SOLVING THE 2-D WAVE EQUATION IN

POLAR COORDINATES

NAME : M.MATHURAKSHI
REGISTRATION NO: EN108973
INDEX NO : 22/ENG/093
GROUP :B
PRACTICAL DATE : 03/05/2024
SUBMISSION DATE: 10/05/2024
QUESTION 1

Use separation of variables to derive a solution for the function u (r, t), with given BCs and
ICs.

1. Let 𝑢(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝑊 (𝑟) 𝐺(𝑡). Use -𝑘 ! as your separation constant. Derive the 2 ODEs
required for this solution.

𝑢(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝑊(𝑟) 𝐺(𝑡)

𝜕!𝑢
= 𝑊(𝑟) 𝐺̈ (𝑡)
𝜕𝑡 !

𝜕!𝑢
= 𝑊′′(𝑟) 𝐺(𝑡)
𝜕𝑟 !

𝜕𝑢
= 𝑊′(𝑟) 𝐺(𝑡)
𝜕𝑟

𝜕!𝑢 !
𝜕 ! 𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢
= 𝑐 / + 2
𝜕𝑡 ! 𝜕𝑟 ! 𝑟 𝜕𝑟

1
𝑊(𝑟) 𝐺̈ (𝑡) = 𝑐 ! 3𝑊′′(𝑟)𝐺(𝑡) + 𝑊′(𝑟) 𝐺(𝑡) 4
𝑟

1
𝐺̈ (𝑡) 𝑊 ""($) + 𝑟 𝑊′(𝑟)
= = −𝑘 !
𝑐 ! 𝐺(𝑡) 𝑊(𝑟)

𝐺(𝑡) + 𝑐 ! 𝑘 ! 𝐺(𝑡) = 0 --------------------------------------(1)

&
𝑊 ""($) + $ 𝑊 "($) + 𝑘 ! 𝑊(𝑡) = 0 ---------------------------------------(2)

1
2. For the ODE that is a function of W(r), show that it may be re-written as the Bessel
equation through this substitution. Using a MATLAB code find the points where
Jo(kR) = 0.

𝑠 = 𝑘𝑟

𝑑𝑠
=𝑘
𝑑𝑟

𝑑𝑊 𝑑𝑊 𝑑𝑠
=
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑟

𝑑𝑊 𝑑𝑊
= 𝑘
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑠

𝑑𝑊 𝑑𝑊
𝑑 . 𝑑𝑟 / 𝑑 .𝑘 𝑑𝑠 /
=
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟

𝑑𝑊
𝑑 ! 𝑊 𝑑 .𝑘 𝑑𝑠 / 𝑑𝑠
=
𝑑𝑟 ! 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑊
𝑑!𝑊 𝑑 . 𝑑𝑠 /
=𝑘 𝑘
𝑑𝑟 ! 𝑑𝑠

𝑑!𝑊 !
𝑑!𝑊
= 𝑘
𝑑𝑟 ! 𝑑𝑠 !

𝑑 ! 𝑊 𝑘 𝑑𝑊
!
𝑘 !
+ 1𝑘 2 + 𝑘 !𝑊 = 0
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 𝑑𝑠

𝑑 ! 𝑊 1 𝑑𝑊
+ +𝑊 =0
𝑑𝑠 ! 𝑠 𝑑𝑠

2
Points for Jo(kR) = 0,
(Hint: Use kR = 0:0.01:18; to solve the problem. Refer to the graph to establish a suitable
range to find “I” values.)

MATLAB code:

Output:

3
Values of alpha:

alpha_m: [2.41, 5.515, 8.66, 11.763]

3. Find the αm values for m = 1, 2, and 3. Increase spacing to increase size of array kR to
improve your approximation. Report to 4 decimal places. Attach your modified
MATLAB code.

modified MATLAB code:

Values of alpha:

αm: [2.4048, 5.5201, 8.6538, 11.7916, 14.9310]

4. Solve the time dependent PDE as usual and show that the mth solution for our function is,
𝑎' 𝑎' 𝑎'
𝑢' (𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝐽( 9 𝑟< /𝐴' 𝑐𝑜𝑠 9𝑐 9 < 𝑡< + 𝐵' 𝑠𝑖𝑛 9𝑐 9 < 𝑡<2
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅

𝑎'
𝑘=
𝑟

𝑎' !
𝐺̈' (𝑡) + 𝑐 ! 9 < 𝐺' (𝑡) = 0
𝑅
𝑎' 𝑎'
𝐺' (𝑡) = 𝐴' 𝑐𝑜𝑠 9𝑐 9 < 𝑡< + 𝐵' 𝑠𝑖𝑛 9𝑐 9 < 𝑡<
𝑅 𝑅
𝑎'
𝑊' (𝑟) = 𝐽( (𝑘𝑟) = 𝐽( 9 𝑟<
𝑅

𝑢' (𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝑊' (𝑟) 𝐺' (𝑡)

𝑎' 𝑎' 𝑎'

5
5. Use integration by parts to show that,
8
𝐴' =
𝑎) ' 𝐽& (𝑎' )

&
2
𝐴' = ! E 𝑟 𝑓(𝑟) 𝐽( (𝑎' 𝑟) 𝑑𝑟
𝐽& (𝑎' )
(

&
2
= ! E 𝑟 (1 − 𝑟 ! ) 𝐽( (𝑎' 𝑟) 𝑑𝑟
𝐽& (𝑎' )
(
Using theory 1 and integration by parts,
&
2
= E (1 − 𝑟 ! ) (𝑎' 𝑟𝐽( (𝑎' 𝑟)) 𝑑𝑟
𝑎' 𝐽& ! (𝑎' )
(

&
2 1
= ! H[𝑟 𝐽& (𝑎' 𝑟)(1 − 𝑟 ! )] + E 2𝑟 ! 𝐽& (𝑎' 𝑟) 𝑑𝑟K
𝑎' 𝐽& (𝑎' ) 0
(

&
2 2
= ! H0 + E 𝑎' 𝑟 ! 𝐽& (𝑎' 𝑟) 𝑑𝑟K
𝑎' 𝐽& (𝑎' ) 𝑎'
(

4 1
= ! [𝑟 ! 𝐽! (𝑎' 𝑟)]
𝑎' ! 𝐽& (𝑎' ) 0

4𝐽! (𝑎' )
=
𝑎' ! 𝐽& ! (𝑎' )
From theory 2,

2
𝐽( (𝑎' ) + 𝐽! (𝑎' ) = 𝐽 (𝑎 )
𝑎' & '

𝐽( (𝑎' ) = 𝐽( (𝑘𝑅) = 0

2
𝐽! (𝑎' ) = 𝐽 (𝑎 )
𝑎' & '
Substituting above result,

8
𝐴' =
𝑎) ' 𝐽& (𝑎' )

6
6. Find Am for m = 1,2,3 and 4 and plot the full solution u (r, 𝜃,t) at c = 1 m/s and R = 3m.
For 𝜃 =0→ 2π and t=1000s. Attach your modified MATLAB code. What mode shape is
dominating? How does this relate to the shape of the Initial condition?

When t=0s,

Modified MATLAB code:

7
Surface:

Graph:

8
When t = 1000s,

Modified MATLAB code:

9
Surface:

Graph:

10