2023-2024

SPRING

PROGRAM A
WRITING BOOKLET II
CONTENTS

1. ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE ESSAY 1- 9

2. CAUSE OR EFFECT ESSAY 10-22

3. CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAY 23-27

4. PROBLEM SOLUTION ESSAY 28-38

5. APPENDIX

 Writing with Subject-Verb Agreement 40-51

 Using Connectors for Better Writing 52-66

 Using Adjective Clauses in Writing 67- 73

 Writing with Adverb Clauses 74-82

ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE ESSAY
FOCUS

ADVANTAGE AND the advantages (positive sides / benefits) and disadvantages (negative

DISADVANTAGE sides / drawbacks) of a given topic.

ESSAY

ORGANIZATION
1. INTRODUCTION
2. MAIN BODY
a. Body Paragraph 1 / Advantages
b. Body Paragraph 2 / Disadvantages
3. CONCLUSION

AIR TRAVEL

Today transportation has become easier and faster due to new forms of transport. It takes a
much shorter time to reach your destination than fifty years ago. People may choose to travel by
cars, busses, trains or airplanes. A lot of people prefer to travel by air when they go to another
country. However, air travel has both advantages and disadvantages.

Air travel has many advantages. Firstly, it is much faster than any other form of transport. For
example, you can fly from Dubai to London in about seven hours whereas by car it would take about a
week. Secondly, flying is more comfortable and less tiring because you can sleep on a long flight. You
can also watch movies or read. Finally, air travel is safer. More people die on the roads than in the
air.

However, travelling by plane also has some disadvantages. To start with, it can be quite
expensive, especially if you want to travel in the comfort of First Class or Business Class. What is more,
flights are often delayed. This means you may have to spend a long time waiting in the airport. Lastly,
luggage is often lost by airlines. As a result, you may arrive in London while your suitcase has gone to
Abu Dhabi.

To sum up, the airplane is a great invention with many advantages but it also has some
drawbacks. Still, in my opinion, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. If we didn’t have planes,
it would be very difficult to travel to distant places.

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ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE ESSAY

2
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE ESSAY
A. Read the text and write two body paragraphs

LIVING LIKE AN ISLAND

Have you realized that the most miserable songs, poems and stories are the ones about
loneliness? Although loneliness may seem hard to cope with, more and more people today prefer
freedom. There is no doubt that living alone has many advantages and drawbacks.
There are many advantages of living alone. _______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
On the other hand, there are some drawbacks of living alone. _________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
All things considered, living alone has many advantages as well as disadvantages. Even
though many people find it difficult to live alone, I think loneliness is peaceful. I always prefer to be
like an island instead of being a part of the continent!

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ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE ESSAY
SAMPLE ESSAYS

In the era of digital transformation, online shopping has become an integral part of the consumer experience. As
we explore the changes in the market, it is important to examine both the benefits and drawbacks and negatives
that online shopping brings for both consumers and businesses. Write a well-developed essay on the advantages
and disadvantages of online shopping.

ONLINE SHOPPING

Online shopping, which is the process of purchasing products or services through the internet,
has become very popular in recent years. With the rise of e-commerce, it has become a popular
and convenient alternative to traditional brick-and-mortar 1 stores, and it has revolutionized the way
consumers make purchases. Online shoppers can now browse a wide variety of products from the
comfort of their own homes, at any time of the day or night. However, this form of shopping has
several advantages and disadvantages that are worth considering.
One of the main advantages of online shopping is that it is very convenient. People can shop
from their own homes at any time, day or night. This is especially helpful for people who are busy or
don't have time to visit physical stores. Online shopping also lets people compare prices and find the
best deals from different retailers easily. In addition, people can often find items online that are not
available in their local stores.
Another advantage of online shopping is that people can read reviews and ratings from other
customers. This can help people make better decisions about the products they are thinking of
buying. It can also help people avoid buying low quality or faulty products.
However, there are also some disadvantages to shopping online. One concern is the risk of fraud
and identity theft. It is important for people to only shop on secure websites and to protect their
personal and financial information. There is also the risk of receiving damaged or faulty products, or
products that do not match the image on the website. In these cases, it can be hard to solve the
problem or get a refund.
In conclusion, there are both advantages and disadvantages to shopping online. While it is
convenient and can help people find good deals, it is important for people to be aware of the
potential risks and to take precautions to protect themselves.

(337 words)

1
existing as a physical building, especially a shop, rather than doing business only on the internet:

4
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE ESSAY
In the realm of education, homework plays a pivotal role in shaping the learning
experience. As we reflect on the educational landscape, it is crucial to analyze both the
advantages and disadvantages that homework brings for students and the broader
educational system. Write a well- developed essay on the advantages and
disadvantages of homework.

HOMEWORK
Many children today have to spend hours every evening doing
homework. Some people believe that this will help the children in their
academic career. Others feel that homework is mostly useless. There are both
positive and negative aspects to homework.

