Albrow,1996 - 𝗴𝗹𝗼𝗯𝗮𝗹 𝗮𝗴𝗲

2.Martin Khor (mid 1990’s)-former president of third world network(TWN) in Malaysia - 𝗰𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗻𝗶𝘇𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻

3.According to Tolosa - 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗼𝗿𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗽𝗵𝗲𝗻𝗼𝗺𝗲𝗻𝗼𝗻

4.Swedish journalist Thomas Larsson(2001) - 𝘀𝗵𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗸𝗮𝗴𝗲

5.According to Zygmunt Bauman,(2003) - 𝗮 𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝗶𝗺𝗽𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗮𝗻𝘁 𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝘀𝗼𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗿𝗲𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽 𝗮𝗻𝗱
𝘀𝗼𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝘀𝘁𝗿𝘂𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲
6.According to Al-Rhodan, (2006) - 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗶𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗮𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗽𝗲𝗼𝗽𝗹𝗲

7.According to Claudio - 𝗺𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗼𝗻 𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗶𝘀𝘀𝘂𝗲𝘀, 𝗽𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗼 𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘀𝗺 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘀𝗺

8.According to Ritzer(2003) - 𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝗱𝗲; 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗴𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘀, 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗹𝗼𝘀𝗲𝘀

9.According to World Health Organization(WHO), globalization can be defined as ” the increased

interconnectedness and interdependence of peoples and countries. It is generally understood to include
two inter-related elements: the opening of international borders to increasingly fast flows of goods,
services, finance, people and ideas; and the changes in institutions and policies at national and
international levels that facilitate or promote such flows.”

10. Immanuel Wallerstein - 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝗮 𝗿𝗲𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗽𝗵𝗲𝗻𝗼𝗺𝗲𝗻𝗼𝗻

11 (According to Steger) - 𝗺𝘂𝗹𝘁𝗶𝗱𝗶𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗽𝘁

12.According to Slim - 𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗱𝗲𝗽𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲

13. (Robinson Appelbaum) - 𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗵𝗮𝗽𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘀𝗼𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗹𝗱 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗰𝘂𝗹𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲

Defining Globalization using metaphors(using one term to help us understand the other term)

=States of matter ( solid and liquid )

Globalization in a solid state of matter means, in a solid state, it post as a barrier that makes movement
difficult for people, things, information, and places. This can be natural or manmade for example:

a. Natural solids like landforms and bodies of water

b. Great wall of China and the Berlin Wall

c. Nine-dash line (now 10-dash line) used/claimed by the People’s Republic of China in the claim to the
South China Sea (makes fishing in the South China Sea difficult for the Filipino fishers)

Globalization in a state of liquid makes ease of movement for people, things, information and places.

Examples:

1.In global finance- in the stock market, where changes in the stock rates change in seconds, and difficult
to stop.

2.Video s once uploaded in You Tube and Facebooks are unstoppable once becomes viral.
3.Internet is so famous and connectivity is very quick from one part of the map to the farthest it can be
reached.

GLOBALIZATION THEORIES

When we talk about theories on globalization, we look into the angles of culture, economics and
politics, we cannot separate what is the culture, economic and political structure of a nation that
distinctively identify their country.

The theories therefore of globalization is a process that increases either HOMOGENEITY OR

HETEROGENEITY.

Let’s discuss it:

Homogeneity is the sameness, similarities and identity in the world as cultural inputs, economic
factors and political orientations of societies that showcases common practices, same economies and
similar form of government.

Issues:

Lesson 2: GLOBAL ECONOMY

I.Global Economy.

II.2 different types of economies associated with economic globalization.

The Global economy – refers to the increasing interdependence of world economist as a result of
the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of capital and rapid spread of
technologies.

Economic Globalization (Slim)

o Increasing interdependence; accelerating flows

o Political Economy of globalization (benczes);

o Internationalism and nationalism(Claudio)

The UN 8 millennium Development Goals(MDGs)

1. To eliminate extreme poverty and hunger

2. To achieve global primary education

3. to empower women and promote gender equality

4. to reduce child mortality

5. to promote maternal health

6. to fight malaria, HIA/AIDS, and other diseases

7. to promote environmental sustainability and

8.to develop a universal partnership for development

Issues:

2 different types of economies associated with economic globalization

1.Protectionism(mercantilism)-mercantilist era in the 16th-17th century)- it means ‘’a political and

economic policy where the concept of exporting more and importing less as advocated by Thomas Mun.
This usually comes in the form of quotes and tariffs.

