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S.No. CONTENTS PAGE No.

1 INTRODUCTION 3-5

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4-11

3 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY 12

4 SCOPE OF THE 13
RESEARCH

5 LIMITATIONS OF THE 14
STUDY

6 RESEARCH 15-17
METHODOLOGY

7 CHAPTER SCHEME
18-19

8 REFRENCES 20-21

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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
The financial sector, especially the banking industry in many emerging economies, including
India, is undergoing a transformation process. By building a sound financial system the
banking industry can bring stability to the financial markets.
Reducing regulations in the financial sector has boosted product range in the developed
market. Some of the new products introduced are credit cards, real estate, exits and various
non-balance sheet items. The new vistas have therefore created more banking resources to
generate higher profits than traditional financial mediation. At the same time, they are
opening new dangerous areas. Over the past decade, the Indian banking industry has
continued to respond to emerging competition challenges, risks, and uncertainties. Risks arise
from the types of customer failures, gap gaps or poor market movements. Evaluating and
measuring risks easily or accurately. Our regulators have made sincere efforts to bring about
monitoring and regulatory procedures in line with international banking practices with a view
to strengthening the stability of the banking system.

Meaning of Risk and Risk Management

The etymology of the word ‘Risk’ is followed by the Latin word ‘Rescum’ which means
danger at sea or what it cuts. Risk is an unplanned event with financial consequences that
results in loss or reduction of earnings. It is caused by uncertainty or uncertainty about the
future. Therefore, a risky proposal is one that has potential benefits or impending losses.

There is a risk of unforeseen and unexpected events that have a negative impact on the bank's
capital or income. In one of the publications Price Waterhouse Cooper has translated the word
risk in two different ways.

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Steps for implementing Risk Management in Banks

1) Establish disaster risk management vision and long-term plan

A risk management strategy is developed based on the bank's vision, focus, position, and
resource commitment.

2) Risk Identification

The second step is risk identification, which is done to assess the current level of risk
management processes, structure, technology, and bank analytics technology. Banks generally
classify the following risk categories:

- Credit risk

- Market risk

- Operational hazards

3) Development of risk management index and indices

The bank issues a reference to a customized bench based on its risk management strategies.
After that it has a measure of the current level of risk banking practices that already exist. An
example is to assume that the current number of risk management is 30 out of 100. To achieve
a 70-point road gap to cover long distances.

4) Explain the road map

Depending on the disaster risk management plan / gap analysis bank develops different work
plans and achievable benefits of sustainable competitive advantage.

a. Risk Management Requirements

b. A risk strategy is used in decision-making.

Capital allocation.

Provision

Product price

Simplified procedures and reduced operating costs.

By phasing out the bank, it measures the progress of the transaction.

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5) Establish risk measures and early warning signs

Depending on the business lines as reflected in the bank balance and business plans, the market
value, liability, and operating risk for each line of work is determined.

6) Performing essential needs:

At the level of performance testing the key elements of success and benchmark benchmarking
are performed. The models to be used are tested and validated for example. In addition, test
scores at specified rating scales help to create a risk inclusion process.

7) Integrate Strategic Management / Strategy in the internal decision-making process of

the bank

The aim is to integrate risk management into a business decision-making process that
transforms risk culture through awareness and training, to develop risk reports that are
integrated with success measures and to align risk with business strategies.

CHAPTER -2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Review of literature provides a roadmap to researchers who want to study the problem and
reveals the undisclosed facts and results. There is vast literature on financial performance
analysis of banks through ratio analysis only but limited by CAMEL methodology. Researchers
review the published literature on financial performance analysis through CAMEL
methodology prior to conduct of research article.
In a study focused on the Chinese banking sector, it was found that both public and private
sector banks encounter similar risks. However, the risk management practices adopted by the
two sectors differ significantly. Public sector banks in China rely heavily on regulations and
guidelines to manage risks, while private sector banks use advanced technologies, such as
machine learning and artificial intelligence, to identify and address risks in real-time (Du et al.,
2020).

In a study conducted by Arunachalam and Manohar (2019), it was found that public sector
banks in India adopt a more traditional approach to risk management, relying heavily on manual
processes and intuition. In contrast, private sector banks are more technology- and datadriven
and adopt a more systematic approach to risk management. The authors conclude that private
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sector banks are more adept at managing risks due to their proactive and dynamic approach,
while public sector banks are reactive and slow to respond.

