PHRASE, CLAUSE AND SENTENCE

The module Is divided into three lessons, namely:

Lesson 1 Phrases

Lesson 2- Clauses

Lesson 3 Sentences

After going through this module, you are expected to use phrases, clauses, and sentences appropriately
and meaningfully. Specifically, you should be able to:

1. Recognize phrases, clauses, and sentences;

2. Identify kinds of phrases, clauses, and sentences;
3. Locate phrases, clauses, and sentences from given texts;
4. Construct sentences using phrases and clauses.

Lesson 1: Phrases

What’s In?

How good are you at identifying direct and indirect speech? Let’s find out:

Directions: Change the direct speech into indirect speech or regular narratives/ reported statements.

1. The policeman said, “Social distancing should be observed when you claim your goods.”

2. My friend stated, “I notice that some people are not wearing their face masks properly when
they go to public places.”

3. My mother said, “It is important to wash your hands with soap and water after handling any
objects”

4. The doctor said, “Those people with weak resistance are prone to the dreaded virus.

5. Martha said excitedly, “Our project is an excellent one!”

Read the poem “The Basketball Player” by Justin. What do you notice about each line of the poem? With
what words do they start? Does each line express a complete thought?

The Basketball Player by Justin

During the championship,

Near the bench.

Outside the three-point line,

On the court.

Between the defenders,

Over the block,

Through the defense,

By the basket,

At the backyard,

Off the rim,

Into the net,

Shot the sweaty basketball player.

The beginning word of each line is called is called a preposition. These lines do not express a complete
thought because they are just phrases.

What is It?

Before we proceed to discuss the kinds of phrases, let’s read first a short story entitled “The Man and
the Little Cat.”

One day, an old man was taking a stroll in the forest when he suddenly saw a little cat stuck in a hole.
The poor animal was struggling to get out. So, he gave him his hand to get him out. But the cat scratched
his hand with fear. The man pulled his hand screaming with pain. But he did not stop; he tried to give his
hand to the cat again and again. Another man was watching the scene, screaming with surprise. “Stop
helping this cat! He’s going to get himself out of there.” The other man did not care about him, he just
continued saving that animal until he finally succeeded, and then he walked to the man and said, “Son, it
is a cat’s instincts that make him scratch and hurt, and it is my job to love and to care.” (Source:
Department of Education “Personality Development” p.82)

The underlined words are phrases. They are the following:

 noun phrase
 verb phrase
 prepositional phrase

A. Noun Phrase

1. Definition

Noun phrase is a phrase that has a noun as its head or performs the same function as a noun.

Example:

Noun Phrase

Bryan’s birthday is on August 31. In this sentence, the subject is the noun phrase

Bryan’s birthday.

2. Functions of a noun phrase.

 a. As a subject of a verb

Example: The tall tree fell down in the storm.

In this sentence, the phrase ‘the tall tree’ functions as the subject of the verb ‘fell’ and it is therefore a
noun phrase.

b. As the object of a Verb

Example: I wish to see the manager.

In this sentence the phrase ‘to see the manager’ functions as the object of the Verb ‘wish’ and it is,
therefore, a noun phrase.

Activity 1A

Directions: Copy each sentence. Encircle the noun phrase. Number 1 is done for you.

1. They brightly decorated the play house.

2. I saw a brown horse at the farm.

3. She wants a delicious cake on her birthday.

B. Verb Phrase

1. Definition

Verb phrase

Verb phrase is a part of a sentence containing the verb and any direct or indirect object, but not the
subject.

1. Jane could have worked on that project today.

2. Victor is going to the dance.

In sentence #1, the verb phrase is could have worked while in the second sentence, is going.

Activity 1B

Directions: Copy and underline the verb phrases in each sentence. Number 1 is done for you.

1. Al should have watered the plants.

2. My grandmother has repaired the broken vase.

3. The economy has recovered very slowly.

C. Prepositional Phrase

1. Definition
Prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or a pronoun called the object of
the preposition. (Remember that a preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show its
relation to some other words.)

Examples:

1. The cat scratched his hand with fear.

(The preposition phrase is with fear modifies cat.)

2. One day, an old man was having a stroll in the forest.

(The prepositional phrase is in the forest modifies old man.)

Activity 1C

Directions: Underline the prepositional phrase. Number 1 is done for you.

1. The man pulled his hand with fear.

2. He suddenly saw a little cat stuck in a hole.

3. The other man did not care about him.

To help you identify the prepositional phrase, here is a list of prepositions.

LIST OF COMMON PREPOSITIONS

About, Before, Above, Behind, Except, For, Next to, To, Of, Toward, Across, Below, From, Off, Until, After,
Beneath, In, On, Under, Against, Beside, In addition to, On account of, Underneath, Ahead of, Between,
In back of, Outside, Up, Along, Beyond, Inside, Over, Upon, Among, By, Instead of, Since, With, Around,
Down, Into, Through, Within, At, During, Near, Throughout, Without

(Source: Carol Ann Skinner and J. A. Senn. English Communication Skills in the New Millennium Level I,
pp. 173-179.)

