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English Grammar
TENSES
Tense is the form of a Verb that indicates the time something
happened, something happening or something is going to
happen. It is a form taken by a verb to specify the span of
action. Tense is a verb-based method used to indicate the time
of an action. PAST TENSE is used to express things that have
already happened in past. PRESENT TENSE is used to express
things that are happening right now in present. FUTURE TENSE
is used to express things that have yet to happen in future.
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ACTIVE VOICE-PASSIVE VOICE
In English grammar, a verb may change its form with five important
properties or characteristics. They are Person, Number, Mood, Tense and
Voice. VOICE is an important section of English grammar. In English
sentences, Voice associated with verb as well as the quality of that verb.
Voice is that form of verb that shows the relationship between the Subject
and the Object. Generally, Voice indicates two things: a. whether the
subject acts b. whether the subject is acted upon. These two situations
form two types of Voice: ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE VOICE.

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DEGREES OF COMPARISON
A Degree in English grammar associates with the level as well as the intensity
of an Adjectives or Adverbs. Grammatically, they are known as Degrees of
Adjectives. A qualitative comparison is systematically presented with the help
of Degrees.
Look at the following examples-
Degree is an easy topic. (Positive)
Degree is easier than Voices. (Comparative)
Degree is the easiest topic in grammar. (Superlative)
Obviously, adjectives have three different forms to show the Degrees of
Comparison.
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DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct Speech is the report of the speaker using his/her own words directly.
It is the repetition of person‟s words directly. Direct Speech is the group of
unchanged words presented as they are, using quotation marks.
e.g. John said, “I am ready to show my skill today.”
Indirect Speech is the conveyance of the statement without changing its
meaning. It is the report of what another person said, told or asked. Indirect
Speech is the content which is expressed in our own words, without quotation
marks.
e.g. John said that he was ready to show his skill that day.
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MODAL AUXILIARIES
Auxiliary Verb is also known as Helping Verb. It helps the Main Verb to
describe the Past, Present and Future actions in the sentence. It is used
to form Tense, Mood or Voice of other verb. There are two types of
Auxiliary Verbs: Primary Auxiliaries and Modal Auxiliaries. Modal
Auxiliary Verb is a verb which is used to indicate mode or modality. It
connects with another verb to demonstrate a Mood or Tense. It affects
the meaning of other verb in different situations.

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COMMON ERRORS / SPOT THE ERRORS

Spotting the Error in sentences is a skillful and intellectual task.

We need to spot or locate the part which
is grammatically incorrect. The errors may be categorized
differently, i.e. tense error, spelling error, punctuation error, part
of speech error, sentence error, article-preposition error, singular-
plural error etc.

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QUESTION TAG
Question Tag is a typical construction in English. It is a statement
followed by a short question. A statement is turned into question to
ask for confirmation. Question tag is the shortest form of question in
English language. Question tag is also known as Tag Question, Short
Question and Question Tail.

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IDIOMS
Idioms are expressions or phrases whose meanings do not relate to the
literal meaning of their words. They are special words or phrases that
aren‟t meant to be taken literally and usually have a cultural meaning
behind them. They typically present a figurative meaning attached to
the phrase.

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PHRASES
Phrase is an important element of English grammar. Phrase is a small
group of words that form a meaningful unit within a clause. It
functions as a constituent in the syntax of a sentence. Phrase has a
special idiomatic meaning. It always presents within a clause, cannot
have a clause in it. Phrase not only strengthens the sentence but also
make the sentence meaningful.

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COMPOUND WORDS
When two different words are combined or linked together to make a
new word, a Compound Word is formed. Here two unique words are
applied together to make a new meaning. Two different ideas are
skillfully combined in one word.
e.g. sunshine, notebook, weekend, bookmark, homework, call back, living room, one-third,
mother-in-law, one-sided etc.

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CONNECTORS

Connectors are the Conjunctive words which connect or coordinate

words, phrases, or clauses. Different kinds of connectors join different
kinds of grammatical structures. These linking words are systematically
used for connecting similar or different elements present in a sentence.

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CONTRACTIONS
Contraction is a word made by shortening and combining two words. It
is a shortened way, formed by dropping one or more letters.
Contraction is a shortened category of the spoken and written forms of
a word. It is an abridged form of a word that eliminates certain letters
or sounds.