According to a study conducted by Nwidevi et al. (2019), public sector banks in Ghana are
more reactive in their approach to risk management, while private sector banks take a proactive
approach. The authors found that private sector banks implement stricter risk management
policies, a more comprehensive risk framework, periodic risk assessments, and a dedicated risk
management committee.
In another study conducted by Rao and Babu (2018), it was found that public sector banks
primarily focus on managing credit risk, followed by operational risk and market risk. Private
sector banks, on the other hand, have a more holistic approach to risk management, addressing
all kinds of risks in an integrated manner. The study further pointed out that public sector banks
rely on collateral-based lending, while private sector banks are more stringent in their credit
assessment processes and adopt a risk-based lending approach.

Ruchi Gupta (2014) analyzed performance of Indian public sector banks using Camel approach
for a five-year period from 2009-13. They included all the twenty-six public sector banks in
the study. Inclusion of all twenty-six public sector banks in study, research tried to effetely
measure the financial soundness of banks. Researchers employed the F-test and one way
ANOVA for analysis and interpretation. The study revealed the fact that there is a significant
difference among overall performance of public sector banks. They also concluded that the
banks with the lowest ranking need to improve their performance to come up to the desired
standards.
Mikail Altan, Habib Yusufazari & Aykut Beduk (2014) tried to attempt evaluate and analyzed
performance of banks in Turkey using camel model. They have chosen three State-owned banks
and twelve Private-Owned banks from the Turkish banking sector, which represent more than
seventy percent of the banking system in terms of total assets. They evaluated the financial
performance of turkey banks through twenty-three ratios relating to CAMEL Model. They
found that on the overall performance of, Ziraat Bank was on the top position followed by AK
Bank and Vakit Bank. Study reveals fact that there is a significant difference between
performance of state-owned and private-owned banks in Turkey.

Study conducted by Santosh Kumar and Roopali Sharma (2014) to evaluate performance of top
Indian bank through CAMEL methodology. In a research study, they decided to evaluate the
top eight market capitalized banks. Kotak Mahindra Bank is in a position in terms of capital
adequacy. They also found that SBI had the highest NPA among their peer banks. They opinion
that earning quality of SBI and PNB was on top. They concluded from the study that Kotak
Mahindra and ICICI bank were most efficient in managing their liquidity.
Gul Shah & et.al. (2014) concluded that the study has its limitation in term of selection of
banks. The present research work serve as a guideline to public sector banks to look up the
financial performance and make superior allocation for improving efficiency for the coming
time.
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ThakarshibhaiChiragLoryia (2014) Concluded that it attempt to analyze profitability of selected

public and private sector banks in India. This study which investigates three key factors which
affect the profitability analysis of Indian banking sector using mean, standard deviation, and
ANOVA model.

Movalia P. Nilesh&et.al (2014) Concluded that public sector banks is quite good compared to
private sector banks in profitability debt equity , earning per share found that price earning
ration of private sector banks is high compared to public sector banks.

Dr. RaoMadhusudhana K. (2014) Concluded that – with respect to the banking activities the
performance of HDFC is better than the SBI and for the investor who are intended for long
term investment & risk takers HDFC is better but with respect to the growth in the market for
the company price SBI is better. SBI shares value market more than HDFC. Patel S Vijay &
et.al. Concluded conclude, information has its own value but if someone wants to have better
judgment of the concern, he must analyse them. This provides guideline about analysis of
profitability ratio of krishakbharati bank.

Sharma Pooja&Hemlata (2014) Concluded that - The banking mirrors the larger economy its
linkages to all sectors make it proxy for what is happening in the economy. Banking plays a
silent yet crucial role in our day-to-day economy. The data is taken from financial reports of
both the banks for the last five years ranging from 2008-09 to 2013-13. The results show that
ICICI Bank is performing better than SBI Bank as it can generate more loans from its deposits
to the customers.

Gaur Arti&Arora Nancy (2014) Concluded that it study about the causes and consequences of
the various component of the financial statement in relation to the profitability of the bank. We
analyzed the financial stability and overall performance of SBI and studied profitability of SBI.

Sushendra Kumar Misra and Parvesh Kumar Aspal (2013) conducted a study to evaluate the
performance & financial soundness of State Bank Group using CAMEL approach. In this study,
researchers evaluate and financial performance of through twenty ratios from the year
20092011. They found that in terms of Capital Adequacy parameter SBBJ and SBP were at the
top position, while SBI got lowest rank. In terms of Asset Quality parameter, SBBJ held the
top rank while SBI held the lowest rank. Under Management efficiency parameter it was
observed that top rank taken by SBT, and lowest rank taken by SBBJ. In terms of Earning
Quality parameter the capability of SBM got the top rank while SBP was at the lowest position.
Under the Liquidity parameter SBI stood in the top position and SBM was in the lowest

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position. SBI needs to improve its position regarding asset quality and capital adequacy, SBBJ
should improve its management efficiency and SBP should improve its earning quality.

