (boundary condition),
T I
= [ 2 (8 , 9 ) at =0 (boundary condition),
T I J
= [ 3 (8 , 9 ) at = (boundary condition).
I
Solution:
V
T
(8 , , 9 ) = V U 0 (6 , 7 ) Y (8 , , 6 , 7 , 9 ) : 6 : 7 + U 1 (6 , 7 ) Y (8 , , 6 , 7 , 9 ) : 6 : 7
I 9 4 Y0 X 4 0 5 I 4 0X 4 05 I
2 >
+; [ 1 (7 , < ) Y (8 , , ,7 ,9 −< ): 7 : <
4 0Y 4 0X I
V
2
+; [ 2 (6 , < ) Z V Y ( 8 , , 6 , 7 , 9 − < )[ \ : 6 : <
4 0 4 05 7 I =0
Y
V
− ; 2] ] [ 3 (6 , ^ ) Z V Y ( 8 , , 6 , 7 , _ − ^ )[ \ 6 ^
0 05 7 I =
Y

+] ] ] (6 , 7 , ^ ) Y (8 , , 6 , 7 , _ − ^ ) 6 7 X ` ^ .`
0 0X 05 a I
@ @ @
Here,
@ ` ` ` @
46 ? @ ? 1 C D 8 C D 6 7 sin KL_ M O B P
Y (8 , , 6 , 7 , _ ) = b 2 J c c C 2 0E b F 0E b F sin E G JH I F sin E G JH F ,
I (D ) @ M O B
=0 B =1 0 @
2 2 2 2 2
D
@ O B = d b 2
+ d H J 2G +Q ,
C
where the D are zeros of the first-order Bessel function, 1 (D ) = 0 (D 0 = 0).

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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 j
eg
b b J
5.3.3-5. Domain: 1 ≤8 ≤ 2, 0≤ ≤ . First boundary value problem.
I
A hollow circular cylinder of finite length is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
T
= U 0 (8 , ) at _ =0 (initial condition),
V Y T I
= U 1 (8 , ) at _ =0 (initial condition),
T I b
= [ 1( , _ ) at 8 = 1 (boundary condition),
T I b
= [ 2( , _ ) at 8 = 2 (boundary condition),
T I
= [ 3 (8 , _ ) at =0 (boundary condition),
T I J
= [ 4 (8 , _ ) at = (boundary condition).
I
Solution:
V 2
T ] ]
(8 , , _ ) = V U 0 (6 , 7 ) Y (8 , , 6 , 7 , _ ) 6 7
I _ 0X 51 I
2
+] ] 5 U 1 (6 , 7 ) Y (8 , , 6 , 7 , _ ) 6 ` 7 `
0X Y 51 I
V
2] 5 ]
+ [ 1 (7 , ^ ) Z V Y (8 , , 6 ` , 7 ,` _ − ^ )[ p 7 ^
d 0Y 0X 6 I = 1
V
2] ]
− [ 2 ( 7 , ^ ) Z V Y ( 8 , , 6 , 7 , _ − ^ )[ p 5 ` 7 ` ^
d 0Y 0X 6 I = 2

2
V
2] ]
+ [ 3 (6 , ^ ) Z V Y (8 , , 6 , 7 , _ − ^ )[ \ 5 ` 6 ` ^
d 0Y 51 7 I =0
2
V
2] ] 5 ` 6 ` ^
− [ 4 (6 , ^ ) Z V Y (8 , , 6 , 7 , _ − ^ )[ \
d 0 51 7 I =
Y
2

+] ] ]5 (6 , 7 , ^ ) Y (8 , , 6 , 7 , _ − ^ ) 6 7 X ` ^ .`
0 0X 51 a I
Here, @ @ @
5 @ @ ` ` `
2 ?@ ? @ C @ @
6 D 2 02( qrD ) 7 sin KL_ M O B P
Y ( 8 , , 6 , 7 , _ ) = Hb 2 J c C 2 c C 2 (8 ) (6 ) sin E G JH I F sin E G JH F ,
I @ @1 =1 B @ =1 0 (D ) −@ 0 ( rq D )@ s s
@
@ M O B
b 2 2 2 2 2
C D 8 C D 8 2 D
( 8 ) = t 0( D ) 0 E b F − 0( D )t 0E b F , q =@ b , O B = d b 2
+ d H J 2G +Q ,
s 1 1 1 1
C
where 0 (D ) and t 0 (D ) are the Bessel functions, and the D are positive roots of the transcendental
equation
C C
0 ( D ) t 0 ( qrD ) − 0 ( qrD ) t 0 ( D ) = 0.

b b J
5.3.3-6. Domain: 1 ≤8 ≤ 2, 0≤ ≤ . Second boundary value problem.
I
A hollow circular cylinder of finite length is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
T
= U 0 (8 , ) at _ =0 (initial condition),
V Y T I
= U 1 (8 , ) at _ =0 (initial condition),
V W T I b
= [ 1( , _ ) at 8 = 1 (boundary condition),
V W T I b
= [ 2( , _ ) at 8 = 2 (boundary condition),
V u T I
= [ 3 (8 , _ ) at =0 (boundary condition),
V u T I J
= [ 4 (8 , _ ) at = (boundary condition).
I

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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 Solution: V 2
T ] ]
(8 , , _ ) = V U 0 (6 , 7 ) Y (8 , , 6 , 7 , _ ) 6 7
I _ 0X 51 I
2
+] ] 5 U 1 (6 , 7 ) Y (8 , , 6 , 7 , _ ) 6 `7 `
0X Y 51 I

2] 5 ] b
− [ 1 (7 , ^ ) Y (8 , , 1 , 7 ,` _ −` ^ ) 7 ^
d 0Y 0X I
2] ] b
+ [ 2 (7 , ^ ) Y (8 , , 2, 7 ,_ −^ )` 7 ` ^
d 0Y 0X I
2
2] ]
− [ 3 (6 , ^ ) Y (8 , , 6 , 0, _ − ^ ) ` 6 ` ^
d 0Y 51 I

2] ] 5
2
J
+ [ 4 (6 , ^ ) Y (8 , , 6 , , _ − ^ ) ` 6 ` ^
d Y 0 51 I
2
+] ] ]5 (6 , 7 , ^ ) Y (8 , , 6 , 7 , _ −` ^ )` 6 7 ^ .
0 0X 51 a I
Here,
5 ` ` `
46 v
26 sin KL_ M Q P 7 sin KL_ M w B P
Y (8 , , 6 , 7 , _ ) = b b 2 J + b 2 b 2 J c cos E G JH I F cos E G JH F
I 2
( 2 − 1) M Q x( 2 − x 1 ) B =1
M w B x
x x
C
2
6 vAx B x z 2 2 ( q z )x
v 7 sin KL_NM O
x B P
1
+ Hb 2J
c C 2 C c (8 ) (6 ) cos { G J H I F cos { G JH F ,
2 B ( z ) − 2(q z ) s s M O B
1 =1 =0 1y 1
x x
where x x x
b
C z 8 C z 8 2
(8 ) = t 1 ( ) 0 { b
z F − 1( )t 0 { b
z F , xq = b ,
s 1 x 1 1
2 2 2 2z 2 2 2 2
1 for = 0,
B = R G w B = d H J 2G + Q , Ox B = d b 2 + d
+Q ; H J 2G
2 for > 1, 1
C | | G
(z ) and t y (z ) are the Bessel functions ( } = 0, 1); and the z are positive roots of the transcendental
equation
C C
1 ( z ) t 1 ( q z ) − 1 ( q z ) t 1 ( z ) = 0.

