Information System

Development

Chapter 1: Introduction to System

Analysis and Design

Chapter 1: Introduction to System Analysis

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The impact of information technology
„ Information technology (IT)
‰ Is a combination of hardware and software products and
services
‰ Use to manage, access, communicate, and share
information.
„ The future of IT
‰ Create a new economy
‰ Online Internet population expected to increase by almost
60% between 2001 and 2004.
‰ Higher IT spending by enterprises and many company
depends on IT to improve efficiency and reduce operating
cost.

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The role of System Analysis and Design
„ System analysis and design (SAD) is
‰ A step by step process for development of high quality
information systems.
„ Information system (IS)
‰ Is combination of information technology, people and data
to support business requirements.
‰ IS is plans, develops, and maintains by system analyst.
„ Who develops IS?
‰ In-house application.
‰ Software vendor who develops software packages
‰ Outsourcing

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Information Components
„ System
‰ Is a set of related components that produces specific results.

‰ Examples of systems: Student Information System, accounting

system and manufacturing information system.
‰ Data: consists of raw facts that are the system’s raw material.

‰ Information: data that has been transformed into output that is

valuable to user.
„ Five key components of IS:
‰ Hardware – physical layer of IS such as computer, printer and
network.
‰ Software – programs that control the hardware and produce the
desired information or result such as operating system, and
DBMS
‰ Data

‰ Processes – describe the tasks and business functions that

users, managers, and IT staff perform to achieve specific results.
‰ People – end users, internal users, and external users.

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Understanding the Business
„ IT professional must understand a company’s business
operations in order to design successful systems.
„ System analyst use business process modeling to represent a
company’s operations and information needs.
„ Business profile
‰ An overview that describe company’s overall operations,
processes, organization, products, services, customers,
suppliers, competitors, constraints and future direction.
„ Business Models
‰ Is a graphical representation of one or more business processes
that a company performs,
‰ such as accepting an airlines reservation, selling a ticket, or
crediting a customer accounts.
‰ A Business models describes a specific set of transactions,
events, tasks, and results.

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Impact of the Internet
„ Internet-based commerce is called e-commerce
which include two main sectors: B2C (business
to consumer) and B2B (business to business).
„ B2C
‰ Allow consumer to go online to purchase product or
services.
‰ Examples: Amazon.com, mph.com, wal-mart.com, etc.
„ B2B
‰ B2B enable smaller supplier to contact large customers,
and allows purchasers to obtains instance information
about market prices and availability.
‰ On industry-wide scale, B2B sites exists where buyers,
sellers, distributors, and manufactures transact
business, exchange information, collaborate.

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Web-based System Development
‰ Internet-based system is a series of web pages that
provides a user interface, which communicates with one or
more level of data management software and a web-based
database server.
‰ IBM Websphere, .Net Framework, PHP and ColdFusion
are among popular technology to develop Web-based
System.

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How business uses Information System?
„ System categories based on the user group:
‰ Office system (administrative staff)
‰ Operational system (operational personnel)
‰ Decision support system (middle manager & knowledge
workers)
‰ Executive information system (top managers)
„ New system definition (category)
‰ Enterprise computing system
‰ Transaction processing system
‰ Business support system
‰ Knowledge management system
‰ User productivity system

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IS Categories
„ Enterprise Computing System
‰ An information system that support company-wide
operations and data management requirements.
‰ Example: Wal-Mat’s Inventory Control System, Boeing’s
production control system, and American Airline’s
reservation system.
‰ Enterprise resource planning (ERP) system provide cost-
effective support for users and managers throughout the
company.
„ Transaction Processing (TP) System
‰ TP System process data generated by day-to-day business
operation
‰ Examples: order system, account receivable, and warranty
claim system.