Activity 2

Directions: Identify the underlined phrases whether they are noun phrase, verb phrase or prepositional
phrase. Number 1 is done for you.

1. Parents take their children to the gym each week. (prepositional phrase)

2. The other man did not care about him.

3. The poor cat was struggling to get out from the hole.

4. It is cat’s instincts that makes him scratch to the unknown man.

5. My friend is writing a short story about her cat.

6. The size of that tiny cat changed rapidly.

7. Since Monday we have been planning a picnic.

 8. For a while, we watched the many joggers.

9. During summer, my friends go to the beach.

10. My friends had arrived at the park before lunch time.

What I Have Learned

A phrase is a group of related words that function as a single part of 1) ………….. . It does not have a
subject and a 2) …………….. . A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or
pronoun called the object of the 3) ……………. Another type of phrase at has a noun as its head or
performs the same function as a noun is called a 4) …………. Lastly, a 5) ……………. is a part of a sentence
containing the verb and any direct or indirect object, but not the subject.

What I Can Do?

Activity 3: Activate Your Mind

Directions: Copy the sentences and underline the phrase or phrases found in each of them.

1. Since last week, we have been planning a picnic.

2. Rosemarie convinces us to go to the beach.

3. They love to have a ride in the plaza.

4. Before noon, my friends had arrived at the park.

5. In the morning, my sister is cleaning our house.

Lesson 2: Clauses

What Is It?

Now that you are done with phrases and its types, let us read the paragraph below to check another
building block of sentence: clauses.

As I sat on the bamboo bench, mother stared at me. She was worried upon hearing the news that
Governor Philip Tan placed the whole province of Misamis Occidental under General Community
Quarantine due to COVID- 19 pandemic. Although I am innocent, something bothered me. Mother felt
that way because we don’t have enough money to buy for our food and other needs.

The above paragraph contains underlined words. They are called clauses. What is a clause?

A clause is a group of related words containing a subject and a verb. There are two types of clauses.

A. Main or Independent Clause is a clause that expresses a complete thought and can stand as
a sentence.

Examples:

As I sat on the bamboo bench, mother stared at me.

She was worried that Governor Philip Tan placed the whole province of Misamis Occidental under
General Community Quarantine.

B. Subordinate or Dependent Clause is a clause which does not express a complete thought and
depends on another clause (main clause) to express a complete thought. It may function as a
noun, an adjective, or an adverb in a sentence.

Examples:

Although I am innocent, something bothered me.

Mother felt that way because we don’t have enough money to buy for our food and other needs.

The underlined words are examples of subordinate or dependent clause.

Functions of Subordinate Clauses:

1. Noun Clause is a dependent clause that functions as a noun in a sentence; performs same
function like a noun in a sentence; starts with words that, what, whatever, who, whom, whoever,
whomever, where, which, or whether

Examples:

Whatever you discover will help you in the future.

He knows that he will pass the exam.

Activity 1 A

Directions: Underline the noun clause in the given sentences.

1. All of Magnolia’s friends received what she sent.

2. Dominique couldn’t decide which course she would take.

3. They agreed about where the party venue is.

2. Adjective Clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adjective in a sentence; modifies or

describes a noun or pronoun and always precedes the noun it modifies. It usually begins with a
relative pronoun which connects them to the word they describe such as: that, where, when,
who, whom, whose, which, and why.

Examples:

A guava that smells bad is rotten.

The reference which I like is helpful in the test.

Activity 1 B

Directions: Change the second sentence into an adjective clause, and then add it to the first sentence.
Number 1 is done for you.
1. My husband lives in Jimenez. I was born there. (where)

Answer: My husband lives in Jimenez where I was born.

4. Let’s move early next week. I will not be busy. (when)

5. The Google is a helpful site. You can easily search anything. (where)

3. Adverb Clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb in a sentence that modifies a
verb, adjective or other adverb clauses. It describes the situation in the main clause in terms of
time, frequency how often), cause and effect, contrast, condition and intensity (to what extent).
The subordinating conjunctions used for adverb clauses are as follows:

Time: when, whenever, since, until, before, after while, as, by the time, as soon as.

Cause and Effect: because, since, now that, as long as, so, so that.

Contrast: although, ever, whereas, while, thought.

Condition: if, unless, only if, whether or not, even if, providing or provided that, in case.

Examples:

Don’t go before she comes. (Time)

You take medicine because you are sick. (Cause and Effect)

Although he tried a lot, he couldn’t shoot the ball. (Contrast)

If you study harder, you can make it. (Condition)

Activity 1C

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct adverb clauses to complete each sentence.

1. The children played Patintero ……………….

A. While being taught with the rules

B. Noisily tapping the backs

C. Happily ever after

D. For their benefit

2. We will play Luksong Tinik ……………….

A. On Saturday

B. Sometime

C. Even if it rains

D. This coming Sunday

 3. You can bring the gift

A. Down the road

B. Wherever you like

C. Outside the gate

D. Inside the room

Activity 2

Directions: Identify the underlined subordinate clauses whether they are noun clause, adjective clause
or prepositional clause.