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WH-QUESTIONS
WH-questions are the questions beginning with Wh-words like what,
who, why, where, when, whom, whose, which and how. Wh-questions
are also known as Open Questions, used to ask about definite people,
places, times, qualities and so on. Wh-words are always presented in a
functional or operational ways, conveying a grammatical and structural
association with other words in a sentence.

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WORD FORMATION PROCESSES
A word is a group of letters which expresses a meaning. The process of
creating words is known as Word-formation. There are various processes
through which new words are created in English language. The Word
Formation Processes are considered as the important component of
Morphology.

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QUANTIFIERS
Quantifiers are commonly used in English language. Quantifier is a word or phrase
which is used before a noun to specify the amount, degree or quantity of
something. They are dissimilar from numbers because they point out an estimated
amount rather than correct amount. They can be arranged according to their use.
Quantifiers can be used with a noun (as a determiner) or without a noun (as a
pronoun). They can be used with both Countable and Uncountable Nouns. Generally,
quantifiers answer the questions How many? and How much?

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GERUNDS & INFINITIVES
Gerunds and Infinitives are commonly used sentence structures in
English. They are the categories of non-finite verbs that can be used as
a noun or an object in a sentence. Gerunds and infinitives are
sometimes referred to as verb complements. They may function as
subjects or objects in a sentence. Gerunds and Infinitives both function
as nouns. They can act as the subject of a verb when placed before it,
and as an object when placed after it.

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ARTICLES
In English, one aspect that often poses a challenge for learners is the
use of Articles: specifically, a, an and the. In grammar, Articles are
words that define a noun as specific or unspecific. There are two types
of articles in English: Definite and Indefinite.

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PREPOSITIONS
PREPOSITIONS are the words which express the relationship between a noun and
other words. It is always followed by a noun or pronoun.
Usually, Preposition expresses a modification or predication.

PREPOSITIONS are systematically divided into three categories:

a. Preposition of Time b. Preposition of Place c. Preposition of Direction
(Generally, Prepositions of Direction, Place and Location are considered as same)

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CONCORD - AGREEMENT
In English grammar, the term Concord is used for the same
purposes. It is the harmony or agreement between different parts of a
sentence, specially the subject and the verb. The Subject of a sentence
has a close association to what is being said in the Predicate. The form
of the verb should be in straight relation to the number and person of
the Subject. Concord is also called Subject-Verb Agreement. The verb
must agree with its subject with respect to its number and person.

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PUNCTUATION
„Punctuation‟ are marks or symbols, used to separate sentences, phrases
and clauses. They not only help to decorate the sentence but also make
the sentence grammatically correct.
Punctuation marks help to indicate pauses in certain situations. They
focus on specific ideas and views in sentences, by conveying the exact
meaning of the text. They help to create a sense of language.

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DETERMINERS
A Determiner is a specific word that appears before a noun or noun
phrase. It not only specifies quantity but also clarifies what the noun
refers to. It helps to identify whether the noun or noun phrase
is specific or general. Determiners are words that introduce nouns and
help provide more information about them. They are a class of words
in grammar that are used to modify and provide more information
about nouns.

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COLLOCATIONS

To collocate means „to set‟ or „place together‟. In English, the

term collocation is frequently used in the context of Grammar and
Vocabulary. Collocation is made up of two or more words that are
commonly used in English. They are combinations of meaningful words
which systematically occur together.

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SIMPLE, COMPOUND & COMPLEX

A Simple sentence structure contains one independent clause and no

dependent clauses. It has only one Subject and one Predicate. A
Compound sentence is composed of at least two independent clauses. It
does not require a dependent clause. It comprises of two or more
Coordinate clauses. A Complex sentence has one or more dependent
clauses (also called subordinate clauses). It comprises of one Main
clause and one or more Subordinate Clauses.

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FIGURES OF SPEECH

A Figure of speech is a word or phrase which is used in a non-literal

sense to add interest to language, in a spoken form or written one. It
is a divergence from the simple and ordinary manner of speaking or
writing in order to have a greater effect in language.
Figures of speech are very important as they enhance the charm and
beauty of language and their careful and correct use can create the
picture before the eyes of readers or listeners.

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KINDS OF SENTENCES

A sentence is considered as a largest and vital unit of any Spoken and

Written language. Sentence is nothing but a group of meaningful words,
which is arranged grammatically.
It consists of words, phrases or clauses.