There are several advantages of assigning homework to students regularly. First of all, students
need some practice of the new material learned at school. They need to sit quietly at home and try to
better understand the new information and ideas. Secondly, homework helps the teacher to know the
students’ level of understanding. The teacher can then plan the next lesson according to the needs of
students in his/her class. A third point is that homework can involve parents in the education of the
child. Family members can see the child’s progress. They can also help and motivate him/her if the
child is having difficulty in completing the assignment.
In contrast, there are also negative aspects to homework. To begin with, many teachers
give too much homework so the children do not have free time to relax or play sports.
Moreover, unnecessary assignments raise the stress level of the student. This can actually lower
productivity and performance. Finally, most homework is just boring practice. Students learn
nothing new - teachers just give homework because the administration wants them to do so.
In conclusion, the need to give homework must be considered carefully. It can be helpful in
some occasions, but inappropriate types and amounts of homework may be harmful to students. In
my opinion, finding the balance between free time and homework is necessary to have a happy and
successful school life. 272 words

In the age of technology, mobile phones have become indispensable

tools that shape various aspects of our daily lives. However, it is
essential to critically assess both the advantages and disadvantages that
mobile phones present to individuals and society at large. Write a well-
developed essay on the advantages and disadvantages of mobile
phones
MOBILE PHONES
Today, we have various technological devices in all aspects of our
lives. For example, we have many time saving household
appliances that we use in our homes. Similarly, we have
other devices for communication, such as the computer and
mobile phones. Mobile phones are now part of everyone’s
everyday lives. Most people find them essential and could not live
without them. However, there are also some drawbacks to
owning and using a mobile phone.
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ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE ESSAY
There are three main advantages of having mobile phones. Firstly, there is the
convenience of being able to make or receive a phone call at any time and in any place. Secondly,
they are essential for keeping in touch with family and friends. Parents who are worried about
their children can always ring them to check they are safe, and children can let their family know if
they are going to be late home. Finally, mobile phones can save lives. For instance, if there is an
accident, help can be called immediately.
On the other hand, there are significant problems with the use of mobile phones. In the first
place, using mobile phones can cause accidents, for instance, when people are driving and using their
phone at the same time. In addition, the loud use of mobile phones in public places such as
restaurants and cinemas is rude and can be very irritating for other people. Lastly, there has been
an increase in street crime directly related to mobile phones. People have been attacked and
their phones stolen from them.
In conclusion, I believe that, despite the disadvantages, mobile phones are essential to modern
life and that the advantages of owning one are far greater than the disadvantages.
(282 words)

THE RICHEST OR THE POOREST?

How much money do you have in your pocket now? For the average person there is not much,
but can you imagine the individual who is the richest person of the world? Being rich would have lots
of advantages, but disadvantages also come along.
Being the richest person offers you a lot of benefits. First of all, you can get whatever you want.
You have an incredible amount of money, so there is nothing in the world that you cannot buy. Also,
it makes you one of the most powerful people of the world. In addition, if you are the richest person
of the world, you know most of the people who succeed in their professions, like doctors, sportsmen,
artists, scientists xand celebrities. Therefore, it provides you with a large social environment. What is
more, you never worry about making ends meet 2.
There are also various drawbacks of being the richest person of the world. The most important
disadvantage is the feeling of being insecure. People know that you have loads of money and they
may try to harm you. For example, such a thing happened to the Beckham family when some people
tried to kidnap their children. Furthermore, it is difficult to say that you can trust all your friends. You
can't be sure whether they are your real friends or they are just trying to benefit from you. Finally,
you would have many business deals and you can hardly spare time for yourself and your family.
In conclusion, as you have seen there are many drawbacks and advantages of being the richest
person of the world. If you ask my viewpoint, I wouldn't take its risks and want the joy of true friends
and my own aim for life.

(291 words)

2
to have just enough money to buy the things that you need
Many students are finding it difficult to make ends meet.

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ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE ESSAY
PRACTICE

Read the prompt, and analyze the outline given carefully. Using the ideas given, write a well-developed
essay on the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy. You can also use your own ideas while
writing your essay.

There are hundreds of nuclear power plants worldwide. In some countries, there are plans to construct
new nuclear power plants and a few are already un construction.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy? Discuss the advantages and
disadvantages and give your own opinion.

THESIS STATEMENT:

While nuclear energy clearly has both advantages and disadvantages, it seems that the risks
outweigh the benefits

TOPIC SENTENCE 1:

Nuclear power offers a number of benefits to people and the environment.

Lives saved

less need for fossil fuels / less air pollution / decrease in the number of lung cancer
cases

less harmful to the environment

reduction in CO2 emissions

TOPIC SENTENCE 2:

On the other hand, there are serious risks associated with the use of nuclear energy

·Nuclear reactors to be used to produce nuclear weapons

·Destruction of cities and death of thousands of people

· Potential accidents and disasters

Release of substantial amounts of radioactivity (Chernobyl and Fukushima disasters)

CONCLUSION:
In summary, there are both pros and cons to nuclear energy.

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ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE ESSAY
PRACTICE
Use the prompts given, and write a well-developed coherent essay on one of the topics.

1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Mobile Phones

Advantages Disadvantages

Easy Communication Distraction

Education Ear problems

Social media Wastage of time

Promoting business Addiction to a mobile phone

Good for people’s safety Health problems

2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Social Networking

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ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE ESSAY
3. Advantages and Disadvantages of having a Nuclear Family

9
CAUSE OR EFFECT ESSAY
FOCUS

CAUSE ESSAY why certain things happen and what are the reasons for this.

EFFECT ESSAY what are the results / effects / consequences of a certain issue

ORGANIZATION
A. FOCUS –ON- EFFECTS METHOD

INTRODUCTION

EFFECT 1

EFFECT 2

EFFECT 3

CONCLUSION

The following example is an outline for an essay about the effects of the computer on life.

Thesis statement: The two main areas in which computers have brought about a profound change in
our lives are in the economic field and in the field of communications.

