THE CREATION OF IRONY THROUGH THE FLOUTING OF GRICE’S MAXIMS: AN

ANALYSIS OF PAKISTANI URDU COMEDY SHOW “HUM SAB UMEED SAY HAIN

MEHWISH NOOR, RIAZ AHMAD MANGRIO, GHULAM ALI

Abstract

The study is carried out to investigate the phenomenon of irony as a result of the flouting of
Grice’ maxims in Urdu language with respect to Urdu comedy show Hum Sab Umeed Say
Hain “We are Hopeful”. It implies interpretation of ironic utterances and suggests different
factors that incorporate in meaning making process. Associative meaning of the lexical
items, polysemy of words (in bold print), shared knowledge and context are the factors
found in order to interpret the ironic statement. It also argues that flouting of quality maxim
is not the only source of the creation of irony as Grice proclaims. The results of study show
that maxim of manner is the most frequently flouted maxim whereas the other and
sometimes more than one maxims are flouted to create irony by Pakistani scriptwriter. Data
is taken from the available CDs of the said TV show. Ten utterances are selected from
which five are analyzed qualitatively and other five quantitatively.
Key Words: Grice’ Maxims; Flouting; Implicature; Irony; Urdu; TV Show “Hum Sab Umeed
Say Hain”.

1. Introduction:
Language is an indefinable and multifaceted phenomenon that is used as a tool to
communicate enormous types of varied things (Cline, 2011). A message in different contexts can
have different implications. In the process of communication, words mean more than that of their
literal meaning. This study focuses on the flouting of Gricean maxims to create irony and
understanding of the intended meanings of the speakers. Pakistani Urdu Comedy Show “Hum
Sab Umeed Say Hain” has been selected for the intended study.
It is manifested that during conversation, participants infer what others say even when
they do not know explicitly their intentions (Tsuda, 1993). There is no explicit modus operandi
of deriving and implying meaning that the interlocutors observe. The phenomenon of meaning is
far-reaching but still there are some helpful principles. Grice (1975) assumes that the
interlocutors remain cooperative for the successful communication so that they elongate their
exchanges of talks.
Grice (1969, 1989) presents the idea in his “Cooperative Principles” that the contribution
of participants of conversation needs to be as informative as it is required according to the
accepted purpose and point of discussion. Subsequently, he notices that even in formal
conversation among the cultured people, the cooperative principles are violated (Grice, 1989).
He makes a peculiarity between “what is said” (explicit meaning) and “what is implicated”
(implicit meaning) and offers a theory of the second sort of meaning, which he calls
“Conversational Implicature”, utilizing the fact that contributors may be supposed to be
cooperative (1975 and 1989). In the process to cope up indirect meaning, the literal meaning of
the utterance works as the basis (Pop, 2010). This indirect meaning, created through the
deliberate violation (flouting) of the maxims, is beyond the literal meaning of the utterance.
When a speaker flouts the maxim or maxims, s/he conveys not only the content but also the
implications beyond the literal meaning of that content.
The flouting of the maxims is practiced in order to imply different types of meanings.
Grice offers a number of instances such as; irony, meiosis, metaphor and hyperbole (Brumark,
2006). Irony to the rhetorical intellectuals: is a figure of speech and a deliberate act performed
for special purpose (Gibbs and Colston, 2002). Traditionally, it is defined as saying something
that gives other meaning through context (Attardo, 2001). The flouting of the cooperative
principles creates irony in conversation (Attardo, 2002).
This aspect of meaning based on the theoretical framework of the flouting of Grice’s
maxims has yet not been visited especially in Urdu language and literature in Pakistan. The
present study particularly focuses on one aspect of pragmatic meaning (irony) that is created by
flouting the maxims proposed by Grice.
The subsequent section provides a critical review of previous literature regarding the
phenomenon under investigation.