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PARTS OF SPEECH

„Parts of Speech‟ is the soul of language. They are very essential ingredients used in
making meaningful phrases and sentences. A real beauty of grammar is obviously
the Parts of Speech, as they show us how words relate to each other.
Part of Speech is a category of words which explains how the word is used. It
shows how words are assigned with their syntactic functions. It is the major aspect
of language which enables us to think about the meaning as well as function of
the word. It is very important to note that each word functions independently in
sentences.

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UNLESS / IF....NOT
A condition is something that can only happen if something occurs.
A conditional sentence is a type of sentence that indicates a condition.
It is also known as conditional clause or if clause. It contains
an Independent clause and Dependent clause. The action in the main
clause can take place if a certain condition is fulfilled in the sentence.
Unless and If…not are negative conditionals. Unless is an alternative
subordinate conjunction. If clauses are either Negative or Affirmative.

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EXCLAMATORY / ASSERTIVE
Exclamatory Sentence is the kind of sentence which contains a strong
emphasis, emotion, feeling or excitement. Mostly, these sentences begin
with „What/How‟. Assertive Sentence is the kind of sentence which
makes an informative statement. It begins with subject which tells
something directly. Instead of What/How, the word very is used in
Assertive Sentences.

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COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS

Commonly Confused Words are pairs or groups of words that sound

similar or have similar spellings, leading to confusion in their usage.
These words may have different meanings, grammatical functions, or
contexts in which they are appropriately used. Confusion often arises
because of their similar pronunciation or spelling. Understanding the
distinctions between these words is important for effective
communication in writing and speaking.

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PREFIX / SUFFIX
Prefix is an element which is added before the Base Word. For example, in the
word „preview‟, „pre‟ is a prefix and „view‟ is the Base word. Every prefix has its
own meaning and we can form many new words by adding prefixes to the words.
This process of word formation is known as „Prefixation‟.
Suffix is an element which is added at the end of the Base Word. For example, in
the word „wrongly‟, „ly‟ is a suffix and „wrong‟ is the Base word. Every suffix has
its own meaning and we can form many new words by adding suffixes to the
words. This process of word formation is known as „Suffixation‟.

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CONDITIONALS
Conditionals are an essential aspect of English grammar that expresses
possibilities, hypotheses, and consequences. They allow speakers to
discuss events that are dependent on certain conditions. Let‟s learn the
different types of conditionals, their structures, and their uses.

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ONE WORD SUBSTITUTION

One Word Substitution is the process to find a single word that

describes the given definition or word phrase. This key-word suddenly
dominates the whole sentence. The meaning of the whole sentence
automatically converts into a single word. Let us see with the help of
some examples.

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SINGULAR - PLURAL
In grammar, Singular and Plural are grammatical numbers that indicate the
quantity or number of people, animals, things or concepts:
Singular: This form is used when referring to one person, animal, thing, or concept.
Examples include “book,” “cat,” “teacher,” and “idea.”
e.g. “The cat is sleeping.”

Plural: This form is used when referring to more than one person, animal, thing, or
concept. Plurals are often formed by adding an “s” or “es” to the singular form.
e.g. “The cats are sleeping.” “The children are playing.”

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CODE-MIXING / CODE-SWITCHING

Code-mixing is the blending of two or more languages or language

varieties in speech. It is the typical linguistic process where there is the
hybridization of two languages.
Code-switching is when the language is arranged structurally and
grammatically in other languages. Code-switching refers to the practice
of switching between languages at specific points in a conversation,
often for particular social or contextual reasons.
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IMPORTANT LINKS
ENGLISH GRAMMAR ONLINE QUIZZES
ENGLISH GRAMMAR: DO AS DIRECTED (8 SETS)
„100 ENGLISH GRAMMAR PRACTICE WORKSHEETS‟ E-BOOK
ENGLISH GRAMMAR PRACTICE EXERCISES
ENGLISH GRAMMAR: PRACTICE EXAMPLES
ENGLISH VOCABULARY PRACTICE
ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS
ENGLISH GRAMMAR PDFs FOR ALL BOARDS STUDENTS
GLOSSARY OF 100 GRAMMATICAL TERMS
ENGLISH WRITING SKILLS TOPICS

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