1st body: economic effects

A. computers in business COMPUTER

B. computers and national
economies
REVOLUTION
2nd body: effects on communication

A. e-mail
B. globalization EFFECT 1 EFFECT 2
ECONOMIC EFFECTS ON
EFFECTS COMMUNICATION

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CAUSE OR EFFECT ESSAY
Discuss the transformative impact of computers on society. Explore how computers have influenced various
aspects of our lives, including communication, work, and daily activities. Consider both the positive and
negative effects, and provide examples to illustrate your points.
What effects has the computer had on our lives?

The twenty-first century is already turning out to be the century of the computer. The computer
revolution that started after the Second World War is now developing, and computers are beginning
to influence nearly every aspect of our lives. Computers are clearly changing and affecting the
society in many ways. The two main areas in which computers have a great impact on are economy
and communication.
The computer has led to significant changes in economic and business life. First, businesses are
now computerized in order to avoid failure. Big corporations in all fields use computers in their
operations, regardless of the sector they are in. For example, Coca-Cola, the BBC and Levi’s sell
different products and services; yet, they all have one common point – without computers their
operations would collapse. Second, computing has a huge impact on the economy of a country. For
example, countries such as Japan, China,and India have large IT sectors which push their economies
upwards. Furthermore, the developed world is moving from an industrial-based economy to a
computer and IT-based one.
Another area that computers have affected is communication. In the past, people used to write
letters, which would often take weeks to reach their destinations, or speak on the phone, which was
terribly expensive. However, now instead of waiting weeks for a letter, they send e-mails. Secondly,
thanks to computers, many people use chat programs and communicate with people all around the
world. This was impossible before the computer became widespread. As a result, now people who
live thousands of miles away from each other can communicate as much as they want and whenever
they want using e-mail and/or texting apps such as Whatsapp.
In conclusion, computers have had a profound effect on our lives in many ways and it is in
business and communication that they have had the greatest influence. In the future, if the
computer continues evolving at such speed, our business practices and methods of communication
will undergo even more radical changes. (331 words)

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CAUSE OR EFFECT ESSAY
B. FOCUS –ON- CAUSES METHOD

INTRODUCTION

CAUSE 1

CAUSE 2

CAUSE 3

CONCLUSION

The following example is an outline for a cause essay about the reasons for cities becoming
overcrowded.

Thesis statement: There are two main reasons why these and other cities are becoming so crowded;
one economic, the other socio-cultural.

1st body: economic reasons

A. cities are engines of

development. CAUSE 2
CAUSE 1
2nd body: socio-cultural reasons SOCIO-CULTURAL
ECONOMIC CAUSE
CAUSE
A. education

B. urbanization

EFFECT
INCREASE IN URBAN
POPULATION

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CAUSE OR EFFECT ESSAY

There has been a substantial influx of people into cities in recent decades. Discuss the key factors
leading to overpopulation in urban areas.

Why are Cities Becoming Overcrowded?

The fact that the world’s cities are getting more and more crowded is well-known. Cities such as
Tokyo, Sao Paolo, Bombay and Shanghai are now considered ‘mega-cities’ because of their
enormous size and huge populations. There are two main reasons why these and other cities are
becoming so crowded; one economic, the other socio-cultural.

The primary cause of cities’ becoming so crowded is economic. As a country develops, its cities
become the engines of development. Thus, there are more job opportunities available in these
areas. For example, after the completion of the Tomei Expressway between Nagoya and Tokyo in
1969, Tokyo gained importance and contributed a lot to Japan’s rapid economic development in the
70’s. As a result, its population increased rapidly. People moved to Tokyo because they could find
employment and establish economic security for themselves and their families there.

Another factor in the huge increase in urban populations is the socio-cultural factor. Thousands
of people migrate to the cities not only for jobs but also for educational and personal reasons. The
best universities are always located in big cities. This attracts thousands of students every year, and
these students stay on and work in the city after they graduate. Moreover, rural communities in
villages and rural areas have deeply rooted cultural traditions, and young people believe that this is
an obstacle to their personal freedom. Therefore, they prefer to move to the city.

In conclusion, economic and cultural factors are the major causes of the huge urban population.
People will always move to the areas which provide opportunity and to the places which can give
them the freedom they desire. (272 words)

13
CAUSE OR EFFECT ESSAY
Possible THESIS STATEMENTS FOR A CAUSE or EFFECT ESSAY
a number of
reasons of
several
causes of XXXXX
There are some (but two stand out:………..)
effects of
various
numerous
a number of
several
reasons why +sentence
There are some (but two stand out:………..)
causes
various
numerous
The main reasons for XXXXX are ………..
basic causes of
major
chief
● There are various reasons of car accidents but two stand out: mechanical failure and driver
faults.
● There are various reasons why car accidents occur / happen but two stand out: mechanical
failure and driver faults.
● The main reasons for car accidents are mechanical failure and driver faults.
leads to
XX results in ……………
causes
several
XX has had many important effects on ……………
a few
effects
negative impacts of XX, …….. are the most common
Among many
adverse consequences ones.
influences
many effects
two stand out: ……..
numerous impacts of XX,
Although there are
several consequences
…….. are the most common
various influences
ones.
● Exploitation of natural resources leads to the extinction of animal species and loss of
biodiversity.
● Among many negative effects of exploitation of natural resources, extinction of animal
species and loss of biodiversity are the most common ones.
● Although there are numerous effects of exploitation of natural resources, two stand out:
extinction of animal species and loss of biodiversity.

A. Write THESIS STATEMENTS (causes OR effects) using the prompts given.

1. Obesity: poor diet- sedentary lifestyle
2. Air pollution: exhaust gases from cars- uncontrolled factory releases- burning of low-quality coal
for heating
3. Drug use: health and mental problems.
4. Car accidents: casualties- financial loss.