Tariffs are required fees on import and export and usually imposes high or exorbitant taxes.

Until today, Protectionism exist to countries like:

- China

- Japan

- USA

2.Trade Liberalization or Free trade or what we call it as International Trade- the free trading or export
and import of anything around the world (from technologists to shoes to bananas to cellphones and also
people, etc.)

Leapfrogging – as economist call it where countries skip straight to more efficient and cost-effective
technology. New opportunities for people to sell their product stand labor in a global market place

What makes a Trade Fair?

Fair Trade- is defined by the international Fair Trade Association(IFTA) is the concern for the social,
economic, and environmental wellbeing of marginalized small producers.

Aims:

-More moral and equitable global economic system

-Protection of workers and Producers

-Establishment of just prices

-Sustainability of production

-Creation of good trade relationship between producers and consumers

-Promoting safe working conditions/environment

Three sectors of production:

-Primary sector or the raw material sector –

-Secondary sector or intermediate sector (example. From oil to refined gas, from logs to finished tables
and beds)

-Tertiary Level – manpower , services , labor management

Economic systems
-Capitalism –

-Communism –

-Socialism –

MARKET INTEGRATION

Market Integration can be viewed as the merging, integrating and understanding of the contribution of
the different financial and economic institutions and sectors that would facilitate the growth of the global
economy.

Financial Institution and economic organization that made countries even closer together in trade relation

1. The Bretton System- established from the remnants of WW I and II in trade, the Focus were the:

a. Reduction of barriers to trade

b. Free flow of money and exchange due to the start of restructure or economy.

Bretton System 5 key elements:

1. Expression of currency in terms of gold (with equivalent rate/value in dollars)

2. Establishment of official monetary authority in each country(ex. Phils-we have the central bank)to
agree with other countries currency = official exchange rate equivalent

3. Establishment of the IMF – International Monetary Fund(acts overseer)

4. Eliminating restrictions or control on the currencies of other member countries

5. Making the US dollar as the global currency

2. The General Agreement on Tariffs (GATT)

- A forum for the meeting of representatives from 23 member countries

- It focus on trade goods through multinational trade agreements conducted in many ‘rounds’ of
negotiation and from the agreement the world trade organization WTO was created

3.World Trade Agreement(WTO)

-Is an independent multilateral organization that became responsible for trade and services, non-tariff-
related barriers to trade(trade liberalization)

-Is a neoliberalism organization(by eliminating barriers or reducing restrictions so all nations will benefit.

Critism on WTO

-Trade barriers imposed by developed countries cannot be countered by WTO(esp in agriculture)

4.The International Monetary Fund (IMF)

- Founded after the World War II, the establishment was mainly because of peace advocacy after
the war and aimed to help the economic stability of the world.
5.The World Bank

- IMF and WB were both founded after the war with the same mission where WB main goal also is
to extend loans to the third world in particular and had a longer-term payment approach.

6.North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)

-Trade pack between US, Mexico and Canada created on January 1, 1994 when Mexico joined the two
other nations

-Helps in developing and expanding world trade and increase cooperation for improving working
conditions in North America by reducing barriers to trade as it expands the markets of three countries.

GEC 8 (The contemporary World)

MODULE 2 MARKET INTEGRATION, THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM, AND GLOBAL

GOVERNANCE

I.MARKET INTEGRATION

Market Integration can be viewed as the merging, integrating and understanding of the contribution of
the different financial and economic institutions and sectors that would facilitate the growth of the global
economy.

-This refers to the process of creating a unified marketplace where goods, services and capital can flow
freely between countries or regions.

-It is a central aspect of economic globalization, which refers to the increasing interconnectedness of
economies and societies around the world.

-Forms including:

e. Reduction of trade barriers such as tariffs that are too exorbitant.

f. Harmonization of regulatory standards,

g. ADOPTION OF COMMON CURRENCY

h. Development of infrastructure to fasten/facilitate transportation and communication.