5.4. Telegraph Equation

~ ~
2  2ƒ €
~ €
2 + ~ € = ‚ 2
 – „  + († , ‡ , )
5.4.1. Problems in Cartesian Coordinates
A two-dimensional nonhomogeneous telegraph equation in the rectangular Cartesian coordinate
system is written as ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
Œ  Š
ˆ 2Š ‰ ˆ ‰Š ˆ 2Œ ‰ ˆ 2 ‰
2
+} =‹ 2
{ 2
+ 2 Ž − ‰ +  ( , , ).

5.4.1-1. ReductionŒ to the

Š two-dimensional Š“’ ” Œ Klein–Gordon
 Š equation.
The substitution ‰ (ˆ ,” , ) = exp 1
ˆ ‘ ” − 2 } ˆ ” ( , , ) leads to the equation
’ ” Š“’ Œ  Š
ˆ 2Š 2 ˆ 2Œ ˆ 2 2
2
=‹ { 2
+ 2Ž
− ‘• − 14 } + exp ‘ 1
2 }  ( , , ),

which is discussed in Subsection 5.3.1.

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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 —
œ
–˜ – ˜


5.4.1-2. Fundamental solutions.

1 ¢ . Case  − 14 £ 2
=¤ 2
> 0:
Š ’
Œ  Š Š Š“’ 2©
Š −8
¥ cos ‘§¤ ¨ 2 ‹ 2
( , , ) = ¦ (‹ − 8 ) exp ‘ − 12 £ ,
2ª ‹ 2¨ 2 −8 2© ‹ 2
Œ 
where 8 = ¨ 2 + 2 and ¦ ( « ) is the Heaviside unit step function.
1 2 2
2 ¢ . Case  − £ 4 = −¤ < 0:
Š ’
Œ  Š Š Š ’ 2©
¥ cosh ‘•¤ ¨ Š − 8 ‹ 2 2
( , , ) = ¦ (‹ − 8 ) exp ‘ − 21 £ .
2ª ‹ 2 ¨ 2 − 8 2© ‹ 2
¬®­
Reference: V. S. Vladimirov, V. P. Mikhailov, A. A. Vasharin, et al. (1974).
Œ 
5.4.1-3. Domain: − ¯ < < ¯ , −¯ < < ¯ . Cauchy problem.
Initial conditions are prescribed:
Œ  Š
‰ = ° (Œ ,  ) at
ˆ ± Š = 0,
‰ =² ( , ) at = 0.
Solution: ˆ
Œ  Š Š“’ Œ  Š
‰ ( , , ) = exp ‘ − 1 ˆ Š ³ ³
± ° (6 , 7 ) ¶ ( , ,6 ,7 , )· 6 · 7
2£
´ ≤µ
Š ’ Œ  Š
³ ³
+ exp ‘ − 21 £ ± ¸ ² (6 , 7 ) + 1
2£ ° ( 6 , 7 )¹ ¶ ( , ,6 ,7 , )· 6 · 7
± ´ ≤µ
Š Œ  Š
³ ³ ³
+ · º ± exp ¸ − 12 £ ( − º )¹  (6 , 7 , º ) ¶ ( , , 6 , 7 , − º ) · 6 · 7 .
0 ´ ≤µ ( −» )

Here, Š ’
2©
Š −À
cos ‘§¤ ¨ 2 ‹ 2
Œ  Š ¾ for  − 14 £ 2
=¤ 2
> 0,
Š − À 2© ‹ 2 ’ 2ª ‹ 2 ¨ 2
¶ ( , , 6 , 7 , ) = ½¼½
½½ cosh ‘ ¤ ¨ Š 2 − À 2© ‹ 2
for  − 14 £ 2
= −¤ 2
< 0,
Œ 
2ª ‹ 2 ¨ 2 − À 2© ‹ 2
½½
½
where À = ¨ ( − Á )2 + ( − Â )2 . ¿½
Œ 
5.4.1-4. Domain: 0 ≤ ≤ Ã 1, 0 ≤ ≤ Ã 2 . First boundary value problem.
A rectangle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
Œ  Š
‰ = ° 0 (Œ ,  ) at
ˆ ± Š =0 (initial condition),
‰ = ° 1 ( , Š ) at Œ =0 (initial condition),
‰ = ² 1 ( ,Š ) at Œ =0 (boundary condition),
‰ =² (
2 Œ ,Š ) at  =Ã1 (boundary condition),
‰ = ² (Œ ,Š ) at  =0 (boundary condition),
3
‰ =² ( , ) at =Ã2 (boundary condition).
4

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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 Solution: ˆ
Œ  Š Œ  Š
‰ ( , , )= ˆ Š ³ Ä 1³ Ä2
° 0 (Á , Â ) Å ( , , Á , Â , ) · Â · Á
0 0
Œ  Š
³ Ä 1³ Ä2
+ ± ¸ ° 1 ( Á , Â ) + £ ° 0 ( Á , Â )¹ Å ( , , Á , Â , )· Â · Á
0 0 ˆ
Œ  Š
2³ ³ Ä ˆ
2
+‹ ±
² 1 (Â , º ) Æ Å ( , , Á , Â , − º )Ç È · Â · º
0 0 Á =0
Œ  Š
2³ ³ Ä2
−‹ ±
² 2 ( Â , º ) Æ É Å ( , , Á , Â , − º )Ç È · Â · º
0 0 Á =
É Œ  Š Ä 1

2³ ³ Ä1
+‹ ±
² 3 ( Á , º ) Æ É Å ( , , Á , Â , − º )Ç Ê · Á · º
0 0 Â =0
É Œ  Š
³ ³ Ä 1

− ‹ 2± ² 4 ( Á , º ) Æ É Å ( , , Á ,  , − º )Ç Ê · Á · º
0 0 Â =
É Œ  Š Ä2
³ ³ Ä ³ Ä 1 2

+  (Á ,  , º ) Å ( , , Á ,  , − º ) ·  · Á · º ,
0 0 0

where
Í Ñ Í Í
Œ  Š Š“’ Ë Ë Í
4 ÌAÍ Ì 1 Ï
Å ( , ,Á , , ) = exp ‘ − 21 £ Ï sin(Ð ) sin( Ò Î Ó ) sin(Ð Á ) sin( Ò Î Â ) sin( Î Ô ),
à 1Í Ã 2 Î =1 Î
=1 Í Í
ª ª Ï
Ð = Õ , Ò Î = Ö , Î = × Ø 2Ð 2 + Ø 2 Ò 2Î + Ù − 14 Ú 2.
Ã1 Ã2
Ñ

5.4.1-5. Domain: 0 ≤ ≤ Ã 1 , 0 ≤ Ó ≤ Ã 2 . Second boundary value problem.