2. Review of Literature:
Grice (1975) observes that for successful communication interlocutors follow implicit
rules. He introduces four Maxims known as “Cooperative Principles”; maxim of quantity,
maxim of quality, maxim of manner, and maxim of relevance. Maxim of quantity expresses the
right amount of information (no excess, no paucity), maxim of quality asks to be truthful (not so
say something for which you lack adequate evidence), maxim of manner shows clarity
(avoidance of obscurity, ambiguity, verbosity and keeping the order) whereas, the maxim of
relevance demands relevance (to the context and to the situation) for the recent purposes of the
conversation.
Levinson (2003) explains this paradigmatic assumption and holds it as Implicature the
same what Grice himself terms it (1989). Davis and Wayne (2010) observe that “Implicature”
indicates the act of suggesting something different from the spoken words. Sentence elements,
choice of words and the context of talk exchange employ additional meaning to the spoken
words. They support Grice’s claim explaining both types- conversational and conventional
implicatures. So to say, implicature is an indirect meaning attached to the literal meaning of
spoken words. The research focuses on, specifically, conversational implicature.
Grice (1975) claims irony as an implicature derived through a deliberate flouting of the
maxim of quality. He also talks about the universality of the cooperative principles. Brown
and Levinson (1978) investigate violation of the maxims in irony and support the Grice’s claim
because speakers do not refry true contributions. After that, different studies report
discrepancies among their results. Juez (1995) holds the view that speakers possibly produce
irony by flouting the maxim of quantity. The present researcher argues that interlocutors do not
follow the same strategy producing irony all the time. The frequency of the flouting of maxims
may differ such as Siali (1999) finds the maxim of manner as the most flouted maxim to create
irony as compared to other flouted maxims.
Gilbert (1997) scrutinizes that irony is the major device to create dramatic irony in
Shakespeare’s plays where maxims are flouted by the persuader to continue their arguments. He
also talks about the flouting of more than one maxim but does not explain with which frequency
and to what extent. However, Hirsch (2011) considers the flouting as one of the hints to figure
out the phenomenon of irony. Diversity in the results of previous authors’ research appealed the
researcher to carry out the study and to find out how and to what extent, Urdu script-writer flouts
the maxims to create irony. The researcher has a strong stand point against the Grice’ as well as
his supporters’ claim and undertakes that only the flouting of quality maxim is not responsible to
create irony. Thus, the aim of the study is to reconnoiter the flouting (of maxims) resulting irony
as well as the type of maxims.
Grice’s Conversational Maxims are, no doubt, one of the foundational principles of
Pragmatics. The present research also addresses this claim. In fact, Davies (2007) assumes
Grice's Cooperative Principles as the basic conception of pragmatics. The maxims and their
flouting have been studied from many perspectives and for various purposes. The research of
Bernsen et al. (1996) in Artificial Intelligence with respect to Gricean Maxims is helpful for
effective communication between computers and human beings. Following the trend, the present
study provides data for the effective machine-translation of the most problematic figure of
speech; irony.
Fakharzadeh and Rasekh (2010) notice that the manner Maxim is observed in the nursery
rhymes when the quality Maxim is flouted. Different perspectives of the flouting of Grice’s
maxims have been studied by various researchers. It shows that the present study with a different
perspective regarding different language updates the research done by the previous authors.
The study is unique in the sense that it unveils the process of production and
interpretation of the ironic utterances of Urdu language. The qualitative analysis of the data
offers an understanding of the creation and the interpretation of irony as an implicature with
respect to sociolinguistic knowledge of Pakistani script-writers and the audience. It provides data
for the comparative studies with respect to different languages as well as to different TV
programs at macro-level and micro-level respectively. Mustafa (2010) holds the view that
implicature in pragmatics, unlike many other topics, does not have a comprehensive history in
western languages. The same is the case with the study of Indo Aryan languages. The present
study is the first ever piece of research in this regard with reference to Urdu language. Therefore,
it enhances the limited linguistic work done on Urdu language, and then fills the mentioned gap
positively. It also employs weightage to the theory applied and addresses the new dimension
which is neglected by Grice.

3. Research Methodology:
Grice’s theory provides this research theoretical and conceptual framework. Qualitative
and quantitative methods have been used as research tools for analyzing the selected data.
The main data source is the selected episodes of Pakistani Comedy Television Show Hum
Sub Umeed Say Hain “We are hopeful”. The said Television show is selected due to the fact that
it is the most favorite program, equally popular among the audience of all age. The data has been
selected from the available DVD programs from the market. Those utterances are selected for the
study which implies irony according to the current political scenario of Pakistan due to the fact
that they are highly appreciated among the viewers.
The flouting of the cooperative principles of Paul Grice is used to analyse the phenomenon of
irony as a consequence of flouting of maxims. After the utterances analysed the ironic instances
are explained with the help of different aspects of meaning making processes.