14
CAUSE OR EFFECT ESSAY
CAUSE or EFFECT STRUCTURE WORDS

CAUSE EFFECT
therefore,
as a result,
as a result of this,
Children watch too much
consequently, they lose creativity.
television
as a consequence of this,
because of this,
so

CAUSE EFFECT
causes
leads to
Excessive TV viewing results in loss of creativity in children
is the reason for
is responsible for

EFFECT CAUSE
because
since
Children lose creativity as they watch too much television.
because of the fact that
due to the fact that
owing to the fact that
EFFECT CAUSE
is a result of
is due to
excessive TV viewing.
Loss of creativity in children is a consequence of
is because of
results from

CAUSE EFFECT
Because of
On account of
Due to
excessive TV viewing, children lose creativity.
Owing to
As a result of
As a consequence of

15
CAUSE OR EFFECT ESSAY
B. Read the text and fill in the blanks using the suitable phrases in given in the previous page.

There may be more than one answer in some blanks.

Causes of Accidents

There are many different causes of car accidents. First of all, accidents (1) _________________ bad
weather. For example, ice or snow can make roads very dangerous. Moreover, accidents can be caused
by problems with the car. Even a small problem like a flat tire can be serious. In addition, accidents can
(2) _________________ bad roads. For example, some accidents happen (3) ________________ the
driver falls asleep. This is especially true for truck drivers and bus drivers that travel for many hours
between cities. Finally, many accidents (4) _________________ drunk drivers. As a matter of fact, this is
one of the most important causes of accidents.

C. Unscramble the words and phrases to write complete sentences.

1. a great deal of/thought/requires/ deciding on/careful/a job offer

__________________________________________________________________________________
2.healthy diets/people/bad habits/implemented/go back to/who have/sometimes
__________________________________________________________________________________
3.use/specific strategies/research/on tests/who/shows that/do better/students
__________________________________________________________________________________
4.was suffering /natural disasters/because of/a series of/the economy
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. offered/the decrease/ due to/on the exam/the college/study sessions/in passing scores
__________________________________________________________________________________

D. Label the sentences in each item as either C (CAUSE) OR E (EFFECT). Then combine the
sentences to show a cause/effect relationship using the signal words in parentheses. Add, delete,
or change words as needed.

1. ___E_______ There are fewer hours of daylight.

___C_______ In winter, the sun is lower in the sky.

(thus) _In winter, the sun is lower in the sky; thus, there are fewer hours of daylight.

2. __________ Some breeds of dogs have a stronger desire to perform a service than other breeds.

__________ They are more suitable as search-and-rescue animals.

(since) ____________________________________________________________________________ .

3. __________ Seals and other aquatic mammals can see when they are hunting for food in the
dark ocean depths at night.

__________ They have very large eyes.

(due to) ___________________________________________________________________________.

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CAUSE OR EFFECT ESSAY
4. __________ Metals have many free-moving electrons.

__________ Metals are good conductors of heat.

(consequently) _____________________________________________________________________.

5. __________ My company began offering employees flexible working hours.

__________ Productivity has increased.

__________ Absenteeism has declined.

(as a result) ________________________________________________________________________.

6. __________ The temperature of the reactor cooled down.

__________ The Fukushima nuclear reactor was flooded with cool sea water.

(hence) ___________________________________________________________________________.

E. Combine the sentences to show a CAUSE / EFFECT relationship using the signal words or phrases
in parentheses. Change the capitalization and add punctuation as necessary.

1. (because) The patient died / The physician misdiagnosed her symptoms.

2. (for) Not much is known about life on the ocean floor / Scientists have only recently developed the
technology to explore it.

3. (result in) Stress / a variety of physical disorders, including headaches, stomach ulcers, and even
alcoholism.

4. (due to) Few people were injured in the recent earthquake / strict laws requiring all buildings to
be earthquake-resistant.

5. (consequently) The restaurant recently increased the number of servers / Service has improved.

6. (as) The temperature in the room rose / The students became sleepier.

7. (because) Playing sports after school is good for children./ It promotes a sense of teamwork.

8. (because of the fact that) Teenagers sometimes lie to their parents./ They don’t want to be

punished.

9. (therefore) New vocabulary is easily forgotten. It should be revised at regular intervals.

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CAUSE OR EFFECT ESSAY
F. Write a suitable introduction for the text below.

CAUSES OF DIVORCE
______________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

One reason why spouses divorce is financial difficulties. If the couple has difficulty in meeting

their needs, they may feel depressed and unhappy. Due to these negative feelings, disagreements

start at home. In time, these arguments turn into conflict, and it may become difficult to resolve the

problem. In such a condition, divorce becomes unavoidable.

Another cause of divorce is addiction. Addiction of any kind is bad. However, alcohol addiction

is the worst. For example, an alcoholic husband may resort to violence against his wife when he is

drunk. It is not easy for the wife to endure such a pain even if she loves her husband. This time,

alcohol may be the reason for divorce.

To conclude, no one gets married to get a divorce. However, sometimes conditions such as

financial problems and alcohol addiction may bring about divorce. If couples are tolerant to each

other and try to solve their problems by communicating, they can continue their marriage.

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CAUSE OR EFFECT ESSAY
SAMPLE ESSAYS

In the pursuit of higher education, success at the university level is influenced by various factors. Investigate

the key elements that contribute to university success.

FACTORS THAT LEAD TO SUCCESS AT UNIVERSITY

Being a student at a university is a dream for many high school students. Any student who wants to

have a good career aims to study at a university. However, the road to success at university is full of

obstacles. Therefore, students should be aware of the difficulties which they could face during their

college years. Despite these obstacles, students can achieve their dream of getting a university

degree. In order to be successful at university, students need strong motivation, and the ability to

focus on their goals.