A rectangle is considered. The following
Ñ conditions are prescribed:
Û
= Ü 0 (Ñ , Ó ) at Ô =0 (initial condition),
Û ÑÔ
= Ü 1( , Ó ) at =0 (initial condition),
É Ý Û Ñ
= ß 1 (Ó , Ô ) at =0 (boundary condition),
É Þ Û Ñ
= ß 2 (Ó , Ô ) at =Ã1 (boundary condition),
É Þ Û
= ß 3 (Ñ , Ô ) at Ó =0 (boundary condition),
É à Û
= ß 4( , Ô ) at Ó =Ã2 (boundary condition).
É à
Solution:
Ñ
1 2
Û
( ,Ó ,Ô ) = É Ü 0 (ã , ä ) å (æ , ç , ã , ä , è ) é ä é ã
Ô á 0â á 0â
É
1 2
+ Ü ( ã , ä ) + Ú Ü 0 ( ã , ä )ë å ( æ , ç , ã , ä , è ) é ä é ã
á 0â á 0â ê 1
2 2
2 Ý Ý
−Ø ß (ä , ì ) å (æ , ç , 0, ä , è − ì ) é ä é ì + Ø 2 ß (ä , ì ) å (æ , ç , í 1 , ä , è − ì ) é ä é ì
á 0 á 0â 1 á 0 á 0â 2
1 1
2 Ý Ý
−Ø ß (ã , ì ) å (æ , ç , ã , 0, è − ì ) é ã é ì + Ø 2 ß (ã , ì ) å (æ , ç , ã , í 2 , è − ì ) é ã é ì
á 0 á 0â 3 á 0 á 0â 4
1 2
Ý
+ (ã , ä , ì ) å (æ , ç , ã , ä , è − ì ) é ä é ã é ì .
á 0 á 0â á 0â î

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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 ð
õ
ïñ ï ñ

Here,
Ï
sin ú 00 è“û
å (æ , ç , ã , ä , è ) = exp ú − 12 Ú è“û ü Ï
í 1ÿ í 2 00 ÿ ÿ ÿ
ÿ 
2 þAÿ þ Î Ï
+ Ï cos(Ð æ ) cos(
Î ç ) cos(Ð ã ) cos(
Î ä ) sin( Î è) ,
í 1í 2 ý Î ý Î
=0 =0

where
ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ
Ï 0 for = = 0,
=   ,
Î =   , Î =   2Ð 2 +  2
2Î +  − 1 2, Î =  
Ð 4 1 for = 0 ( ≠ ),
í1 í2    
2 for ≠ 0.
 

5.4.1-6. Domain: 0 ≤ æ ≤ í 1 , 0 ≤ ç ≤ í 2 . Third boundary value problem.

A rectangle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
Û
= Ü 0 (æ , ç ) at è =0 (initial condition),
Û
= Ü 1 (æ , ç ) at è =0 (initial condition),
Û Ý Û
− 1 =  1 (ç , è ) at æ =0 (boundary condition),
Û Û
+ 2 =  2 (ç , è ) at æ =í1 (boundary condition),
 Û Û
− 3 =  3 (æ , è ) at ç =0 (boundary condition),
 Û Û
+ 4 =  4 (æ , è ) at ç =í2 (boundary condition).

The solution Û (æ , ç , è ) is determined by the formula in Paragraph 5.4.1-5 where

ÿ ÿ
þAÿ þ ÿ ÿ 1
å (æ , ç , ã , ä , è ) = 4 exp ú − 12 è û sin( æ + ) sin(  Î ç +  Î )
ý =1 Î ý =1  Î   2 2 + 2  Î2 + − 1 2
ÿ ÿ 4 ÿ

× sin( ã + ) sin(  Î ä +  Î ) sin  è  2  2 +  2  2 +  − 14 2  .

Here, ÿ ÿ
ÿ ÿ
 
    (1 2 +  ÿ 2 )( + ÿ 2)
1 ( 3 4 +  2 )( 3 + 4 )
 = arctan ,   = arctan ,  = üí1+ üí2+ 2  2 ;
ÿ í1 í2 ( 12 +  2 )( 2 +  2 )
2 ( 3 +  )( 42 +  2 )

the  and   are positive roots of the transcendental equations

 2 − 1 2 = ( 1 + 2 ) cot( í 1  ),  2 − 3 4 = ( 3 + 4 )  cot( í 2  ).

5.4.1-7. Domain: 0 ≤ æ ≤ í 1 , 0 ≤ ç ≤ í 2 . Mixed boundary value problems.

1 ¢ . A rectangle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
Û
= Ü 0 (æ , ç ) at è =0 (initial condition),
Û
= Ü 1 (æ , ç ) at è =0 (initial condition),
Ý Û
=  1 (ç , è ) at æ =0 (boundary condition),
Û
=  2 (ç , è ) at æ =í1 (boundary condition),
 Û
=  3 (æ , è ) at ç =0 (boundary condition),
 Û
=  4 (æ , è ) at ç =í2 (boundary condition).

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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 Solution:
1 2
Û
(æ , ç , è ) = Ü 0 (ã , ä ) å (æ , ç , ã , ä , è ) é ä é ã
è á 0â á 0â
1 2

+ Ü ( ã , ä ) + Ü 0 ( ã , ä )ë å ( æ , ç , ã , ä , è )é ä é ã
á 0â á 0â ê 1
 
2
Ý
+ 2  1 (ä , ì ) ü å (æ , ç , ã , ä , è − ì ) é ä é ì
á 0 á 0â ã =0
 
2
Ý
− 2  2 (ä , ì ) ü å (æ , ç , ã , ä , è − ì ) é ä é ì
á 0 á 0â ã = 1

1
2 Ý â
−  (ã , ì ) å (æ , ç , ã , 0, è − ì ) é ã é ì
á 0 á 0â 3
1
2 Ý
+  4 (ã , ì ) å (æ , ç , ã , í 2 , è − ì ) é ã é ì
á 0 á 0â
1 2
Ý
+ (ã , ä , ì ) å (æ , ç , ã , ä , è − ì ) é ä é ã é ì ,
á 0 á 0â á 0â î
where ÿ ÿ ÿ
þÿ þ ÿ
2  
å (æ , ç , ã , ä , è ) = exp ú − 12 “è û  sin( æ ) cos(
 ç ) sin( ã ) cos(
 ä ) sin(  è ),
í í 
ÿ 1 2 ÿ ý =1  ý =0 ÿ
 =  1 for  = 0,

 =   ,
 =   ,  =   2 2 +  2
2 +  − 1 2,
í1 í2 4 2 for ≠ 0.