4. Data Analysis and Discussion:

4.1. Episode date; November 12, 2011

A: “lagta hay ajka din sader, wazeer e azam, or baki wazeeron musheeron ny bohot
Busy guzara hay, kay aj sara din, bijli, gas or petrol ki prices aik dafa bhi ooper nhee
gaee”

Paraphrase:

A: It seems that our President, Prime Minister and other Ministers spent the day very
busy today so that the price rates of electricity gasoline and petrol have not been increased
for a single time throughout the day.

Discussion:

The maxim of manner has been flouted by the speaker by uttering an elusive statement.
The hearer implicates that there is some indirect relationship between the business of the said
people and the price rates of electricity, gasoline and petrol and/or their price increases
almost every day that is why the speaker is showing her bewilderment about no increase in
the said price rates throughout the day.
The speaker is ironic about the occupation of the high ups that remain busy in the
pursuits that do not fall in their commitments
The utterance implies reflective meanings derived through the italic lexical items. In
Pakistan the price rates of petroleum are updated by Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority
(OGRA) every month but covertly controlled by the President, Prime Minister and other
Ministers. There are some factors that affect the price rates other than the international price
rates and the most important factor is taxation. The government uses rise and fall of the price
rates of the said resources to excerpt tax revenue secretly without making the mass alert of it.
Same is the case with the Pakistani mass that is compelled to pay the hidden taxes in the
shape of increased petrol and gas rates. As far as electricity rates are concerned, they also rise
time and time again.
The issues of load shedding and rental power plants are the tactics have been used by
the government to earn money. The speaker being ironic tries to convey the message to the
listener that must have to be interpreted by the study of the core words and their associative
meanings.

4.2. Episode date; November 12, 2011

A “dekhen es dafa hakoomat ka awam kay ley kya eid package hay?”
PM “hakoomat her saal eid per awam ki behtri kay leay ekdamaat karti hay. Kyun kay es
Eid per sub say ziyada zaroorat kasaee ki hoti hay ,awam ki sahoolat kay leay
hukomat nay es saal kasaee muhayya karnay ka faislakiya hay”

Paraphrase:

A: Let us see what Eid package the government has for the public?
PM: The government takes steps every year for the betterment of the public. The
Slaughterer is the most important need of this Eid, keeping in view, this year the
government has decided to provide slaughterers to facilitate the public.

Discussion:

The maxim of manner has been flouted to create irony. Mr. PM is blemished in his
expression and having a responsible seat, ought not to talk about the matter elusively. Both
parts of utterance have no direct connection between them and in meaning making process, at
conceptual level, the later utterance seems elusive. The availability of the slaughterer is; no
doubt, very significant to offer sacrifice in Eid-ul-Azha but on national level it is not the most
important need of the masses.
The listener implicates some indirect connection between PM and the slaughtering
because a great emphasis is given by him to the matter. The government takes steps out of
the way and performs the duties other than that are assigned to them. He announces the Eid
package beyond the expectations of the public. It implicates, that slaughterers are the most
important need of the public who always remain ready to be slaughtered.
The utterance is ironic as it explains that government is not serious to facilitate the
public in the true sense. Normally, in such packages of holy festivals governments announce
special bonuses and allowances to the public but here government announces the offer that is
all about a matter of individual interest. The reconstruction of the political norm provides
ample understanding to the non-seriousness of the PM towards his official and political
responsibilities. It states overtly that the tradition of the announcement of relief packages on
Eid, which is the most important religious event of the Muslims, has been presented in a
trivial manner. The knowledge of the natives provides the audience a better insight of the
attitude of the PM towards the public expectation as well as to the sacredness of the religious
event.

4.3. Episode date; November 12, 2011

Q.A. Shah: “hum nay sarhy teen saal hukoomat ki hay. Aap bharosa ker saktay hain
saeen,kay humaray paas dunya kay behtareen kasaee hain. In main bohot see
khoobiyaa hain, ,jesy janwer ko aik khanta baad pata chalta hay kay os per
churi pheri ja chuki hay.