1. If you see clearly, you can verify the answers.

2. I hope that she will recognize me.

3. The paper which she submitted earlier contains answers.

4. What you said surprised me.

5. Everybody knows before she learned about it.

6. I realized that you are right.

7. She would behave so honestly was rather unbelievable.

8. I know the man whom you love.

9. We will watch the movie when you are all here.

10. Whatever you decide, I’ll be right here to support you.

What I Have Learned

A clause is a group of related words containing a …………. and a ……… It has two major types; independent
clause and ………… Independent clause expresses a clause ………… thought and can stand alone as a
……………

Activity 3 Remember Me

Directions: On your answer sheet, write DC if the underlined clause is dependent clause and IC if it is
independent clause.

1. My beloved Uncle witnessed a disaster of air travel.

2. He saw one boy who jumped to the ground.

3. Today is an era where travel is prohibited due to COVID-19 pandemic.

4. The cake that was left which is flavoured strawberry was delicious.

5. The people who live next door are good neighbors.

 6. The game that was talked about for weeks ended in a tie.

7. I visited the town where they met.

8. The leaders whom we elected will commence work next week.

9. Do you know the woman whose picture is in the magazine?

10. She will always remember the day when the accident happened.

Lesson 3: Sentences

What is It?

When we speak, we often disregard parts of our sentences. However, when we write, our words have to
deliver the whole message. So, when we organize our thoughts on paper, we are expected to express
them completely. Before we discuss all that can go into a complete sentence, we must review the
definition of a sentence.

A group of words that expresses a complete thought is a sentence. It is composed of two parts: the
subject which can either be a noun or a pronoun, which is talked about in the sentence, and the
predicate that can be a verb or a verb phrase, which tells about the action or quality of the subject. It
begins with a capital letter and ends with a punctuation mark.

Examples:

Subject Predicate

Tall trees cover the forest.

Subject Predicate

Aeronautics is the art and science of flight through the air.

Do you know the different kinds of sentences according to their structures?

Read the short selection “Fun with Father” and from it, make a listing of all the subject and predicate
parts and analyze how they are combined together.

Fun with Father

An English teacher held a contest. She asked her students to describe what they like best about their
fathers. The winning entry read, “I have so much fun with my father that I wish I had known him sooner.”

A comment like that would brighten the day of any father who loves his family. Yet in many homes, the
children never really get to know their dad because he doesn’t take the time to be with them. In the
morning, he is either too hurried or too irritable. After work, he is so tired that he spends the evening
snoozing in front of the television. On Saturdays, he is doing household chores or drinking with his
friends. On Sundays, he is glued to the television watching basketball or boxing. The weeks, months, and
years quickly pass without father ever really getting to know his children.
The wise father, however, provides occasions for just talking, laughing, and having fun.

I remember hearing my dad tells jokes and then laugh harder than anyone else. I recall the times when
he played basketball with me, took me to fishing, or let me travel with him when he went out of town. I
wish we could have spent even more time together.

(Source: Thomas de Haan, et al., “Our Daily Bread” (June 1991) (as cited by Elisa M. Robles and Cecilia B.
Corsino, English This Way 6) (2003) pp. 296-297).

Take a look at the sentences below that are taken from the given selection. Their m from subjects are in
bold and their predicates are underlined. Where there are more than one subject and predicate, their
connecting words or conjunctions are enclosed in parentheses.

Simple Sentence: Our English teacher held a contest.

Compound Sentence: My father is funny (but) my mother is serious in disposition.

Complex Sentence: A comment that would brighten the day of any father (who) loves his family.

Compound-Complex Sentence:

My father always had time to play with us, his children (and) my mother usually helped us with our
homework (because) they loved us so much.

Based on the sample sentences above, we classify sentences into simple, compound, complex and
compound-complex.

1. A simple sentence has only one pair of subject-predicate but either the subject or the predicate
can sometimes be compound.

Example: Tina is a good friend. Nathalie and Charlin are good friends.

2. A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction.

Example: Allan helps his father cooks special dish and he fixes all the cabinets.

Activity 1A

Directions: Combine the following pairs of sentences using the conjunction shown in parentheses.

1. Animal tails are used for communication. They are also used for locomotion. (and)

2. The position of the animal’s tail may indicate aggression. It may indicate social rank. (or)

3. A complex sentence has two clauses, independent and dependent clauses. A dependent clause
cannot make sense by itself because it begins with a subordinate conjunction.

Example: When I was young, I used to play ball with my brother. Dependent Clause Independent Clause

Activity 1B

Directions: Choose the correct subordinating conjunction to form a complex sentence.

 1. You should keep your tomatoes outside the fridge, ………….. they don’t go bad. (although, since,
so that)

2. Exercise is good for you ………………. it firms your muscles. (even, though, because)

3. It is not advisable to run …………….. eating food. (after, before, in order that)

4. A compound- complex sentence has two independent clauses and one or more dependent clause
that begins with a subordinate conjunction.

Example: Michael doesn’t feel bad about the situation (yet) he just wishes for something that all of his
friends may survive.