First, students need to keep up the motivation they need to study. Students have many

obligations to fulfill, such as doing assignments and research projects, studying for exams and writing

term papers. Allocating enough time for all these things requires students to be highly motivated. In

addition, many students work after school and arrive home late at night. Only dedicated and

responsible students will push themselves to finish their work before going to bed.

Students also need to focus on realistic academic goals. Many students are not aware of the

importance of selecting the right university and major. In fact, a wrong decision may result in a waste

of time and money. For example, students may have very high expectations and select a major that is

very demanding. In some cases, they find that they are on a wrong career path. As a result, they may

have to change their major or drop out of university when they realize this.

To sum up, if students are enthusiastic about what they are studying, and realistic about their

academic goals, their university journey will be easier. What students gain at university as a person

will have a huge impact on their future life in all aspects, so they should know the value of their time

at university. 303 words

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CAUSE OR EFFECT ESSAY
The invention of the printing press has had a profound impact on human history, shaping the way
information is disseminated. Explore the consequences of this groundbreaking invention on society.

IMPACT OF THE PRINTING PRESS

Many people consider that invention of the printing press is one of the most important
events in history. Before its invention in 1440, books were copied by hand. This process was very
expensive and slow. In addition, the people who were responsible for copying the books often
made mistakes. As a result of these, very few books were published. However, the invention of
the printing press changed this, and it had several significant effects on society: bookmaking
became cheaper and faster, scholars had better access to one another's ideas, and regional
languages gained importance as the use of Latin decreased.
The immediate effect of the printing press is that bookmaking became cheaper and
faster. This caused an increase in the number of books published. Since books were cheaper and
easier to produce, more people had access to books, and information became available to a
much larger population. This resulted in an increase in literacy rates.
Another significant effect of the printing press is the information revolution. The printing
press spurred1 an "information revolution" similar to the impact the Internet has today. The
printing press gave scientists and scholars access to one another's work. Because the printing
press enabled the spread of knowledge, new scientific discoveries were quickly shared.
In addition, the printing press caused a decline in the use of Latin and an increase in the use
of other regional languages. Before the invention of the printing press, most books were written
in Latin, which was considered the language of scholarship. Unfortunately, only the most
educated people could understand Latin. However, once the printing press became available to
bookmakers, they printed a great variety of books in German, Italian, French, and English.
In conclusion, with the invention of the printing press, there was an increase in the number of
books published, and literacy rose steadily. Gutenberg's invention of the printing press marked an
important turning point in history because it led to greater access to knowledge among a
large number of people. In my opinion, when Gutenberg invented the printing press, he
changed the lives of people all over the world forever.
352 words

20
CAUSE OR EFFECT ESSAY
PRACTICE (GROUP OR INDIVIDUAL WORK)

Look at the interview notes with a famous cardiologist. Then, write a well-developed essay using the
notes below. You can start your introduction using the sentence written in bold.

Heart disease affects so many people that it has become a

serious concern for medical science. ……

21
CAUSE OR EFFECT ESSAY
PRACTICE

Read the prompt, and analyze the outline given carefully. Using the ideas given, write a well-
developed essay on the effects of global warming. You can also use your own ideas while
writing your essay.

Global warming is one of the most pressing problems that the world is faced with today. Many
reports warn that it will have serious effects.
Write an essay in which you discuss the effects of global warming.

THESIS STATEMENT:
It is highly likely that global warming will have environmental and social consequences
TOPIC SENTENCE 1:
Firstly, climate change may have several adverse effects on the environment.
·Support 1: More frequent extreme weather events
Floods, storms, increase in sea levels
·Support 2: Damage on ecosystems
Desertification/ droughts = loss of species
TOPIC SENTENCE 2:
Secondly, global warming is expected to produce negative consequences for society as
well.
·Support 1: The prevalence of diseases
Favorable conditions for disease-carrying insects
·Support 2: The quantity and quality of water resources
Millions of people migrating to other regions

CONCLUSION:
To conclude, both environment and societies may be affected adversely by the dramatic
increase in average global temperatures

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CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAY
FOCUS

CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAY the reasons (or causes) for something, and the results (or effects) of
it.

ORGANIZATION
STRUCTURE 1 (BLOCK ORGANIZATION)

INTRODUCTION
THESIS STATEMENT

CAUSES

TRANSITION SENTENCE
EFFECTS

CONCLUSION
Restatement of the THESIS STATEMENT
+
writer’s opinion / comment on the issue

With this structure type, do not forget to _________

● include a transitional sentence either at the end of one paragraph or the beginning of the
next when moving the reader from discussing the causes to discussing the effects.

Alternative BLOCK Organization Styles (STRUCTURE 2 & 3)

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION
THESIS STATEMENT THESIS STATEMENT

CAUSE 1 CAUSE

CAUSE 2 TRANSITION SENTENCE

EFFECT 1
TRANSITION SENTENCE
EFFECT EFFECT 2

CONCLUSION CONCLUSION
Restatement of the THESIS STATEMENT Restatement of the THESIS STATEMENT
+ writer’s opinion / comment on the issue + writer’s opinion / comment on the issue

23
CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAY
SAMPLE ESSAYS

The modern lifestyle often grapples with the widespread issue of sleep deprivation, impacting individuals on
various levels. Examine the causes and effects of sleep deprivation in contemporary society. Analyze the factors
contributing to insufficient sleep and its. consequences. Support your analysis with examples.