Paraphrase:

Qaim Ali Shah: We have ruled for three and a half years, you can trust us gentlemen
that we have the best slaughterers of the world with us. They have many
attributes in them, for instance, the victim himself knows after an hour that
he has been slaughtered.
Discussion:

The maxim of manner and the maxim of quality have been flouted to create verbal irony. The
speaker (former chief Minister of Sindh), is imprecise in his expression and provides
information that is untrue as well. The matter of concern is also equivocal and the
presentation is too much abstruse where the CM talks about an irrelevant topic and associates
the issue with his three and a half years of rule. The listener implicates that there is some
connection between the three and a half year rule and slaughtering.
The italic lexical items are very meaningful and collectively suggest some profound
meanings. It also implicates that the government, perhaps, remained busy in slaughtering
throughout its rule. CM ironically ensures about the talent and skill of his men as the best
slaughterers of the world. It is a sheer depiction of the pursuits of the Sindh government in
which it remained busy throughout their rule. It also directs toward the skin issue in Sindh
during Eid-ul-Azha, when by force snatching the skins of the sacrificed animals by the ruling
party is evident.
The core words (in italic) enjoy a wide range of meaning and provide a multiplex shade of
meaning. The unstable situation of Sindh, especially, of Karachi is not hidden from the
natives. The issues of target killing, Bhatta collection, street crimes, honour killing and
gangsters’ mafia are news of everyday. The utterance unveils the powers working behind all
the crimes and supporting the general assumption that the Sindh government is involved in
destabilizing the city and the province.
The expression; the victim himself knows after an hour that he has been slaughtered
points out towards the mastery of the government and the ignorance of the public. It explains
how skillfully the government slays the public that they remain unaware of the mishap and
become an easy target of the hunt.

4.4. Episode date; December 24, 2011

“Wazir e Azam Gilaniny na kaha k Sadar Zordari elaj k leay Dub ai esleay gaey k unhain
yahan jaan ka khatra tha.Veena Malik Bhi Yehi keh rhe hay, osy bhi yehi masla hy, esi ley
wobhi Dubai shift ho rhe hy. Yeh samajh nhe aati k aakhir fankaroon ko he jaan ka khatra
kyon hy”.

Paraphrase:

Prime Minister said that President Zordari went Dubai for his medical treatment because he
had life threats here. Veena Malik is saying the same. She has the same problem that is why
she is too shifting there at Dubai. It is un-understandable that why do Actors have life threats.

Discussion:

The maxim of manner has been flouted. President Zordari is depicted in the way Veena
Malik (actress) is presented. Both are presented as actors who want to shift their residence to
Dubai because they are unsafe here. The speaker, keeping the safe side, remains cooperative
and not explicitly describes his/her intention. This indirect portrayal implicates that there is
something common in both of the personality’s acts. Mr. Zordari and Veena Malik both have
life threats in the country and both of them do not want to stay in the country. Both of them
have done something wrong so that they are unsafe to live here. Another implication rises
that both are any kind of actors who are wearing any kind of masks on their faces to hide their
actual faces. Irony has been produced by putting both of them into the same category of
“Actors”.
The lexeme Zordari has been derived from the Urdu root morpheme Zor which means
“power” and “Dari” the bound morpheme which means “the state or condition of something”,
and they both refer to the noun zorawar means “powerful” and “Zordari” the attribute or the
state of the powerful. So to say, it has been used as a noun which enjoys all the
characteristics of the noun; powerful.
Zordari was accused for Swiss bank account case and in the past he was imprisoned
due to a number of cases of corruption. Henceforth, the multiplicity of meaning constructs a
complete image of a de facto.
Veena Malik a notorious actress is metaphorically associated with Mr. President. She
is also threatened for her controversial photo-shoot. She, very boldly rather shamelessly,
defends herself and tries to portray herself innocent. The co-occurrence of the both Mr.
President and Veena Malik renders irony.
The lexeme “Actor” is acceptable for Veena Malik but implies a covert meaning for
Mr. President. He is not related overtly to the profession of acting but in a sense, as he also
performs different roles at different situations and he also repudiates his deeds. He denies his
scandals and boldly defends himself too. It seems as he is wearing a mask of hypocrisy that
covers his actual insincere face from the public. The manipulation is accomplished at lexical
level.

4.5. Episode date; December 24, 2011

A: “Aqwam e muttaheda kay mutabik Pakistan Janubi Asia ka sub say alooda mulk hy,
Es bary main jo plan bun rha hy os kay pehlay marhalay main siyasatdano ko chup
karwaya jaey ga”

Paraphrase:

A: According to the United Nations Pakistan is the most polluted country of South
Asia. For the said purpose planning is being done. In the first phase of it the politicians
will be kept silent.