Independent Independent dependent

Activity 1C

Directions: Underline and label the independent clauses and dependent clauses found on the following
compound-complex sentences. Number 1 is done for you.

1. Emma teaches the kids who lives near the neighborhood and they meet every afternoon after
she comes home from work.

2. We managed to finish the exercise and passed the exam. However, it was very difficult.

3. The doctor wants to prescribe physical therapy, and he asks me to see a specialist who is Dr.
Valdez.

It Is important to observe that in independent clauses of compound sentences coordinate conjunctions

are used to connect words, phrases and clauses of equal rank. Such conjunctions are: for, and, nor, but,
or, yet and so. Coordinate-correlative conjunctions like both…and, not only…but also, either…or,
neither…nor and whether…or are also present. For subordinate clauses of complex sentences, they are
introduced by subordinators or subordinate conjunctions such as because, since, for, though, if, who,
whom, that, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever, and whose.

In addition to classification by the number and types of clauses it contains, a sentence may be classified
by function as declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory.

A declarative sentence states an idea and ends with a period.

Examples:

The price of the shirt is five hundred pesos.

The sky is blue.

An interrogative sentence asks a question and ends with a question mark.

Examples:

Where is the old town hall?

Are you afraid of sharks?

An imperative sentence gives an order or a direction and ends with a period or an

Exclamation mark.

Examples

Stop!

Wrap your gift carefully.

An exclamatory sentence expresses strong or sudden emotion and ends with an exclamation mark. The
words what and how placed at the beginning of the sentence are used to signal. What is used to refer to
nouns and how is used to refer to adjectives and adverbs. To change a statement into an exclamatory
sentence, place the item after the verb at the beginning and precede it with what or how.

Examples:

What a beautiful day it is!

Police, I have been robbed!

How tired I am!

Activity 2A

Directions: Supply the appropriate subject and predicate in each of the following groups of words to
complete each sentence.

1. The beautiful singer ……………………….

2. ………………… were sent to China to gather information about the disease.

3. The plants ……………

4. ……………... produced a loud noise.

5. Most of the students ……………….

Directions: Read each sentence and identify its function as declarative, interrogative, imperative, or
exclamatory.

1. He works very hard as the president of the country. ………………

2. What an excellent article this is! ………………

3. How many of you will join the campaign against child abuse? ………………

4. Eat fresh fruits and vegetables every day. ……………….

5. Give him enough time to decide. ………………..

What I Have Learned?

A sentence is composed of two parts: the …………… that can either be a noun or a pronoun, and the
……………. that can be a verb or a verb phrase. It expresses thought or idea.

Activity 3: Writing Sentences with Different Structures and Functions

Directions: Use the following instructions to write sentences on your own.

1. Write a simple declarative sentence about your hobby.

2. Write an interrogative sentence about the weather.

3. Write a simple imperative sentence about a place that needs cleaning.

4. Write a complex declarative sentence about a sports event.

5. Write an exclamatory sentence showing that you are surprise of someone’s visit.

Assessment

Directions: Answer the questions below by writing the letter of your choice.

1. Which of the following statements is an example of an imperative sentence?

A. I got the one that I wanted.

B. The sun shines brightly.

C. They learned a dance with a variety of steps.

D. Forward, march!

2. “Alice skimmed the leaves from the pool, …………. she forgot to add chlorine.” What is the
appropriate conjunction to join the declarative sentences?

A. But

B. Or

C. Because.

D. and

3. What type of sentence gives an order or a direction and ends with a period or an exclamation mark?

A. Declarative

B. Interrogative

C. Imperative

D. Exclamatory

4. “Should I talk about my previous experience as secretary of the Glee Club?” What type of
sentence is given?
 A. Declarative

B. Interrogative

C. Imperative

D. Exclamatory

5. “She gets high marks.” What is the correct exclamatory form when you change the given
statement?

A. What high marks she gets!

B. What high marks gets she!

C. How high marks she gets!

D. How high she gets!

6. Eugene O’Neil is surely one of our most brilliant playwrights.

A. Prepositional

B. Participial

C. Gerund

D. Infinitive

7. Some of his plays have seen important revivals on Broadway.

A. Participial

B. Prepositional

C. Appositive

D. Gerund

8. I prefer to remain silent. The underlined phrase is

A. Participial

B. Appositive

C. Prepositional

D. Gerund

9. Coach Margo is kind to everyone. The underlined word is a prepositional phrase which modifies

A. Kind

B. Coach Margo

C. Is
 D. None of these

10. My team arrived late in the afternoon. The underlined word modifies

A. None of these

B. Late

C. My team

D. Arrived

For nos. 11-15, what type of clause is being underlined?

11. I don’t know the reason why she hates me.

A. Noun clause

B. Adverb clause

C. Adjective clause

D. Independent

12. He drove fast so that he might reach the airport in time.

A. Noun clause

B. Adjective clause

C. Adverb clause

D. Main clause

13. The professor was speaking so softly that we could not hear him at all.

A. Noun clause

B. Adjective clause

C. Adverb clause

D. Independent

14. The gardener said that all the plants had been pruned neatly.

A. Noun clause

B. Adjective clause

C. Adverb clause

D. Main clause

15. Maria bought some flowers which she wanted to give her mother.

A. Adjective clause
 B. Noun clause

C. Adverb clause

Lesson 1: Phrases
What’s In?