2 ¢ . A rectangle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
Û
= Ü 0 (æ , ç ) at è =0 (initial condition),
Û
= Ü 1 (æ , ç ) at è =0 (initial condition),
Ý Û
=  1 (ç , è ) at æ =0 (boundary condition),
Û
=  2 (ç , è ) at æ =í1 (boundary condition),
Û
=  3 (æ , è ) at ç =0 (boundary condition),
 Û
=  4 (æ , è ) at ç =í2 (boundary condition).
Solution:
1 2
Û
(æ , ç , è ) = Ü 0 ( , ) ! (" , # ,  , , $ ) % % 
è  0  0
1 2

+ Ü 1 ( , ) + Ü 0 ( , )'(! (" , # ,  , , $ ) % % 
 0  0 &
 
2
2 Ý
+  1( , ) ) * ! (" , # ,  , , $ − ) ) % % )
 0  0  =0
2
2
+  2 ( , ) ) ! (" , # , , 1 , , $ − ) ) % % )
 0+  0
 -
1
2
+  3 ( , ) ) * ! (" , # ,  , , $ − ) ) %  % )
 0+  0 =0
1
2
+  4 ( , ) ) ! (" , # ,  , , 2 , $ − ) ) %  % )
 0+  0
1 2

+ ( , , ) ) ! (" , # ,  , , $ − ) ) % %  % ) ,
 0+  0  0 .

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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where
 
4   1 
( ,  ,  ,  ,  ) =   exp  − 21    sin(   ) sin(    ) sin(   ) sin(    ) sin(    ),
1 2    
=0 =0
(2 + 1) (2! + 1) 
  =   ,   =   ,   = " # 2 2 + # 2  2 + $ − 14  2.
21 22

5.4.2. Problems in Polar Coordinates

A two-dimensional nonhomogeneous telegraph equation in the polar coordinate system has the form
% 2&
% & % 2& % %
' % ( 1 & 1 2& ( ) (
% 2
+ % =# 2
2
+ ( % ( + ( 2
% ) 2 * − $ & + + ( , ,  ), =,  2 +  2.
 
(
For one-dimensional solutions & = & ( ,  ), see equation 4.4.2.2.

( )
5.4.2-1. Domain: 0 ≤ ≤- ,0≤ ≤ 2 . First boundary value problem.

A circle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
& ( )
= . 0 ( , ) at  =0 (initial condition),
% / & ( )
= . 1 ( , ) at  =0 (initial condition),
& ) (
= 0 ( ,  ) at =- (boundary condition).
Solution:
% 22
& (( , ) ,  ) = % ( )
. 0 ( ,  ) ( , ,  ,  ,  ) 4  4 
 1 0 1 03
22
( )
+ . 1 (  ,  ) +  . 0 (  ,  )6 ( , ,  ,  ,  ) 4  4 
1 0 1 03/ 5
22 %
( )
− # 2- 0 ( , 7 ) 8 % ( , ,  ,  ,  − 7 )9 : 4  4 7
1 0 1 0  =
/
22
( )
+ + ( ,  , 7 ) ( , ,  ,  ,  − 7 ) 4  4  3 4 7 .
1 0 1 0 1 03

Here,
  ( 
( ) 1    <  (=   ) <  (=    ) ) sin ?A@   
( , , , , ) = exp  − 21   cos[ ( −  )]  ,
- 2
 [ <  > (=   - )]2 @  
 =0  =1 ;

  = # 2 = 2  + $ − 14  2 , 0 = 1,  =2 ( = 1, 2, BBB ),

where the <  ( ) are the Bessel functions (the; prime denotes
; the derivative with respect to the
argument) and the =   are positive roots of the transcendental equation <  (= - ) = 0.

( )
5.4.2-2. Domain: 0 ≤ ≤- ,0≤ ≤ 2 . Second boundary value problem.

A circle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
& ( )
= . 0 ( , ) at  =0 (initial condition),
% /& ( )
= . 1 ( , ) at  =0 (initial condition),
% C & ) (
= 0 ( ,  ) at =- (boundary condition).

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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 Solution:
% 22
& (( , ) ,  ) = % ( )
. 0 ( ,  ) ( , ,  ,  ,  ) 4  4 
 1 0 1 03
22
( )
+ . 1 (  ,  ) +  . 0 (  ,  )6 ( , ,  ,  ,  ) 4  4 
1 0 1 03/ 5
22
( )
+ # 2- 0 ( , 7 ) ( , , - ,  ,  − 7 ) 4  4 7
/ 1 0 1 0
22
( )
+ + ( ,  , 7 ) ( , ,  ,  ,  − 7 ) 4  4  4 7 .
1 0 1 0 1 03

Here,

( ) sin ? , $ −  2E 4 
( , ,  ,  ,  ) = exp  − 21   D
- 2 , $ −  2E 4
  
( 
1    = 2  <  (=   ) <  (=    ) ) sin   @   
+ cos[ ( −  )]  ,
 (= 2  - 2 − 2 )[ <  (=   - )]2 @   F
 =0  =1 ;
 2 2 
  =# = + $ − 14  2 , 0 = 1,  =2 ( = 1, 2, BBB ),

where the <  ( ) are the Bessel functions and the =;  are positive
; roots of the transcendental equation
<  > (= - ) = 0.

( )
5.4.2-3. Domain: 0 ≤ ≤- ,0≤ ≤ 2 . Third boundary value problem.

A circle is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
& ( )
= . 0 ( , ) at  =0 (initial condition),
% / & ( )
= . 1 ( , ) at  =0 (initial condition),
% C & ) (
+ G & = 0 ( , ) at =- (boundary condition).
( )
The solution & ( , ,  ) is determined by the formula in Paragraph 5.4.2-2 where
  ( ) 
( ) 1    = 2  <  (=   ) <  (=    ) cos[ ( −  )] sin ?A@   
( , , , , ) = exp  − 12    ,
 =0 =1 ;
(=   - + G 2 - 2 − 2 )[ <  (=   - )]2 @  
2 2


  = # 2 = 2  + $ − 14  2 , 0 = 1,  =2 ( = 1, 2, BBB ).

Here, the <  ( ) are the Bessel functions and the; =  are positive
; roots of the transcendental equation

= <  > (= - ) + G <  (= - ) = 0.

( )
5.4.2-4. Domain: - 1 ≤ ≤- 2, 0≤ ≤ 2 . First boundary value problem.