Desrani R Hiralal (2013) Concluded that scheduled bank has wide scope in India. It is providing
loans to various industries, businessmans, small scale sector industries. It is very helpful to all
people who want to get a loan.

Dr. Gupta R. & Dr. Shikarwar N.S. (2013) Concluded that the banking industry occupies a
unique place in a nation’s economy. A well-developed banking system is a necessary
precondition of economic development in a modern economy .the main parameters of growth
in banks are net profit growth , net assets growth , EPS growth and Reserve and surplus growth
and the results reveal that in terms of the parameters defined key words : net assets ,EPS ,
reserves ,surplus growth .

SelvamPaneer& et.al. (2013) Concluded that-The Present study was aimed to analyze the
financial assistance of nationalized bank in India .To identify the relative performance of the
operational variables the linear and compound growth rates have been calculated . The
performance of nationalized banks followed by private sector banks is found to be higher when
compared to SBI and its associates and Foreign Banks.

Samir &KamraDeepa (2013) Concluded that this analysis the position of NPAs in selected
banks SBI, PNB & Central bank of India. It also highlights the policies pursued by the banks
to tackle the NPAs and suggest a multi-pronged strategy for speedy recovery of NPAs in the
banking sector.
Davda V. Nishit (2012) Concluded that a review of fundamental analysis research in accounting
the paper has outlined the development of different accounting valuation model and reviewed
related emperical work .

Boahene, Dasah and Agyei (2012) adopted the regression analysis to evaluate the significant
relationship between credit risk and Ghanaian bank profitability. Their research followed
Manzura and Juanjuan (2009) by using the ratio of non-performing loans to total assets as an
indicator for credit risk management and return on equity as a measure of bank profitability.
They highlighted that credit risk management impinges dramatically on bank profitability. The
study indicated that higher capital adequacy positively contributes to bank profitability.

Poudel (2012) assessed the effect of credit risk management in bank performance of Nepal
during the 2001- 2011 period using 31 banks. The capital adequacy ratio, cost per loan and
default rates were used as credit parameters, whereas ROA was a performance indicator. The
results showed that credit risk management has a strong impact on bank financial performance.
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Several scholars like Kolapo, Ayeni and Ojo (2012), Kinthinji (2010) and Li Yugi (2007) carried
out broad research studies on this topic and delivered mixed results. For example, Kolapo,
Ayeni and Ojo (2012) noted that 100 percent increases in non-performing loan reduce
profitability (ROA) by about 6.2 percent, although the study was characterized by serial
correlation depicted by high Durbin-Watson. On the other hand, Kinthinji (2012) observed that
there is no relationship between profits, amount of credit and the level of nonperforming loans.
However, the study produced a moderate R squared of 39%, which computes to a negative
adjusted R squared (-0.226).

Kolapo, Ayeni and Ojo (2012), while analyzing credit risk management efficiency from
20042009 in commercial banks of Nigeria, suggested some additional views into credit risk as
profit-enhancing apparatus. Regression analysis was used for data analysis and revealed there
is nominal causation between bank performance and deposit exposure. Kithinji (2010)
determined the impact of credit risk management in Kenyan banks for the 2004-2008 period.
He employed credit indicators as the ratio of non-performing loans and advances the ratio of
loans and advances to total assets. The study revealed that the volume of profit of commercial
banks is not determined by the level of non-performing loans and credit, as the implication
recommends that other factors apart from non-performing loans and credit influence bank
profitability.

Dr. KoundalVirender (2012) concluded that although various Reforms have produced favorable
effects on commercial banks in India and because of this transformation is taking place in all
categories of the banks.

GejalakshamiSandanam& et.al (2012) , Cocluded that the public sector banks performed
remarkably well during the period than that of the private sector banks the overall regression
analysis show that the financial performance of the banking industries strongly .

Sharma Esha (2012) concluded that- The liberalized policy of the govt. of India permitted entry
to the ICICI in the banking; the industry has witnessed a generation of private players. That is
why the present paper special emphasis has been laid down on the financial analysis of the bank
by using different research ant statistical tools.