How good are you at identifying direct and indirect speech? Let’s find out:

Directions: Change the direct speech into indirect speech or regular narratives/ reported statements.

6. The policeman said, “Social distancing should be observed when you claim your goods.”
7. My friend stated, “I notice that some people are not wearing their face masks properly when
they go to public places.”
8. My mother said, “It is important to wash your hands with soap and water after handling any
objects”
9. The doctor said, “Those people with weak resistance are prone to the dreaded virus.
10. Martha said excitedly, “Our project is an excellent one!”
Read the poem “The Basketball Player” by Justin. What do you notice about each line of the poem? With
what words do they start? Does each line express a complete thought?

The Basketball Player by Justin

During the championship,

Near the bench.

Outside the three-point line,
On the court.
Between the defenders,
Over the block,

Through the defense,

By the basket,
At the backyard,
Off the rim,
Into the net,
Shot the sweaty basketball player.
The beginning word of each line is called is called a preposition. These lines do not express a complete
thought because they are just phrases.

What is It?

Before we proceed to discuss the kinds of phrases, let’s read first a short story entitled “The Man and
the Little Cat.”

One day, an old man was taking a stroll in the forest when he suddenly saw a little cat stuck in a hole.
The poor animal was struggling to get out. So, he gave him his hand to get him out. But the cat scratched
his hand with fear. The man pulled his hand screaming with pain. But he did not stop; he tried to give his
hand to the cat again and again. Another man was watching the scene, screaming with surprise. “Stop
helping this cat! He’s going to get himself out of there.” The other man did not care about him, he just
continued saving that animal until he finally succeeded, and then he walked to the man and said, “Son, it
is a cat’s instincts that make him scratch and hurt, and it is my job to love and to care.” (Source:
Department of Education “Personality Development” p.82)

The underlined words are phrases. They are the following:

 noun phrase
 verb phrase
 prepositional phrase

D. Noun Phrase
1. Definition
Noun phrase is a phrase that has a noun as its head or performs the same function as a noun.

Example:

Noun Phrase

Bryan’s birthday is on August 31. In this sentence, the subject is the noun phrase

Bryan’s birthday.

2. Functions of a noun phrase.

a. As a subject of a verb
Example: The tall tree fell down in the storm.

In this sentence, the phrase ‘the tall tree’ functions as the subject of the verb ‘fell’ and it is therefore a
noun phrase.

b. As the object of a Verb

Example: I wish to see the manager.

In this sentence the phrase ‘to see the manager’ functions as the object of the Verb ‘wish’ and it is,
therefore, a noun phrase.

Activity 1A

Directions: Copy each sentence. Encircle the noun phrase. Number 1 is done for you.

6. They brightly decorated the play house.

7. I saw a brown horse at the farm.
8. She wants a delicious cake on her birthday.

E. Verb Phrase
1. Definition
Verb phrase
Verb phrase is a part of a sentence containing the verb and any direct or indirect object, but not the
subject.

2. Jane could have worked on that project today.

2. Victor is going to the dance.
In sentence #1, the verb phrase is could have worked while in the second sentence, is going.

Activity 1B

Directions: Copy and underline the verb phrases in each sentence. Number 1 is done for you.

9. Al should have watered the plants.

10. My grandmother has repaired the broken vase.
11. The economy has recovered very slowly.

F. Prepositional Phrase
1. Definition
Prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or a pronoun called the object of
the preposition. (Remember that a preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show its
relation to some other words.)

Examples:

3. The cat scratched his hand with fear.

(The preposition phrase is with fear modifies cat.)

4. One day, an old man was having a stroll in the forest.

(The prepositional phrase is in the forest modifies old man.)

Activity 1C

Directions: Underline the prepositional phrase. Number 1 is done for you.

4. The man pulled his hand with fear.

5. He suddenly saw a little cat stuck in a hole.
6. The other man did not care about him.
To help you identify the prepositional phrase, here is a list of prepositions.

LIST OF COMMON PREPOSITIONS

About, Before, Above, Behind, Except, For, Next to, To, Of, Toward, Across, Below, From, Off, Until, After,
Beneath, In, On, Under, Against, Beside, In addition to, On account of, Underneath, Ahead of, Between,
In back of, Outside, Up, Along, Beyond, Inside, Over, Upon, Among, By, Instead of, Since, With, Around,
Down, Into, Through, Within, At, During, Near, Throughout, Without

(Source: Carol Ann Skinner and J. A. Senn. English Communication Skills in the New Millennium Level I,
pp. 173-179.)

Activity 2
Directions: Identify the underlined phrases whether they are noun phrase, verb phrase or prepositional
phrase. Number 1 is done for you.