An annular domain is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
& ( )
= . 0 ( , ) at  =0 (initial condition),
% /& ( )
= . 1 ( , ) at  =0 (initial condition),
& ) (
= 0 1( ,  ) at =- 1 (boundary condition),
& = 0 () ,  ) at
(
=- (boundary condition).
2 2

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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Solution:
% 22
& (( , ) ,  ) = % ( )
2
. 0 ( ,  ) ( , ,  ,  ,  ) 4  4 
 1 0 1 31
22
3 . 1 (  ,  ) + . 0 (  ,  )6 ( ( , ) ,  ,  , 
2
+  ) 4  4 
1 0 1 31/ 5
22 %
2 3 ( )
+# - 1 0 1 ( , 7 ) 8 % ( , , , , −7 )9 : 4  4 7
1 0 1 0  =
/ 1
22 %
( )
−# 2
- 2 0 2 ( , 7 ) 8 % ( , , , , −7 )9 : 3 4  4 7
1 0 1 0  =
/ 2
22 2
( )
+ + ( ,  , 7 ) ( , ,  ,  ,  − 7 ) 4  4  34 7 .
1 0 1 0 1 31

Here, 3
  
( )   ( ) sin ? @   
( , ,  ,  ,  ) =  exp  − 21    H   I  (=   I)  (=    ) cos[ ( −  )]  ,
2   @  
=0 =1
;
E = 2  <  2 (=   - 2 )
 = J 1 2 for
,
= 0, H   =
1 <  2 (=   - 1 ) − <  2 (=   - 2 )
for ≠ 0,
( ( ( 
I  (=   ) =; <  (=   - 1 ) K  (=   ) − K  (=   - 1 ) <  (=   ),   = # 2 = 2  + $ − 14  2 ,
( (
where the <  ( ) and K  ( ) are the Bessel functions, and the =   are positive roots of the transcen-
dental equation
<  (= - 1 ) K  (= - 2 ) − K  (= - 1 ) <  (= - 2 ) = 0.

( )
5.4.2-5. Domain: - 1 ≤ ≤- 2, 0≤ ≤ 2 . Second boundary value problem.

An annular domain is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
& ( )
=. 0( , ) at  =0 (initial condition),
% /& ( )
=. 1( , ) at  =0 (initial condition),
% C & ) (
=0 1( , ) at =- 1 (boundary condition),
% C & ) (
=0 2( , ) at =- 2 (boundary condition).

Solution:
% 22
& (( , ) ,  ) = % ( )
2

. 0 ( ,  ) ( , ,  ,  ,  ) 4  4 
 1 0 1 31
22 2
3 . 1 (  ,  ) + . 0 (  ,  )6 ( )
+  ( , ,  ,  ,  ) 4  4 
1 0 1 31/ 5
22
3 ( )
− # 2- 1 0 1 ( , 7 ) ( , , - 1,  , −7 )4  4 7
1 0/ 1 0
22
( )
+ # 2- 2 0 2 ( , 7 ) ( , , - 2,  , −7 )4  4 7
/ 1 0 1 0
22 2
( )
+ + ( ,  , 7 ) ( , ,  ,  ,  − 7 ) 4  4  4 7 .
1 0 1 0 1 31

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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Here,
( ) sin ? , $ −  2E 4 
( , ,  ,  ,  ) = exp  − 21   D
( - 22 − - 12 ) , $ −  2E 4
   ( )
1    = 2  I  (=   ) I  (=    ) cos[ ( −  )] sin ? , # 2 = 2  + $ − 2E 4 
+  ,
 =0  =1
(= 2 ;  - 22 − 2 ) I  2 (=   - 2 ) − (= 2  - 12 − 2 ) I  2 (=   - 1 )6 , # 2 = 2  + $ −  2E 4 F
 5
where

 = J 1 = 0,
( ( ( for
I  (=   ) = <  > (=   - 1)K  (=   ) − K  > (=   - 1) <  (=   ),
2 for > 0,
( ( ;
the <  ( ) and K  ( ) are the Bessel functions, and the =   are positive roots of the transcendental
equation
<  > (= - 1 ) K  > (= - 2 ) − K  > (= - 1 ) <  > (= - 2 ) = 0.

( )
5.4.2-6. Domain: - 1 ≤ ≤- 2, 0≤ ≤ 2 . Third boundary value problem.

An annular domain is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
& ( )
= . 0 ( , ) at  =0 (initial condition),
% /& ( )
= . 1 ( , ) at  =0 (initial condition),
% C & ) (
− G 1 & = 0 1( ,  ) at =- 1 (boundary condition),
% C & ) (
+ G 2& = 0 2( ,  ) at =- 2 (boundary condition).
( )
The solution & ( , ,  ) is determined by the formula in Paragraph 5.4.2-5 where
 
( ) 1    = 2  ( ) 
1 I  (=   ) I  (=    ) cos[ ( −  )] sin(    ).
( , ,  ,  ,  ) = exp  − 2   
H
 =0  =1 ;    

Here,

 = J 1 = 0,
for 
  = " # 2 = 2  + $ − 14  2 ,
2 for > 0,
H   = ( G 22 - 22; + = 2  - 22 − 2 ) I  2 (=   - 2 ) − ( G 12 - 12 + = 2  - 12 − 2 ) I  2 (=   - 1 ),
( (
I  (=   ) = =   <  > (=   - 1 ) − G 1 <  (=   - 1 )6LK  (=   )
5 (
− =   K  > (=   - 1) − G 1 K  (=   - 1 )6 <  (=   ),
( ( 5
where the <  ( ) and K  ( ) are the Bessel functions, and the =   are positive roots of the transcen-
dental equation
= <  > (= - 1) − G 1 <  (= - 1 )6 = K  > (= - 2) + G 2 K  (= - 2 )6
5 5
= = K  > (= - 1) − G 1 K  (= - 1 )6 = <  > (= - 2) + G 2 <  (= - 2 )6 .
5 5
( ) )
5.4.2-7. Domain: 0 ≤ ≤- ,0≤ ≤ 0. First boundary value problem.
A circular sector is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
& ( )
= . 0 ( , ) at  =0 (initial condition),
% /& ( )
= . 1 ( , ) at  =0 (initial condition),
& = 0 ( ) ,  ) at (
=- (boundary condition),
1
& ( )
= 0 2( ,  ) at =0 (boundary condition),
& ( ) )
= 0 3( ,  ) at = 0 (boundary condition).

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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Solution:
%
& (( , ) ,  ) = % ( )
0

. 0 ( ,  ) ( , ,  ,  ,  ) 4  4 
 1 0M 1 03
0
( )
+ . 1 (  ,  ) +  . 0 (  ,  )6 ( , ,  ,  ,  ) 4  4 
1 0M 1 03/ 5
%
2
0
( )
−# - 0 1 ( , 7 ) 8 % ( , ,  ,  ,  − 7 )9 : 4  4 7
1 0 1 0M  =
/
%
2 1 ( ) 34  4 7
+# 0 2 ( , 7 ) 8 % ( , ,  ,  ,  − 7 )9 N
1 0/ 1 03   =0
%
2 1 ( )
−# 0 3 ( , 7 ) 8 % ( , ,  ,  ,  − 7 )9 N 4  4 7
1
/ 0 1 03   = 0

0
( )
+ + ( ,  , 7 ) ( , ,  ,  ,  − 7 ) 4  4  M 4 7 .
1 0 1 0M 1 03
Here,
  (
( ) 4   <  2 O (=  
) <  2 O 0 (=    )
( , , , , ) = ) exp  − 12   0