Discussion:

The maxims of manner and relevance have been flouted. The listener implicates that the
politicians are one of the reasons behind the increase in the pollution in our country so that the
speaker mentions it as the first step to reduce the pollution. Another implication arises that
politicians make a noise that is harmful for the environment and cause pollution so they are
said to keep silent. The statement is ironic because it is not literally meaningful on the
surface and indicating towards the indirect relationship between the both parts of the
utterance. The politicians, most of the time, remain busy in denouncing their rivals and make
a noise to prove others incompetent and to themselves capable to run the government in the
best way. So the statement seems ironic as it presents the dark side of the picture of Pakistani
politicians who only make a noise, do nothing practical and cause pollution.
The lexeme Pollution reflects the meanings of contamination as well as of litter and
trash. It indicates that politicians are not only the cause of Pollution but also they are the
useless stingy part of the society which must be thrown away to make the country clean and
unpolluted. They are most likely corrupt and litter the country so they must be clogged.
It points out the fact that in electronic media, especially in talk shows, the politicians
argue so bitterly as if they are quarreling with one another. They shout at each other, they
raise noisy slogans against each other, they use sub-standard language and they never try to
listen to the other participants of the conversation.

4.6. Episode date; December 17, 2011

A “Khul ker khailny kay leay IPL chalo, koi nhe pakray ga”
Paraphrase:

A: Let’s go to IPL to play freely, no one will arrest you there.

Flouting Of Maxims: Maxim of Manner

4.7. Episode date; December 17, 2011

A “Gilani surma ankhon main lgaty he her taraf khushali dikhae day.”

PARAPHRASE:

A: Gilani Kohl (eye cosmetic) see Glee all around.

Flouting Of Maxims: Manner and the Maxim of Quality

4.8. Episode date; December 17, 2011

A “Aj Karachi main load shedding na karny kay matloba ntaej baramad ho gay hain ,
matlooba miqdar main mom battyan hasil ho gae hain Qaim Ali Shah ki salgira kay leay”

Paraphrase:

A: The target of not practicing load shedding in Karachi today has been achieved.
The candles in desired number have been collected to celebrate Qaim Ali Shah’s birthday.

Flouting Of Maxims: Maxim of Manner

4.9. Episode date; July 14, 2012

A: “Hum nay aik bchay say pocha , beta Pakistan ka dar ul khilafa kahan hy? Tou os
Nay jawab dia, aj kal Dubai kay Hospitals main hy”

Paraphrase:

A: We asked a kid, “where is the Capital city of Pakistan?” he replied,” It is, now a
day, in the Hospital of Dubai”.

Flouting Of Maxims: Manner, Quantity and Quality

4.10. Episode date; July 14, 2012

A: Public demand hy kay load shedding khatm ki jaey, es leay agr ministry of load
 Shedding Ghulam Ahmad Bilor ko day de jaey to dekhtay hain kay load shedding kesy
chalti hay.

Paraphrase:

A: It is the public demand that the load shedding must be ended that is why if the
ministry of load shedding would be given to Ghulam Ahmad Bilor then it would become
clear that how load shedding would prolong then.

Flouting Of Maxims: Maxim of Manner, Quantity and Quality

5. Conclusion:

The interpretation of the utterances, in the light of the implications drawn by the flouting
of the maxims, helps to examine the meaning making process in a better way. It reveals different
processes through which an expression imparts meaning beyond its semantic/ literal meaning. It
also unfolds how the native speakers come to the non-literal meaning of the speaker. The
semantic meanings of the core words actually provide a basis to infer the non-literal meaning of
the utterances. The associative meaning; more likely the reflective meanings of the core words
provide a wide range of meaning which further, in association with other words become much
more meaningful than their literal forms. The multiplicity of meaning of the lexical items (in
italics) and their manipulated use supplied the meanings in accordance with other factors such as
shared knowledge, and context.
This study supports the findings of Siali (1999). The maxim of Manner is found the most
frequently flouted maxim (10/10) to create verbal irony. The second most frequently flouted
maxim remains the maxim of Quality (4/10) and then the Maxims of Quantity (2/10) and the least
flouted maxim remains the maxim of Relevance (1/10) quite contrary to the findings of Dornerus,
(2006) who observed the maxim of Relevance as the most flouted maxim to create irony in her
comparative study. It proves the researcher’s observation and answers the last question. The
Grice’s statement proves to be wrong as far as Urdu scriptwriter’s strategy is concerned and
shows diversity rather than universality in this regard.
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Mehwish Noor
c/o Prof Dr Muhammad Faheem Malik
University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan.
[email protected]

Dr Riaz Ahmad Mangrio

Assistant Professor,
Department of English,
University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan.
[email protected]

Dr Ghulam Ali
Centre for Languages and Translation Studies
Assistant Professor,
Department of English,
University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
[email protected]