11. Parents take their children to the gym each week. (prepositional phrase)
12. The other man did not care about him.
13. The poor cat was struggling to get out from the hole.
14. It is cat’s instincts that makes him scratch to the unknown man.
15. My friend is writing a short story about her cat.
16. The size of that tiny cat changed rapidly.
17. Since Monday we have been planning a picnic.
18. For a while, we watched the many joggers.
19. During summer, my friends go to the beach.
20. My friends had arrived at the park before lunch time.
What I Have Learned

A phrase is a group of related words that function as a single part of 1) ………….. . It does not have a
subject and a 2) …………….. . A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or
pronoun called the object of the 3) ……………. Another type of phrase at has a noun as its head or
performs the same function as a noun is called a 4) …………. Lastly, a 5) ……………. is a part of a sentence
containing the verb and any direct or indirect object, but not the subject.

What I Can Do?

Activity 3: Activate Your Mind

Directions: Copy the sentences and underline the phrase or phrases found in each of them.

6. Since last week, we have been planning a picnic.

7. Rosemarie convinces us to go to the beach.
8. They love to have a ride in the plaza.
9. Before noon, my friends had arrived at the park.
10. In the morning, my sister is cleaning our house.

Lesson 2: Clauses
What Is It?

Now that you are done with phrases and its types, let us read the paragraph below to check another
building block of sentence: clauses.

As I sat on the bamboo bench, mother stared at me. She was worried upon hearing the news that
Governor Philip Tan placed the whole province of Misamis Occidental under General Community
Quarantine due to COVID- 19 pandemic. Although I am innocent, something bothered me. Mother felt
that way because we don’t have enough money to buy for our food and other needs.

The above paragraph contains underlined words. They are called clauses. What is a clause?

A clause is a group of related words containing a subject and a verb. There are two types of clauses.
 A. Main or Independent Clause is a clause that expresses a complete thought and can stand as
a sentence.
Examples:

As I sat on the bamboo bench, mother stared at me.

She was worried that Governor Philip Tan placed the whole province of Misamis Occidental under
General Community Quarantine.

B. Subordinate or Dependent Clause is a clause which does not express a complete thought and
depends on another clause (main clause) to express a complete thought. It may function as a
noun, an adjective, or an adverb in a sentence.
Examples:

Although I am innocent, something bothered me.

Mother felt that way because we don’t have enough money to buy for our food and other needs.

The underlined words are examples of subordinate or dependent clause.

Functions of Subordinate Clauses:

4. Noun Clause is a dependent clause that functions as a noun in a sentence; performs same
function like a noun in a sentence; starts with words that, what, whatever, who, whom, whoever,
whomever, where, which, or whether
Examples:

Whatever you discover will help you in the future.

He knows that he will pass the exam.

Activity 1 A

Directions: Underline the noun clause in the given sentences.

4. All of Magnolia’s friends received what she sent.

5. Dominique couldn’t decide which course she would take.
6. They agreed about where the party venue is.

5. Adjective Clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adjective in a sentence; modifies or

describes a noun or pronoun and always precedes the noun it modifies. It usually begins with a
relative pronoun which connects them to the word they describe such as: that, where, when,
who, whom, whose, which, and why.
Examples:

A guava that smells bad is rotten.

The reference which I like is helpful in the test.

Activity 1 B
Directions: Change the second sentence into an adjective clause, and then add it to the first sentence.
Number 1 is done for you.

1. My husband lives in Jimenez. I was born there. (where)

Answer: My husband lives in Jimenez where I was born.

9. Let’s move early next week. I will not be busy. (when)

10. The Google is a helpful site. You can easily search anything. (where)

6. Adverb Clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb in a sentence that modifies a
verb, adjective or other adverb clauses. It describes the situation in the main clause in terms of
time, frequency how often), cause and effect, contrast, condition and intensity (to what extent).
The subordinating conjunctions used for adverb clauses are as follows:
Time: when, whenever, since, until, before, after while, as, by the time, as soon as.

Cause and Effect: because, since, now that, as long as, so, so that.

Contrast: although, ever, whereas, while, thought.

Condition: if, unless, only if, whether or not, even if, providing or provided that, in case.

Examples:

Don’t go before she comes. (Time)

You take medicine because you are sick. (Cause and Effect)

Although he tried a lot, he couldn’t shoot the ball. (Contrast)

If you study harder, you can make it. (Condition)

Activity 1C

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct adverb clauses to complete each sentence.

4. The children played Patintero ……………….

A. While being taught with the rules
B. Noisily tapping the backs
C. Happily ever after
D. For their benefit
5. We will play Luksong Tinik ……………….
A. On Saturday
B. Sometime
C. Even if it rains
D. This coming Sunday
6. You can bring the gift
A. Down the road
B. Wherever you like
C. Outside the gate
 D. Inside the room
Activity 2

Directions: Identify the underlined subordinate clauses whether they are noun clause, adjective clause
or prepositional clause.