- 2
0   [ <  > 2 O 0 (=   - )]2
=1 =1 M M
)
M  sin ? , # 2 = 2  + $ −  2E 4 
× sin ' )  * sin ' )  * ,
0 0 , # 2 = 2  + $ −  2E 4
(
where the <  2 O 0 ( ) are the Bessel functions and the =   are positive roots of the transcendental
equation <  2 O 0 (= - ) = 0.
M
M ( ) )
5.4.2-8. Domain: 0 ≤ ≤- ,0≤ ≤ 0. Second boundary value problem.
A circular sector is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
& ( )
= . 0 ( , ) at  =0 (initial condition),
% /& ( )
= . 1 ( , ) at  =0 (initial condition),
% C & ) (
= 0 1 ( ,  ) at =- (boundary condition),
( −1 % & ( )
= 0 2( ,  ) at =0 (boundary condition),
( −1 % & ( ) )
M = 0 3( ,  ) at = 0 (boundary condition).
Solution: M
%
(
& ( , , ) = % ) 0
( )
. 0 ( ,  ) ( , ,  ,  ,  ) 4  4 
 1 0M 1 03
0
( )
+ . 1 (  ,  ) +  . 0 (  ,  )6 ( , ,  ,  ,  ) 4  4 
1 0M 1 03/ 5
0
( )
+ # 2- 0 1 ( , 7 ) ( , , - ,  ,  − 7 ) 4  4 7
1/ 0 1 0M

2 ( )
−# 0 2 ( , 7 ) ( , ,  , 0,  − 7 ) 4  4 7
1 0/ 1 03

2 ( ) )
+# 0 3 ( , 7 ) ( , ,  , 0,  −7 )4  4 7
1/ 0 1 03
0
( )
+ + ( ,  , 7 ) ( , ,  ,  ,  − 7 ) 4  4  4 7 .
1 0 1 0M 1 03

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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Here,
  (
( ) 2 sin ? , $ −  2E 4  )   = 2  <  2 O (=   )<  2 O (=    )
( , ,  ,  ,  ) = exp  − 21   D ) +4 0 )
0 0

- 2
0, $ − 
2 E 4  =0  =1
( - 2 20 = 2  − 2 2)< 2
 2 O 0 (=   - )
M  M
)
 sin ? , # + $ M −  2E 4 
2 = 2 
× cos ' ) * cos
' ) * ,
0 0 , # 2 = 2  + $ −  2E 4 F
(
where the <  2 O ( ) are the Bessel functions and the =   are positive roots of the transcendental
0
equation <  > 2 O 0 (= - ) = 0.
M
M
( ) )
5.4.2-9. Domain: 0 ≤ ≤- ,0≤ ≤ 0. Mixed boundary value problem.
A circular sector is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
& ( )
= . 0 ( , ) at  =0 (initial condition),
% /& ( )
= . 1 ( , ) at  =0 (initial condition),
% C & ) (
+P & = 0 ( ,Q ) at =- (boundary condition),
% & )
=0 at =0 (boundary condition),
% & ) )
M
=0 at = 0 (boundary condition).

Solution: M
%
& (( , ) , Q ) = % ( )
0
. 0 (R , S ) T ( , , R , S , Q )R 4 R 4 S
Q 1 0M 1 03
0
( )
+ . 1 (R , S ) + U . 0 (R , S )6LT ( , , R , S , Q )R 4 R 4 S
1 0M 1 03/ 5
0
( )
+ # 2- 0 (S , 7 ) T ( , , - , S , Q − 7 ) 4 S 4 7
/ 1 0 1 0M
0
( )
+ + (R , S , 7 ) T ( , , R , S , Q − 7 )R 4 R 4 S 4 7 .
1 0 1 0M 1 03

Here,
Z Z Z Z a Z Z
( ) Y[Z Y
T ( , , R , S , Q ) = exp V − 12 U QW X X \ < ]_^ (= \ ` ) < ]_^ (= \ R ) cos( G ) cos( G S ) sin Vcb \ Q W ,
Z
Z Z =0 \ =1 Z Z
a a Z ; Z Z
4g 2Z \
G = d e , f \ = 2
, b \ = l # 2 g 2 \ + $ − 14 U 2 ,
0 0 (g
2 \ h 2 2 2 2 ] _
+ P h − G ) i_j (g Z h )k b^ \ \

where the j ]_^ (` ) are the Bessel functions and the g \ are positive roots of the transcendental
equation
g j ]_m ^ (g h ) + P j ]_^ (g h ) = 0.

5.4.3. Axisymmetric Problems

In the axisymmetric case, a nonhomogeneous telegraph equation in the cylindrical coordinate system
has the form
% 2n
% n % 2n % %
o % 1 n 2n p
% +U % =# 2
+ % + % p q − $ n + r (` , , Q ), ` = s t 2 + u 2.
Q 2 Q ` 2 ` ` 2

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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 w
=z −} |
vx v x
p
In the solutions
p
of the problems considered below, the modified Green’s function ‚ (` , , ƒ , „ , Q ) =
`
2 ƒ ( , , ƒ , „ , Q ) is used for convenience.
e

p
5.4.3-1. Domain: 0 ≤ ` ≤ h , 0 ≤ ≤ † . First boundary value problem.
A circular cylinder of finite length is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
n p
= ‡ 0 (` , ) at Q =0 (initial condition),
% ˆ n p
= ‡ 1 (` , ) at Q =0 (initial condition),
n p
= ‰ 1( , Q ) at ` =h (boundary condition),
n p
= ‰ 2 (` , Q ) at =0 (boundary condition),
n p
= ‰ 3 (` , Q ) at =† (boundary condition).

Solution:
%
n (` , p , Q ) = % p
‡ 0 (ƒ , „ ) ‚ ( , , ƒ , „ , Q ) Ž ƒ Ž „
Q Š 0‹ Š 0Œ
p
+ ‡ 1 (ƒ , „ ) +  ‡ 0 (ƒ , „ )‘‚ ( , , ƒ , „ , Q ) Ž ƒ Ž „
Š 0‹ Š 0ˆ Œ 
%
2 p
−’ ‰ 1 („ , “ ) ” % ‚ (  , , ƒ , „ , Q − “ )• – Ž „ Ž “
Š 0ˆ Š 0‹ ƒ =
%
+’ 2
‰ 2 (ƒ , “ ) ” % ‚ (  , — , ƒ , „ , Q − “ )• ˜ Œ Ž ƒ Ž “
Š 0ˆ Š 0Œ „ =0
%
2
−’ ‰ 3 (ƒ , “ ) ” % ‚ (  , — , ƒ , „ , Q − “ )• ˜ Ž ƒ Ž “
Š
ˆ 0 Š 0Œ „ =

+ r (ƒ , „ , “ ) ‚ ( , — , ƒ , „ , Q − “ ) Ž ƒ Ž „ ‹ Ž “ .
Š 0 Š 0‹ Š 0Œ

Here, Ÿ Ÿ ¥ Ÿ
ˆ?›
Ÿ Ÿ
4ƒ ™ − š 2 ž[Ÿ ž 1 ¡ ¢  ¡ ¢ — sin( © ª)
‚ ( , — , ƒ , „ , Q ) = œ 2†
¡ 2( ¢ 0 £ œ ¤ 0 £ œ ¤ sin £ ¦ § e ¤ sin £ ¦ §e ¨ ¤ ,

=1

=1Ÿ 1 ) Ÿ ©

’ 2¢ 2 ’ 2 2 2  2
© =« œ + e § 2¦ +$ − ,
Ÿ 2 4
¡
where the ¢ are positive zeros of the Bessel function, 0 (¢ ) = 0.