Gupta Shipra (2012) concluded that- Public and Private sector banks both are giving good
service in India .Financial condition of any bank is measured by the help of financial ratio. A
leverage ratio cannot do the job alone, it needs to be complemented by other prudential tools
or measures to ensure a comprehensive picture of the buildup of leverage in individual banks
or banking groups as well as in the financial system.

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Dr. Pardhan Kumar Tanmaya (2012) Concluded that-The study is based on primary data. The
data has been analyzed by the Percentage method. The tool used to collect data from the bank
officials was a structured questionnaire. Responses obtained from the 50 Bank managers /
senior officers.

Dr. Ibrahim Syed M (2011) concluded that this is diagnostic and exploratory in nature and
makes use secondary data. The study finds and concludes that the scheduled commercial banks
in India have significantly improved their operational performance.

Svetlana Tatuskar (2010) analyzed the financial performance of selected Indian scheduled bank
through CAMEL model. They had taken a sample of five banks namely ICICI bank, SBI, Axis
bank, HDFC bank and BOI for study purposes. This study found that public sector banks like
BOI had done remarkable well on every CAMEL parameter. In the case of private sector banks
ICICI bank outperformed the other private sector banks. Study shows that public sector banks
should formulate strong structures to recover bad assets.

GhoshSaibal (2009) concluded that with international standards, Indian banks would need to
improve their technological orientation and expand the possibilities for augmenting their
financial activities to improve their profit efficiency soon.

Gupta Sumeet&Verma Renu (2008) concluded that management of non-performing assets and
risk emanating from adverse event is the key to higher profitability of the Indian banking.
Transparency and good governance would work as the principal guiding force in the present
scenario.
Besides, Naceur and Kandil (2008) evaluated the influence of capital obligation on bank
performance and cost of intermediation employing Generalized Method of Moment (GMM)
on time series data during the 1989-2004 period. They used the ratio of net loans to deposit and
ratio of capital to total asset and deposit as independent variables while return on equity and
return on asset as the dependent variables to measure bank profitability. The results showed
that capital adequacy is a forecaster of a bank's performance. Gurdmundssoa, Ngok-Kisingula
and Odongo (2013) assessed the task of regulatory capital obligation on bank control and
competition in Kenya from 2001-2011 using panel data estimation of time series data. The
results showed that regulatory competence enhances the competition in banking sectors.
Ravindra, Vyasi and Manmeet (2008) studied the impact of capital adequacy of the performance
of selected commercial Banks in India using panel data models. The authors concluded that
there is a positive association between capital adequacy ratio and profitability.

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Li yuqi (2007) studied the determinants of bank profitability and its impact on risk management
practices in the United Kingdom. The study utilized regression analysis between 1999 and
2006. Six measures of determinants of bank profitability were employed. He used capital,
liquidity, and credit as internal factors in bank performance. Inflation rate, interest rate and
GDP growth rate were used as external determinants of bank profitability. Return on Asset
(ROA) was used as a measure of a bank’s performance. It was found that liquidity and credit
risk have a negative impact on bank profitability.

Ali Ataullah (2004) Concluded that there is still room for improvement in the efficiency of
banks in both the countries. A step forward for the liberalization programmer , therefore, is not
only to deregulate interest rates and enhance the level of competition but also to strengthen the
instutional structure to support good practices in the banking industry.

Overall, the literature suggests that private sector banks have a more proactive and dynamic
approach to risk management, relying heavily on data analytics and technological
advancements. In contrast, public sector banks tend to adopt a more traditional and reactive
approach, with a greater reliance on manual processes and intuition. However, public sector
banks often have a more extensive regulatory framework to follow, which may slow down their
ability to respond to changing market conditions. The literature also emphasizes the need for a
more integrated and holistic approach to risk management, addressing all kinds of risks in an
integrated manner.

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CHAPTER- 3

RESEACH METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The following objectives have been prepared to conduct this study on risk management in
banks:

1) To study on recognize the need to manage risk in the banking sector.

2) To study on knowing the different types of risks facing banks.

3) Measure the overall performance of the banks.

4) To suggest a suitable message to overcome the credit risk management.

5) To analyze the status of capital adequacy ratio of banks.

6) To offer findings, recommendations and conclusion in the light of the study.

Need of the Study

The importance of banks responding to many risks and difficulties posed by:
 Globalization

 Integration and acquisition

 Regulatory changes

 Increasing competition in the banking sector in India.

 Increased prosperity in banking operations, recorded trading funds, online banking,

payment services have made disaster management more difficult and necessary.