11. If you see clearly, you can verify the answers.

12. I hope that she will recognize me.
13. The paper which she submitted earlier contains answers.
14. What you said surprised me.
15. Everybody knows before she learned about it.
16. I realized that you are right.
17. She would behave so honestly was rather unbelievable.
18. I know the man whom you love.
19. We will watch the movie when you are all here.
20. Whatever you decide, I’ll be right here to support you.
What I Have Learned

A clause is a group of related words containing a …………. and a ……… It has two major types; independent
clause and ………… Independent clause expresses a clause ………… thought and can stand alone as a
……………

Activity 3 Remember Me

Directions: On your answer sheet, write DC if the underlined clause is dependent clause and IC if it is
independent clause.

11. My beloved Uncle witnessed a disaster of air travel.

12. He saw one boy who jumped to the ground.
13. Today is an era where travel is prohibited due to COVID-19 pandemic.
14. The cake that was left which is flavoured strawberry was delicious.
15. The people who live next door are good neighbors.
16. The game that was talked about for weeks ended in a tie.
17. I visited the town where they met.
18. The leaders whom we elected will commence work next week.
19. Do you know the woman whose picture is in the magazine?
20. She will always remember the day when the accident happened.

Lesson 3: Sentences
What is It?

When we speak, we often disregard parts of our sentences. However, when we write, our words have to
deliver the whole message. So, when we organize our thoughts on paper, we are expected to express
them completely. Before we discuss all that can go into a complete sentence, we must review the
definition of a sentence.
A group of words that expresses a complete thought is a sentence. It is composed of two parts: the
subject which can either be a noun or a pronoun, which is talked about in the sentence, and the
predicate that can be a verb or a verb phrase, which tells about the action or quality of the subject. It
begins with a capital letter and ends with a punctuation mark.

Examples:

Subject Predicate
Tall trees cover the forest.

Subject Predicate
Aeronautics is the art and science of flight through the air.

Do you know the different kinds of sentences according to their structures?

Read the short selection “Fun with Father” and from it, make a listing of all the subject and predicate
parts and analyze how they are combined together.

Fun with Father

An English teacher held a contest. She asked her students to describe what they like best about their
fathers. The winning entry read, “I have so much fun with my father that I wish I had known him sooner.”

A comment like that would brighten the day of any father who loves his family. Yet in many homes, the
children never really get to know their dad because he doesn’t take the time to be with them. In the
morning, he is either too hurried or too irritable. After work, he is so tired that he spends the evening
snoozing in front of the television. On Saturdays, he is doing household chores or drinking with his
friends. On Sundays, he is glued to the television watching basketball or boxing. The weeks, months, and
years quickly pass without father ever really getting to know his children.

The wise father, however, provides occasions for just talking, laughing, and having fun.

I remember hearing my dad tells jokes and then laugh harder than anyone else. I recall the times when
he played basketball with me, took me to fishing, or let me travel with him when he went out of town. I
wish we could have spent even more time together.

(Source: Thomas de Haan, et al., “Our Daily Bread” (June 1991) (as cited by Elisa M. Robles and Cecilia B.
Corsino, English This Way 6) (2003) pp. 296-297).

Take a look at the sentences below that are taken from the given selection. Their m from subjects are in
bold and their predicates are underlined. Where there are more than one subject and predicate, their
connecting words or conjunctions are enclosed in parentheses.

Simple Sentence: Our English teacher held a contest.

Compound Sentence: My father is funny (but) my mother is serious in disposition.

Complex Sentence: A comment that would brighten the day of any father (who) loves his family.

Compound-Complex Sentence:
My father always had time to play with us, his children (and) my mother usually helped us with our
homework (because) they loved us so much.

Based on the sample sentences above, we classify sentences into simple, compound, complex and
compound-complex.

2. A simple sentence has only one pair of subject-predicate but either the subject or the predicate
can sometimes be compound.
Example: Tina is a good friend. Nathalie and Charlin are good friends.

2. A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction.

Example: Allan helps his father cooks special dish and he fixes all the cabinets.

Activity 1A

Directions: Combine the following pairs of sentences using the conjunction shown in parentheses.

3. Animal tails are used for communication. They are also used for locomotion. (and)
4. The position of the animal’s tail may indicate aggression. It may indicate social rank. (or)
3. A complex sentence has two clauses, independent and dependent clauses. A dependent clause
cannot make sense by itself because it begins with a subordinate conjunction.

Example: When I was young, I used to play ball with my brother. Dependent Clause Independent Clause

Activity 1B

Directions: Choose the correct subordinating conjunction to form a complex sentence.

4. You should keep your tomatoes outside the fridge, (although, since, so that) they don’t go bad.
5. Exercise is good for you before) it firms your muscles. (even though, because,
6. It is not advisable to drive drinking alcohol. (after, before, in order that)
4. A compound- complex sentence has two independent clauses and one or more dependent clause
that begins with a subordinate conjunction.

Example: Michael doesn’t feel bad about the situation (yet) he just wishes for something that all of his
friends may survive.

Independent Independent dependent

Activity 1C

Directions: Underline and label the independent clauses and dependent clauses found on the following
compound-complex sentences. Number 1 is done for you.