œ §
5.4.3-2. Domain: 0 ≤  ≤ , 0 ≤ — ≤ . Second boundary value problem.
A circular cylinder of finite length is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
¬ = ­ 0 ( , — ) at ª =0 (initial condition),
% ®¬
= ­ 1 ( , — ) at ª =0 (initial condition),
% ¯ ¬ œ
= ° 1 ( — , ª ) at  = (boundary condition),
% ± ¬
= ° 2 ( , ª ) at — =0 (boundary condition),
% ± ¬ §
= ° 3 ( , ª ) at — = (boundary condition).

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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 Solution: ¥ ¥ ¥
%
¬ ( , — , ª ) = % ­ 0 ( , ) ² ( , — , , , ª ) Ž Ž
ª Š 0‹ Š 0Œ ¥ ¨ ¥ ¨ ¥ ¨ ¥

+³ ´³ ­ 1 ( , ) + ¶ ­ 0 ( , )·L² ( , — , , , ª ) ¸ ¸
0 0® Œ µ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨
œ
+ ¹ 2³ ´ ° 1 ( , º ) ² ( , — , , , ª − º ) ¸ ¸ º
³
0® 0 ¨ ¥ ¥ ¨ ¥¨

− ¹ 2³ ³ ° 2 ( , º ) ² ( , — , , 0, ª − º ) ¸ ¸ º
0® ¥ 0Œ ¥ ¥
§
+ ¹ 2³ ³ ° 3 ( , º ) ² ( , — , , , ª − º ) ¸ ¸ º
® 0 0Œ ¥ ¥ ¥

+³ ³ ´³ ( , , º ) ² ( , — , , , ª − º ) ¸ ¸ ¸ º .
0 0 0Œ » ¨ ¨ ¨
Here, ¥ Ã Ã Ã Ê
¥
sin ¼ ªA¿ À ½ 1 Â[à  ÄÃ Æ Ç  Æ Ç
² ( , — , , , ª ) = 2 exp ¼ − 12 ¶ ª½ ¾ œ § + œ § Á Á Æ 2 (Ç 0 È œ É 0 È œ É
¨ 2 ¿ À 2
Ä ) Ã
=0 =0 Å0
Ã
— sin ¼?Ï ¿ Ð Ä ½
× cos È Ë ÍÌ É cos È Ë ÍÌ Î É ,
¿ Ð Ä Ñ

where Ã
à Ã
2 2 2 0 for 2 2 2 2 = 0, Ô = 0,
¶ ¹ Ç ¹ ¶
À =Ò − , Ð Ä = œ = Ó 1 for Ë + Ì Í 2Ë +Ò − , Ä = 0, Ô > 0,
à 4 2 4
2 for Ë > 0,
Æ Å Ë
and the Ç are zeros of the first-order Bessel function, 1 (Ç ) = 0 (Ç 0 = 0).

œ Í
5.4.3-3. Domain: 0 ≤ Õ ≤ , 0 ≤ — ≤ . Third boundary value problem.
A circular cylinder of finite length is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
Ö = × 0 (Õ , Ø ) at Ï =0 (initial condition),
Ù ÚÖ
= × 1 (Õ , Ø ) at Ï =0 (initial condition),
Ù Û Ö
+ Ü 1Ö
= Ý 1(Ø , Ï ) at Õ =Þ (boundary condition),
Ù ß Ö
− Ü 2 Ö = Ý 2 (Õ , Ï ) at Ø =0 (boundary condition),
Ù ß Ö Í
+ Ü 3 Ö = Ý 3 (Õ , Ï ) Ø = at (boundary condition).
The solution Ö Ê
(Õ , Ø , Ï ) is determined by the Ã Ã Ê Ã
Ê Ã formula in Paragraph 5.4.3-2 where
à 2 ÂÃ Â Æ Ç Õ Æ Ç Ä ( Ø ) Ä ( ) sin ¼?Ï ¿ Ã Ð Ä ½
(Õ , Ø , , , Ï ) = 2 exp ¼ − 12 á Ï ½ Á Á 0È É 0È É â ã â ã Î .
Î Þ Þ Þ Ä 2 ¿ Ð Ä
=1 Ä =1 â
à ŠÃ
Here, Ã Ã
à Ã
Ç 2 Ð Ä = ä Ç
2 2
2 å Ä2
2
á ,
= 2 2 Æ , + + Ò −
( Ü 1 Þ + Ç 2 ) 02 (Ç ) Þ 2 ä 4
Å å 2 2 Í
å Ä Ø ) + Ü 2 sin(å Ä Ø ), ã ã 2 Ü 3 Ä +Ü 2 Ü 2 Ü 22
à â Ä ( Ø ) = cos( Ä = + + È 1+ å 2 É ;
å Ä â 2 Äå 2 å Ä +Ü 3
2 2 å
2 Ä 2 2 Ä
the Ç and å Ä are positive roots of the transcendental equations
Í
Æ Æ tan(å ) Ü 2+Ü 3
Ç 1 (Ç ) − Ü 1 Þ 0 (Ç ) = 0, å = å 2 .
−Ü Ü 2 3

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

Page 388
 ç
=ê −í ì
æè æ è
Í
5.4.3-4. Domain: 0 ≤ Õ ≤ Þ , 0 ≤ Ø ≤ . Mixed boundary value problems.
1 ò . A circular cylinder of finite length is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:
Ö = × 0 (Õ , Ø ) at Ï =0 (initial condition),
Ù ÚÖ
=× 1 (Õ ,Ø ) at Ï =0 (initial condition),
=Ý Ö Õ =Þ
1(Ø , Ï ) at (boundary condition),
Ù ß Ö
=Ý 2 (Õ , Ï ) at Ø =0 (boundary condition),
Ù ß Ö Í
=Ý 3 (Õ , Ï ) at Ø = (boundary condition).
Solution: Ê Ê Ê
Ù
Ö (Õ , Ø , Ï ) = Ù à
× 0 ( , ) (Õ , Ø , , , Ï ) ö ö
0 Êõ Ï ó 0ô ó Î Ê Î Ê Î Ê
à
+ × 1 ( , ) + á × 0 ( , )ø ( Õ , Ø , , , Ï ) ö ö
ó 0 ô ó 0Ú õ ÷ Î Î Ê Î Î
ÙÊ
à
− 2 Ý 1( , ù ) ú Ù ( Õ , Ø , , , Ï − ù )û ü ö ö ù
ä ó 0 ó 0ô ÎÊ Ê Î Ê = Î Ú Ê Ê Ê
Ú
à à Í
− 2 Ý 2 ( , ù ) (Õ , Ø , , 0, Ï − ù ) ö ö ù +õ 2 Ý 3 ( , ù ) (Õ , Ø , , , Ï − ù ) ö ö ù
ä óÚ 0 ó 0 õ Ê Ê Ê ä ó 0 ó 0õ
à
+ ( , , ù ) (Õ , Ø , , , Ï − ù ) ö ö ö ù .
ó 0 ó 0ô ó 0õ ý Î Î Î
Here, Ê Ê þ Ê
Ú
 