Risk management helps to identify, measure, monitor and manage uncertainty. However, not
much has been done in implementing this approach as risk assessment and management
remains a challenging task for banks, raising the issue of how to identify the best ways to reduce
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these risks. Therefore, there is a need for research to study the design and implementation of
risk management in various banks.

Significance of the Study

Proper risk management is good banking. And good banking is essential to the profitable
survival of the institution. It brings stability to wages and increases efficiency. Risk
management is important for a bank to ensure its profitability and soundness. It is also a
concern of regulators to maintain the safety and soundness of the financial system. The risk
management of banks has been weak compared to the rapid changes in the financial markets.
Bank risk is usually referred to as the potential loss to a bank due to the occurrence of events.
Key risks in banking include credit risk, interest rate risk, market risk, liquidity risk, and
operational risk.
The present study suggests: -
1. Increase the number of shareholders by
 Value creation
 Value saving
 Useful
2. Improve capital allocation.
3. Improving the identification of portfolios and applications.
4. Understanding key business processes.
5. Company reputation.

Scope of the Study

Risk is an important factor in a banking business as the major risks facing banks are credit risk,
interest rate risk, mortality risk and operating risk.
Regardless of the risk, the best way for banks to protect themselves is to identify risks,
accurately measure prices and maintain the appropriate levels of reserves and funds. If Indian
banks are to compete globally then they must establish sound disaster risk management
measures, which will improve the efficiency of banks.
 The scope of this study includes analyzing and measuring risks. Both public and private
sector banks through camel’s approach.
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 To know the opinion of senior officers on risk.

Limitation of research
1) The information obtained from the banks are biased.

2) The performance of banks cannot be easily measured since many of their products and
services are of an intangible nature.

3) The study hasn’t got a wider scope as only four banks are being considered for evaluating
risk management.

4) It was difficult to have group discussions with experts due to their busy schedules.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Data Collection
The present study is based on both primary and secondary sources.

1. Primary Research
The ‘Questionnaire’ has been prepared and sent to selected four banks to ascertain their degree
of readiness for risk management on various parameters and information is collected through
the questionnaires of senior officers and employees of four banks.

2. Secondary Sources: Information has also been obtained through desk research
such as:
(a) Annual reports of the banks

(b) Indian Bank Association Bulletin

(c) RBI Bulletin

(d) Report on trends and progress of banking in India

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Sample Size
The sample comprises of four banks both in public as well as private sector. The banks are
selected based on their net profit during the year 2019-2022.

The following banks are included in the sample sizes which are shown in sequence from high
profit banks to low profit banks.

PUBLIC BANKS:

 STATE BANK OF INDIA

 CENTRAL BANK OF INDIA

PRIVATE BANK:

 HDFC BANK

 ICICI BANK

TOOL ANALYSIS
CAMELS APPROACH-

The CAMELS rating system assesses the strength of a bank through six categories.
CAMELS are an acronym for capital adequacy, assets, management capability, earnings,
liquidity, and sensitivity.
The rating system is on a scale of one to five, with one being the best rating and five being the
worst rating. (Just keep in mind that a lower rating is better, indicating a more financially stable,
less at-risk bank.)
The components of CAMELS are:
(C) Capital adequacy
(A) Assets
(M) Management capability
(E) Earnings
(L) Liquidity
(S) Sensitivity
How does the CAMELS Rating System Work?
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For each category, a score is given from one to five. One is the best score and indicates strong
performance and risk management practices within the institution. On the other hand, five is
the poorest rating. It indicates a high probability of bank failure and the need for immediate
action to ratify the situation. If an institution’s current financial condition falls between 1 and
5, it is called a composite rating.

• A scale of 1 implies that a bank exhibits robust performance, is sound, and complies
with risk management practices.
• A scale of 2 means that an institution is financially sound with moderate weaknesses
present.
• A scale of 3 suggests that the institution shows a supervisory concern in several
dimensions.
• A scale of 4 indicates that an institution has unsound practices, thus is unsafe due to
serious financial problems.
• A rating of 5 shows that an institution is fundamentally unsound with inadequate risk
management practices.

A higher number rating will impede a bank’s ability to expand through investment, mergers, or
adding more branches. Also, the institution with a poor rating will be required to pay more in
insurance premiums.

Research Design
The design of a study is the planning of data collection and analysis conditions in a way that
aims to integrate the continuity of research objective with the economy. In fact, research design
is a conceptual framework in which research is conducted. Creates a framework for data
collection, measurement, and analysis. It provides a solid, solid basis for gaining knowledge
and conclusions. Research design in research experiments. Various methods are used to obtain
and interpret information in a logical and purposeful way.