SLEEP DEPRIVATION3
Sleep is an important biological function essential for life. During sleep, many important
functions take place in the body. If people cannot have enough sleep, they have problems in their
daily life. So everyone should have enough sleep. However, because of many reasons students suffer
from sleep deprivation and its effects.
There are many causes of students not getting enough sleep. One major cause of sleep
deprivation in students is poor sleep habits and practices. Students generally stay up late studying or
socializing on their phones or laptops, and this can disrupt their natural sleep patterns. Another
cause of sleep deprivation in students is a heavy academic workload. Students feel pressure to
complete assignments and study for exams. This causes them to go to bed late at night in order to
have more time for their studies. Additionally, extracurricular activities such as sports or clubs can
also contribute to sleep deprivation, because students stay up late to attend practices or meetings.
The effects of sleep deprivation on students are significant. Firstly, physical problems such as
fatigue, and concentration problems, can be seen. Students feel sleepy all day when they do not
sleep enough. They do not want to do anything and they are not energetic. What is more, most
students generally cannot focus on lessons when they are sleepy. As a result, they miss a lot of
important points in lessons. Sleep deprivation can also have negative effects on mental health,
including stress and anxiety. Students may feel nervous and touchy if they are sleepy. They do not
get on well with their friends so they become unhappy.
As a result, sleep is a problem for students. The most important reasons for sleep deprivation
are poor sleep habits, academic studies and activities outside school. There are also many effects
such as fatigue, concentration problems and stress. In my opinion, it is important for students to put
their life in order, give importance to sleep and adopt healthy sleep habits to avoid the negative
effects of sleep deprivation. 337 words

In the global context, poverty remains a critical challenge affecting millions. Discuss the causes and effects of
poverty in contemporary society. Analyze the factors that lead to the prevalence of poverty and examine its
consequences. Support your analysis with relevant examples to illustrate the complexities of this issue.

POVERTY4
Poverty is a universal issue that affects millions of people all around the world. It is defined as
the inability to meet basic needs, such as food, shelter, and healthcare. Poverty, which is caused by
various factors, can have long-lasting effects.

3
BLOCK ORGANIZATION
4
Alternative BLOCK Organization Style (STRUCTURE 2)

24
CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAY
One of the main causes of poverty is a lack of access to education and job skills training. Poor
communities often have limited access to quality education and job training programs. This can
make it difficult for individuals to acquire the skills and knowledge necessary for good jobs. This lack
of education can create a cycle of poverty, as individuals cannot break out of low-paying jobs and
improve their economic situation.
Another cause of poverty is limited access to credit and financial services. Poor communities
often lack access to credit and financial services so individuals cannot start their own businesses or
invest in their own economic development. This can prevent individuals and communities from
breaking out of poverty.
All these causes contribute to poverty, the effects of which can be severe and long-lasting.
Firstly, poor individuals may not have access to basic necessities like food, clean water, and
healthcare, which can have negative impacts on their physical and mental health. Poverty can also
lead to social isolation; as poor individuals may not have the resources to participate in
community activities or events. Children can be particularly affected by poverty. Indeed, children
from poor families must often quit school and start to work, or are forced to marry at an early age.
Thus, poverty is a barrier to a good future for the children of the poor. As a result, poor children
often become poor adults.
In conclusion, poverty is a complex issue with many causes and effects. It is important to
address the causes of poverty, such as a lack of access to education and financial services, and to find
solutions to combat poverty. (315 words)

DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR IN CLASS

The number of students is increasing day by day. However, not all of them study or behave
properly in class. Some students display disruptive behavior such as continuously talking with their
classmates during lessons, or doing things other than studying. Such behavior in class can negatively
impact the education of all students, and is caused by student disengagement 5, and lack of discipline
at home.
One cause of disruptive behavior in the classroom is student disengagement. When students
are not interested in the lesson, they may become disengaged and begin to act out 6 in class. For
example, a student who is not interested in history may begin to talk with their classmates. This
behavior can be disruptive to the learning of their classmates, as well as to the teacher's ability to
effectively teach the material.
Another cause of disruptive behavior is lack of discipline at home. Students who do not have
clear rules at home may misbehave in the classroom. They may act out in class to test limits or
express frustration. For example, a student who gets his way 7at home may begin to talk back to the
teacher or destroy the flow of the class when he does not agree with a classroom rule.
These two factors contribute to disruptive behavior in class, which, in turn, leads to a decrease
in the learning of all students. When one student starts to act out, classroom dynamics are
negatively affected. This means that other students cannot stay focused and engaged in the class
material. They are also less motivated to participate in activities and feel unsafe in class. As a result,

5
“Student disengagement” means that a student doesn't actively participate in class activities, is not engaged
in subject content, and exhibits inappropriate behavior.
6
to behave badly or in a socially unacceptable manner
7
do what he wants to do

25
CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAY
the classroom environment becomes less productive, and the overall learning experience is
negatively affected.
To sum up, disruptive behavior in the classroom can have a significant impact on the education
of all students. Causes of disruptive behavior include a lack of engagement with the material and lack
of discipline at home, while effects can be seen in overall class learning and participation, and
classroom dynamics. In my opinion, it is important for educators to address disruptive behavior in an
effective way to maintain a productive learning environment.
(395 words)

A. Read the essay below, and write an appropriate introduction.

In today's interconnected world, car ownership has become a prevalent aspect of urban living. Discuss the
causes and effects of owning a car in contemporary society. Explore the motivations behind individual car
ownership and analyze its onsequences on personal lifestyles, urban environments, and societal patterns.
Support your analysis with relevant examples.