Three sectors of production:

1. Primary sector or the raw material sector –

2. Secondary sector or intermediate sector

3. Tertiary Level –
Economic systems

1.Capitalism – free trade, free economy where there is economic freedom, competition, profit motives

2.Communism – there is central control/central government, the government provides all the needs of
the people and thus owns every thing

3.Socialism – combination of socialism and capitalism system where the major and minor business and
trade are controlled both by government and the people.

Financial Institution and economic organization that made countries even closer together in trade relation

1.The Bretton System- established from the remnants of WW I and II in trade, the Focus were the:

a .Reduction of barriers to trade

b. Free flow of money and exchange due to the start of restructure or economy.

Bretton System 5 key elements:

1.Expression of currency in terms of gold (with equivalent rate/value in dollars)

2.Establishment of official monetary authority in each country(ex. Phils-we have the central bank)to agree
with other countries currency = official exchange rate equivalent

3.Establishment of the IMF – International Monetary Fund(acts overseer)

4.Eliminating restrictions or control on the currencies of other member countries

5.Making the US dollar as the global currency

2.The General Agreement on Tariffs (GATT)

-The GATT was established in 1947

3.World Trade Agreement(WTO)

-Is a neoliberalism organization(by eliminating barriers or reducing restrictions so all nations will benefit.

Critism on WTO

-Trade barriers imposed by developed countries cannot be countered by WTO(esp in agriculture)

4.The International Monetary Fund (IMF)

-Founded after the world war II, the establishment was mainly because of peace advocacy after the war
and aimed to help the economic stability of the world

5.The World Bank

-IMF and WB ere both founded after the war with the same mission were WB main goal also is to extend
loan to the third world in particular and had a longer term payment approach.
6.North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)

-Trade pack between US, Mexico and Canada created on January 1, 1994 when Mexico joined the two
other nations

-Helps in developing and expanding world trade and increase cooperation for improving working
conditions in North America by reducing barriers to trade as it expands the markets of three countries.

IIThe Global Interstate System-is the whole system of human interactions. The modern world system is
structured politically as an interstate system-a system of competing and allying states. The political
scientists call this the INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FOR INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

-Called world system- defined by the existence of a division of labor. The modern world system has a
multi-state political structure(called the interstate system) and therefore its division of labor is
international division of labor.

-Three (3) zones of the divisions of labor(international)

1.Core-

2. semi periphery-

3. periphery-

The state is viewed as:

-A political unit that has a authority over its own affairs and in the global world recognizes its borders

The treaty of Westphalia of 1648- a treaty signed by countries recognizing the idea of state sovereignty,
government control and state policies.

In the globalization of politics today – the treaty faces the challenges because it was not as simple as
recognizing borders or sovereignty today.

The state/country is not the soul actors in the global system but also includes:

-Multinational corporation

-Global civil society(ex. Red cross)

-International and regional bond bodies(IMF,WB)

-Non-state(private capital group-banks group of people like AI-Qaeda, ISIS, Terrorist organization)

III.The Global Governance:-sometimes referred to as “world governance” where movement is towards

political cooperation by means of process of designating laws, rules or regulations intended for the global
scale.

-accdg to WEISS, 2010-global governance refers to the collective efforts to identify, understand, and
address worldwide problems that go beyond the problem-solving capacities of states.
3 Basic elements of state

an effective global authority and a potential global way for the improvement of human life and the
development of more truly global structures and methods of dealing with various sort of issues and
problems.

Problems afflicting the world like:

-poverty

-environmental pollution

- economic crises

- organized crimes and terrorism

- pandemic

-climate change

The emerge of global governance is due to factors like:

-Declining of power of nation-state because of emergence of some other from of global governance (the
power is just confined within its border, limited)

-Flow of digital conformation – when strong countries interfere with the internet

-Mass migration of people and their country(illegally) uncontrol flow, flow of criminal elements and their
products(drugs, sex trafficking, laundered money,)

Effects of Globalization to Governments

I. Traditional challenges

a. External intervention –

b. Internal political intervention –

II. Challenges from national/Identity movements-

- Global movements or Organization like Ai-Qaeda, ISIS(fundamentalist version of Islam whose

movement is global)