4. Emma teaches the kids who lives near the neighborhood and they meet every afternoon after
she comes home from work.
5. We managed to finish the exercise and passed the exam. However, it was very difficult.
6. The doctor wants to prescribe physical therapy, and he asks me to see a specialist who is Dr.
Valdez.
It Is important to observe that in independent clauses of compound sentences coordinate conjunctions
are used to connect words, phrases and clauses of equal rank. Such conjunctions are: for, and, nor, but,
or, yet and so. Coordinate-correlative conjunctions like both…and, not only…but also, either…or,
neither…nor and whether…or are also present. For subordinate clauses of complex sentences, they are
introduced by subordinators or subordinate conjunctions such as because, since, for, though, if, who,
whom, that, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever, and whose.

In addition to classification by the number and types of clauses it contains, a sentence may be classified
by function as declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory.

A declarative sentence states an idea and ends with a period.

Examples:

The price of the shirt is five hundred pesos.

The sky is blue.

An interrogative sentence asks a question and ends with a question mark.

Examples:

Where is the old town hall?

Are you afraid of sharks?

An imperative sentence gives an order or a direction and ends with a period or an

Exclamation mark.

Examples

Stop!

Wrap your gift carefully.

An exclamatory sentence expresses strong or sudden emotion and ends with an exclamation mark. The
words what and how placed at the beginning of the sentence are used to signal. What is used to refer to
nouns and how is used to refer to adjectives and adverbs. To change a statement into an exclamatory
sentence, place the item after the verb at the beginning and precede it with what or how.

Examples:

What a beautiful day it is!

Police, I have been robbed!

How tired I am!

Activity 2A

Directions: Supply the appropriate subject and predicate in each of the following groups of words to
complete each sentence.
 6. The beautiful singer ……………………….
7. ………………… were sent to China to gather information about the disease.
8. The plants ……………
9. ……………... produced a loud noise.
10. Most of the students ……………….

Directions: Read each sentence and identify its function as declarative, interrogative, imperative, or
exclamatory.

6. He works very hard as the president of the country. ………………

7. What an excellent article this is! ………………
8. How many of you will join the campaign against child abuse? ………………
9. Eat fresh fruits and vegetables every day. ……………….
10. Give him enough time to decide. ………………..
What I Have Learned?

A sentence is composed of two parts: the …………… that can either be a noun or a pronoun, and the
……………. that can be a verb or a verb phrase. It expresses thought or idea.

Activity 3: Writing Sentences with Different Structures and Functions

Directions: Use the following instructions to write sentences on your own.

6. Write a simple declarative sentence about your hobby.

7. Write an interrogative sentence about the weather.
8. Write a simple imperative sentence about a place that needs cleaning.
9. Write a complex declarative sentence about a sports event.
10. Write an exclamatory sentence showing that you are surprise of someone’s visit.

Assessment
Directions: Answer the questions below by writing the letter of your choice.

1. Which of the following statements is an example of an imperative sentence?

A. I got the one that I wanted.
B. The sun shines brightly.
C. They learned a dance with a variety of steps.
D. Forward, march!
2. “Alice skimmed the leaves from the pool, …………. she forgot to add chlorine.” What is the
appropriate conjunction to join the declarative sentences?
A. But
B. Or
C. Because.
D. and
3. What type of sentence gives an order or a direction and ends with a period or an exclamation
mark?
 A. Declarative
B. Interrogative
C. Imperative
D. Exclamatory
4. “Should I talk about my previous experience as secretary of the Glee Club?” What type
of sentence is given?
A. Declarative
B. Interrogative
C. Imperative
D. Exclamatory
5. “She gets high marks.” What is the correct exclamatory form when you change the given
statement?
A. What high marks she gets!
B. What high marks gets she!
C. How high marks she gets!
D. How high she gets!
6. Eugene O’Neil is surely one of our most brilliant playwrights.
a. Prepositional
b. Participial
c. Gerund
d. Infinitive
7. Some of his plays have seen important revivals on Broadway.
a. Participial
b. Prepositional
c. Appositive
d. Gerund
8. I prefer to remain silent. The underlined phrase is
a. Participial
b. Appositive
c. Prepositional
d. Gerund
9. Coach Margo is kind to everyone. The underlined word is a prepositional phrase which modifies

A. Kind
B. Coach Margo
C. Is
D. None of these
10. My team arrived late in the afternoon. The underlined word modifies

A. None of these
B. Late
C. My team
D. Arrived
For nos. 11-15, what type of clause is being underlined?

11. I don’t know the reason why she hates me.

 A. Noun clause
B. Adverb clause
C. Adjective clause
D. Independent
12. He drove fast so that he might reach the airport in time.

A. Noun clause
B. Adjective clause
C. Adverb clause
D. Main clause
13. The professor was speaking so softly that we could not hear him at all.

A. Noun clause
B. Adjective clause
C. Adverb clause
D. Independent
14. The gardener said that all the plants had been pruned neatly.

A. Noun clause
B. Adjective clause
C. Adverb clause
D. Main clause
15. Maria bought some flowers which she wanted to give her mother.

A. Adjective clause
B. Noun clause
C. Adverb clause
D. Gerund