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IS Categories (cont.)
„ Business Support Systems:
‰ Provide job-related information support to users at all levels
of a company.
‰ Such as analyze transactional data, generate information
needed to manage and control business processes, and
provide information for better decision making.
„ Knowledge Management System
‰ Also called expert system

‰ Simulate human reasoning by combining a knowledge base

and inference rules that determine how the knowledge is
applied.
‰ Many system use fuzzy logic techniques

„ User Productivity System

‰ A system that help employee improve productivity such as
word processing, email, video conferencing etc.
„ Information System Integration
‰ A system that combine transaction processing system,
business support, knowledge management, and user
productivity features.
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IS Users and Their Needs
„ Top Managers
‰ Develop long-range plan called strategic plan

‰ How much should the company invest in Kangar branch?

„ Middle Managers and Knowledge Workers

‰ Provide direction, necessary resources, and performance
feedback to supervisors and team leaders.
‰ Weekly sales summary, daily sales report etc.

„ Supervisors and Team Leaders

‰ Oversee operational employees and carry out day-to-day
functions.
„ Operational Employees
‰ Include users who rely on TP systems to enter and receive data
need to perform their job.

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System Development Tools and Techniques
„ Modeling
‰ Modeling produces a graphical representation of a concept or process that
systems developers can analyze, test, and modify.
‰ Business model describe the information that a system must provide
‰ Data model describe data structure and design
‰ Object model describe object and processes
‰ Network model describe the design and protocols of communication links.
‰ Process model describe the logic that programmers use to write code
modules.
„ Prototyping
‰ Is an early working version of an information system.
‰ Prototyping test system concepts and provides an opportunity to examine
input, output, and user interfaces before final decision are made.
„ Computer-Aided System Engineering (CASE) tools
‰ To help system analyst develop and maintain information system.
‰ Provide overall framework for system development and support wide variety
of design methodology
‰ Examples: Visible Analyst and System Architect.

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System Development Methods
„ Structured Analysis
‰ Uses a series of phases, called system development life cycle
(SDLC), to plan, analyze, design, implement, and support an IS.
‰ Uses a set pf process models to describe a system graphically.

„ Object-Oriented (OO) Analysis

‰ Combines data and processes that act on the data into things
called object.
„ Joint Application Development (JAD) & Rapid Application
Development (RAD)
‰ Both JAD and RAD use team composed of users, managers, and
IT staff to produce better result and more rapidly.
‰ JAD uses team-based fact finding.

‰ RAD more like a compressed version of the entire process.

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SDLC
„ System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
describe activities and functions that all
developers perform, regardless of which
approach they use.
„ SDLC includes the following steps:
‰ System planning
‰ System analysis
‰ System design
‰ System implementation
‰ System operation and support

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SDLC (cont.)
„ Systems Planning phase
‰ Begins with system request that describes problems or desired
changes in an IS or a business process.
‰ Includes preliminary investigation and feasibility study

„ System Analysis phase

‰ To build logical model of the new system

„ System Design phase

‰ To create a blueprint that documented requirements for the
system
„ System Implementation phase
‰ Begin program the system and then testing.

„ System Operation and Support

‰ The IT staff maintains and enhances the system.

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IT Department
„ Information technology (IT) department
develops and maintains a company’s IS.
„ Have a few unit or functions.
‰ Application Development
‰ System Support
‰ User Support
‰ Database Administration
‰ Network Administration
‰ Web Support

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System Analyst
„ Investigates, analyzes, designs, develops, installs, evaluates,
and maintains a company’s information system.
„ Responsibilities
‰ Overlaps business and technical issues.

‰ Translate business requirements into IT projects.

‰ Plans projects, develops schedules, and estimates costs.

„ Required Skills and background

‰ Solid technical knowledge, strong oral and written communication
skills.
‰ Degree in IT, or computer science.

‰ Experience

‰ Able to be team leader.

‰ Have required IT skills for required project.

„ Certification
‰ Added advantage if have professional certification.

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Chapter Review
„ What is information technology and why it is
important to a business?
„ Identify the main components on an IS.
„ Describe five types of IS, and give an example of
each.
„ Describe four organizational levels of a typical
business and their information requirements.
„ Describe the phases of SDLC.
„ Describe three types of system development
methods.

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