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CHAPTER SCHEME
Chapter I: "Introduction" is normally the first chapter in the dissertation thesis. As the name
suggests, it introduces the entire topic or problem under investigation along with its importance,
background of the study, objectives of the study, definition of key words, hypotheses,
delimitations of the study and overview of methodology. Of course, there is a separate chapter
for methodology, but an overview about the same may be included in the chapter on
introduction. Contents are:
(a) Introduction
(b) Meaning of Risk and Risk Management
(c) Risk management Structure
(d) Risk management Components
(e) Steps for implementing risk management in bank (f) Types of risks

CHAPTER –II
LITERATURE REVIEW: Review of related literature is the second chapter of the research
report, and usually consists of the review of important literature related to the problem under
study. This chapter generally begins with an overview of how the chapter is organized followed
by a review of the theoretical and empirical literature and ending with summary of what the
previous research seems to mean and how it related to this study. Here the investigator tries to
identify research gaps. Focusing on what has been done so far, when, and where earlier studies
were carried out, what methodology was used by them.

Chapter III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Design of the study highlights methodology of the study.
Design of the study is like a blueprint of the entire study. In short, research design is a plan of
investigation, which includes an outline of what the investigator will do, from writing the
objectives, hypotheses, and their implications to the final analysis of data. It generally includes
the subjects or participants usually called sample, instruments or tools needed for collection of
data, procedure followed for collection of data and its analysis.

 Need of Study
 Objective of Study
 Significance of Study
 Scope of Study
 Research Design
 Data Collection
 Techniques of Analysis
 Limitations of Study

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Chapter IV
BANKS PROFILE: Details about all the private and public banks.

Chapter V
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The next chapter after the design of the study is
about analysis of the data and its interpretation. It is the heart of the whole report, because it
deals with the outcome of the study. Here data collected are presented in a tabular form and
analysed with the help of appropriate statistical techniques. Nature of your study will decide as
to how this chapter is to be organized. If the study involves hypotheses, one may go for
presentation of results as per the order of hypotheses. One may also present the results as per
order of research questions or objectives.

CHAPTER VI:
QUESTIONNAIRE

Chapter VII
OBSERVATION AND SUGGESTIONS: This is usually the final chapter of the report. The
title of this chapter varies from individual to individual. For some it is Major Findings and
Conclusion, for some it is Suggestions and Conclusion, for some it is Summary and Discussion.
This chapter mainly deals with major findings and conclusion thereon, suggestions based on
the findings of the study, suggestions for further study and discussion of findings in the light of
the studies reviewed earlier
(a) Major Findings of Study
(b) Suggestions
(c) conclusion

Other parts of scheme:

 ANNEXURE:  REFERENCE:
 BIBLIOGRAPHY:
REFERENCE
1. Abreu, M. and Mendes, V. (2002). Commercial Bank Interest Margins and Profitability:
Evidence from E.U. Countries. Working Paper Series, Porto.
2. Afriyie, H. O., and Akotey, J. O

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3. (2010): credit risk management and profitability of selected rural and community banks
in Ghana. Catholic University College of Ghana.
4. Baltagi, B. H. 2003. Econometric analysis of panel data. London: Wiley.Banking
Supervision. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. Available
at:http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs129.pdf. Accessed on 10 January 2014.
5. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2009): Principles for the Management of
Credit Risk -consultative document; Basel, Switzerland, Available on at
http/www/Bank for International Settlements.
6. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (September 2006). Principles for the
Management of Credit Risk, Risk Management Group of the Basel Committee on
Banking Supervision. Accessed at:http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs75.pdf. Accessed 02
Feb 2014.
7. Berger, A. (1995). The profit–structure relationship in banking: Tests of market-power
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8. Boahene S. H. Dasah J. and Agyei S. K. (2012). Credit Risk and Profitability of Selected
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Concentration and other determinants of bank profitability in Europe, North America
and Australia. Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 13 (1), pp. 65–79.
10. Chen, K. and Pan, C. (2012): An Empirical Study of Credit Risk Efficiency of Banking
Industry in Taiwan, Web Journal of Chinese Management Review, Vol. 15(1), pp. 116.
11. Felix, A.T and Claudine, T. N (2008). Bank Performance and Credit Risk Management,
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12. Frederick, T., Masood, O., Thapa, P. D. P., Bellalah, M., Levyne, O. (2012). Does
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