OWNING A CAR
______________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

One common cause of owning a car is the convenience and independence of having a car. With a
car, you can easily get from one place to another without relying on public transportation or asking
for a ride. This can be especially useful if you live in an area with limited transportation options or if
you need to travel long distances regularly. Owning a car can also give you more control over your
schedule, as it allows you to arrive at your destination on time.
However, owning a car can also have negative effects, both financially and environmentally.
One major effect is the cost of having a car, which includes expenses such as fuel, insurance,
maintenance, and repairs. These costs can add up, especially if you drive a lot, or own a more
expensive vehicle. Owning a car can also be a significant financial burden for people who have
financial problems or live on a fixed income.
Another potential negative effect of owning a car is the environmental impact. Cars
emit greenhouse gases, which contribute to climate change and air pollution. In addition, the
production and disposal of cars can have a negative impact on the environment.
In conclusion, while owning a car can bring convenience and independence, it is important to
consider the costs and potential negative effects. It may be more practical and financially
responsible to rely on alternative modes of transportation, such as public transportation, biking, or
walking. It is also necessary that people should consider both the benefits and the drawbacks before
they buy a car.

26
CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAY
PRACTICE

Choose one of the following topics and write a well-developed essay. You can use the clues or create
your own.

1. Unemployment:

causes effects
● lack of economic investments ● on the individual (no income, can’t
● no new companies or factories provide basic necessities)
● shortage of job opportunities ● on the society (crime and change of
political systems through revolutions)

2. Divorce:
causes effects
● unemployment (conflicts over money) ● loneliness due to being separated from
● interfering relatives one parent
● addiction ● unsuccessful at school
● can turn to abnormal activities or crime

27
PROBLEM SOLUTION ESSAY

FOCUS

PROBLEM SOLUTION ESSAY describe / discuss a problem and suggest possible solutions

ORGANIZATION OF THE ESSAY

INTRODUCTION
● describes the problem, state its causes and why it is serious
● THESIS STATEMENT offers possible solutions to the problem

SUPPORTING PARAGRAPHS
● discuss solutions (one solution in each paragraph)
● provide details to explain each solution
● are generally organized in rank order (order of importance)

CONCLUSION
● restates the thesis
● summarizes the main points / solutions
● offers a call to action – recommendations to prevent similar problems from
occurring in the future.
● makes a prediction based on the suggestions

28
PROBLEM SOLUTION ESSAY
A. PROPOSING SOLUTIONS: For each of the problems described below, think of at least two
possible solutions. Work in small groups, and then compare your solutions with those of your
classmates.

1. Stress at work or school can be a serious problem. A person suffering from too much stress usually
finds it difficult to be productive or happy. What are some ways to reduce the amount of stress in
someone's life?

Problem: Stress at work or school

a. _________________________________________________________________________
b. _________________________________________________________________________
c. _________________________________________________________________________

2. The population of the world keeps growing. Every fifteen seconds, approximately 100 babies are
born. Experts predict that by the end of the century, the population could reach 10 billion people.
The problem is that there probably will not be enough food to feed everyone. What solutions can
you come up with to help solve this problem?

Problem: Not having enough food to feed everyone

a. _________________________________________________________________________
b. _________________________________________________________________________
c. _________________________________________________________________________

3. Many of the Earth's resources are nonrenewable and will eventually run out. In order to make our
valuable natural resources last longer, we need to conserve materials and recycle them as much as
possible. Unfortunately, it is not always easy to convince people of the necessity of recycling. What
ideas do you have about getting people to recycle?

Problem: Difficulty in getting people to recycle

a. _________________________________________________________________________
b. _________________________________________________________________________
c. _________________________________________________________________________

29
PROBLEM SOLUTION ESSAY
B. Read the sample essay, and answer the questions that follow.
A FEAR WORSE THAN DEATH
According to several recent surveys, the biggest fear for
most people is the fear of making a speech in public. More
than a fear of spiders or death, public speaking is something
that often causes people to sweat, and shake uncontrollably.
In many jobs, classes, and social events, a person has to
deliver a good public speech. Fortunately, the fear of public
speaking can be overcome with two simple methods:
practice and using positive energy from the audience.
Sufficient practice of a speech is the first key of
overcoming this fear. Practicing a speech numerous times reduces the fear. Some speakers stand in
front of a mirror to practice their speech, but others prefer to videotape themselves. The benefits of
this type of visual practice are many. Speakers can watch the video again and again, and each time
they focus on different aspect of the speech such as speed, body language, and content. The result of
the sufficient practice is a more confident speaker and a more effective speech.
The second key to overcoming the fear of public speaking is to use positive energy from the
audience. Speakers need to remember that the audience wants them to succeed because a good
speech is an enjoyable experience both for the speaker and the audience. Something as basic as a
small nod or a smile from a member of the audience gives courage and confidence to the presenters,
and helps them relax. Speakers should always keep in mind that speech giving is actually a two-way
street. By giving and receiving positive thoughts and energy, both the speaker and the audience will
have an unforgettable experience.
There is no question that public speaking can be frightening. However, there is also no question
that it is an extremely valuable skill to have. With proper practice and audience empathy, it is
possible to overcome the fear of public speaking and deliver a successful speech.
(319 words)
1. What is the thesis statement of the essay?