à 2 −ÿ 2    Æ Ç  Õ Æ Ç  Ø sin( Ð   Ï )
(Õ , Ø , , , Ï ) = 2
Í Æ 2 0 É 0 É cos  Ë Í Ì É cos  Ë ÍÌ Î É
Ð  
,
Þ  =1  =0 1Å ( Ç ) Þ Þ
Î 

2 Ç 2 2 2 2 2
Ð 1 for = 0,
  =  , ä  + ä Ì 2Ë + −  =
4 2 2 for Ë > 0,
Ë
where the   are zeros of the Bessel function,  0 ( ) = 0.
2  . A circular cylinder of finite length is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:

= × 0 ( ,  ) at  =0 (initial condition),
  
= × 1 ( ,  ) at  =0 (initial condition),
   
=  1 (  ,  ) at  = (boundary condition),

=  2 ( ,  ) at  =0 (boundary condition),

=  3 ( ,  ) at  = (boundary condition).
Solution:


( ,  ,  ) =  × 0(  ,  )  (  ,  ,  ,  ,  )    
  0  0 

2 
+ × 1( ,  ) + × 0( ,  )!" ( ,  ,  ,  ,  )     +  1(  , # )  ( ,  , ,  ,  − # )    #
 0   0  ä  0  0

2
+  2(  ,# ) $   (  ,  ,  ,  ,  − # )% &    #
ä  0  0  =0


2
−  3(  ,# ) $   (  ,  ,  ,  ,  − # )% &    #
ä  0  0  =


+ ( ,  , # )  ( ,  ,  ,  ,  − # )    

 # .
 0  0  0 '

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

Page 389
Here, * * *


  * *
−ÿ 2 )+*
4 ( ) 1       sin( 0 ,  )
 ( ,  ,  ,  ,  ) = 
2 2
 0-  .  0-  . sin - / Ì . sin - / Ì . ,
 0 ( ) * 0 ,
=0 , =1*
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 , = 1 2  + 2 Ì 2/
+3 − 4 ,
* 2 4
where the  are zeros of the first-order Bessel function,  1 ( ) = 0 ( 0 = 0).

 
5.4.3-5. Domain: 1 ≤ ≤ 2, 0≤  ≤ . First boundary value problem.
A hollow circular cylinder of finite length is considered. The following conditions are prescribed:

= 5 0 ( ,  ) at  =0 (initial condition),
  
= 5 1 (  ,  ) at  =0 (initial condition),
 
=  1( ,  ) at  = 1 (boundary condition),
 
=  2( ,  ) at  = 2 (boundary condition),

=  3 ( ,  ) at  =0 (boundary condition),

=  4 ( ,  ) at  = (boundary condition).

Solution:

2

( ,  ,  ) =  5 0 ( ,  )  ( ,  ,  ,  ,  )    
  0  
1
2

+  5 (
1 , )+ 5 0 ( ,  )!" ( ,  ,  ,  ,  )    
 0   4
 1

2
+   1 ( ,# ) $   (  ,  ,  ,  ,  − # )% 6    #
2  0  0  =
 1

2
−  2 ( ,# ) $   (  ,  ,  ,  ,  − # )% 6

   #
2  0  0 
 = 2

2
2
+  3 ( ,# ) $   (  ,  ,  ,  ,  − # )% &    #
2  0    =0
 1

2
2 
−  4 ( ,# ) $   (  ,  ,  ,  ,  − # )% &    #
2  0    =
 1

2

+ ( ,  , # )  ( ,  ,  ,  ,  − # )    

 # .
 0  0   '
1

Here, * * * * *


  * * *
2 2 2 sin :
<;
 −ÿ 2
)* )   0 ( 78 ) 9 ( ) 9 ( )   0 , =
 (  ,  ,  ,  ,  ) = Ì 2
(
2
sin - / Ì . sin - / Ì . ,
* A  0 ( A  2( 78
*) − ) * ; 0 ,
* * 1 =1 , =1 * 0 *
 2 2 2 2 2 2
? ? 2 ?
9 ( ) = > 0( ? )@ 0-  . − @ 0( ? )> 0-  . , 7 =  , 0 , = 2 
2
+ 2 Ì 2/
+3 − 4 ,
1 1 *1 1 4

where @ 0 (? ) and > 0 (? ) are the Bessel functions, and the ? are positive roots of the transcendental
equation
@ 0 ( ? ) > 0 ( 78? ) − @ 0 ( 78? ) > 0 ( ? ) = 0.

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

Page 390
5.5. Other Equations with Two Space Variables
2C C 2C 2C C C
2 C
1. B
2
+ E B = F - B
2
+ B
2
. + I 1 B + I 2 B + J .
B D B D B G B H B G B H
The transformation K

1 3 1L + 3 2M
(L , M , N ) = O (L , M , # ) exp - − N − . , # = N
24 2 2 2
2
leads to the equation from Subsection 5.1.3:
P P P
2 2 2 2
O O O 1 2 2
P Q = P + P +å O , å = R + 4 − ( 3 + 3 ).
2 L 2 M 2 2 4 2 4 4 1 2
2 2 2
2C C 2C 2C
–1
2. B B
2
+
= B 2 + B 2. U
DTS 2 DVS
B D B D B G B H
Domain: − W < L < W , − W < M < W . Cauchy problem.
K
Initial conditions are prescribed:
K
= 5 (L , M ) at N = 0,
, X 2P Y
N = Z (L , M ) at N = 0.

Solution for
K 1≤ < 2:
/ P
1 , X 2 5 (_ , ` ) a _ a ` 1 Z (_ , ` ) a _ a `
(L , M , N ) = N P b c + b c ,
2[ N \ ] \^ 2c N 2− − d 2 2[ \ ] \^ 2c N 2− −d 2
4 4
2 b
c
= , d = ( L − _ )2 + ( M − ` ) 2 ,
4 2−e
Y c
2 2c 2− 1 XVgVh
where f = {d ≤ N } is the circle with center at (L , M ) and radius c
N .
ikj 4 4
Reference: M. M. Smirnov (1975).

© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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