2. What solutions does the author propose?

3. What examples does the author use to describe each solution?

30
PROBLEM SOLUTION ESSAY

Note that the introduction to a problem-solution essay does several things:

• Get your reader interested in the problem (captures the readers' attention)
• Convinces your reader that the problem is important and that it needs to be solved
• Proposes several reasonable solutions in a thesis statement

C. Write a THESIS STATEMENT for a problem solution essay for each of the problems in EXERCISE A.

1. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

USEFUL LANGUAGE

• To express CAUSE:
since/because……
because of / due to / owing to …..
because of /due to / owing to the fact that ...
The reason that SENTENCE is that ……….
The reason why SENTENCE is that ……..
The reason for NOUN is that…
• To express EFFECT:
thus/therefore/so/consequently,
as a result, / consequence,
the result of (Ving / NOUN) would be,
X would result in …
• To express PURPOSE:
so that SENTENCE
so as/in order (not) to INFINITIVE
with the purpose of/ intention of (Ving)
• To express POSSIBILITY / PROBABILITY:
It can/could/may/might …
It is possible /probable/(un)likely/foreseeable/certain that…
The likelihood / possibility /probability of (Ving / NOUN) is …

31
PROBLEM SOLUTION ESSAY
D. Read the sentences and choose the appropriate words / phrases to complete the sentences

1. More people should recycle paper. As a result, / The result of this would be that fewer trees
would have to be cut down.
2. According to many people, burglaries have increased recently due to the fact that/ because of
more and more people cannot find a job.
3. If we used cars which run on lead-free petrol so that / it is certain that there would be less
pollution.
4. TV programmes with violent scenes should be shown late at night so that / in order to children do
not watch them.
5. Nuclear power plants should be closed down so that/ in order to prevent the risk of an accident.

E. Read the text and fill in the blanks using the words given in bold.

Pollution Problems
Many countries in the world have problems with
pollution and damage to their environment. (1) ____________
, is it possible to solve these problems? There are three ways
that we could start to make a difference.
(2) ____________ , we need to think more carefully
about the transport we use as the exhaust fumes from petrol
So
and diesel cars are polluting our cities. (3) ____________ , we
should switch to electric vehicles (4) ____________ we can However
breathe fresh air again there.(5) ____________ , we must Firstly
reduce using plastic bottles as these end up in our rivers and
sea. The plastic gets broken down into small pieces (6) Therefore
____________ the fish eat, and this can lead to a slow and So that
painful death for them. (7) ____________ , we should reduce
Furthermore
the electricity in our homes
as power often comes from fossil-fueled stations which which
generate much pollution. If we turned off a few unnecessary Finally
lights and gadgets, (8) ____________ make a difference.
This could
(9) ____________ , solving the pollution problem can
seem challenging. Pollution affects us all, (10) ____________ , On the whole
we need to make the changes in our life to improve the
situation.

32
PROBLEM SOLUTION ESSAY
F. Below is an essay without a conclusion. Read it. Then, refer to the steps in the next exercise.

Smart Time Management: The Key to Success

It is no secret that many students lead busy lives, and have a lot to handle. Thus, they struggle to
fulfill their obligations 8 because they cannot manage their time wisely. This can have a negative
impact on everything from grades to happiness and even health. Poor time management can be a
real barrier 9 to success. Fortunately, there are two simple strategies that students can use to solve
this problem: planning ahead and limiting distractions 10.
Students can be more successful by planning their study schedule. For example, many students
put off studying for a test until the last minute. However, it is much less stressful and much more
effective to break up study time over the course of several days. This decreases stress and helps
them remember the material. Students should plan their week out in advance, and prioritize 11 their
tasks, doing the most important ones first. Students who begin each week with a clear plan achieve
greater success than those who do not.
Another way students can better manage their time is to understand the distractions, and limit
them. The average student spends more than six hours a week on social media. Students who stay
away from their social media accounts in the morning can start their day with some exercise and a
quick study session instead. They save distractions for after they have completed their tasks. The key
to success here is not to completely remove distractions, but to simply limit them.

G. Read the sentences a-o carefully. Then, USE THEM TO WRITE A CONCLUSION FOR THE ESSAY IN
PART F. Follow the steps below (1-6) to create greater sentence variety. Be careful with
references. Delete and add extra words as needed.

a. Every day, the number of distractions is increasing.

b. Every day, the amount of time is decreasing.
c. It seems that way, at least.
d. Social media has greatly enriched people's lives. 1. Combine sentences a, b-c. Begin with It
e. There is no question about this. seems that...
f. Too much time is spent on distractions. 2. Combine sentences d and e. Begin with
g. When this happens, accomplishing tasks becomes There is no question that ...
more difficult. 3. Combine sentences f, g and h. Use a time
h. This is especially true for students. clause.
4. Combine sentences I, j and k. Use a
i. Time is a limited resource.
transition word or phrase.
j. Students need to realize this.
5. Combine sentences l and m. Use a
k. Students need to plan their time wisely.
transition word or phrase.
l. Poor time management prevents students from being
6. Combine sentences n and o
successful.
m. The success is in school and their lives.
n. Luckily, this barrier can be overcome rather easily.
o. To do this, follow these simple recommendations.

8
a requirement to do something
9
something that blocks the way
10
something that prevents someone from giving full attention
11
to put in order of importance

33
PROBLEM SOLUTION ESSAY
Smart Time Management: The Key to Success
It is no secret that many students lead busy lives, and have a lot to handle. Thus, they struggle to
fulfill their obligations because they cannot manage their time wisely. This can have a negative
impact on everything from grades to happiness and even health. Poor time management can be a
real barrier to success. Fortunately, there are two simple strategies that students can use to solve
this problem: planning ahead and limiting distractions.
Students can be more successful by planning their study schedule. For example, many students
put off studying for a test until the last minute. However, it is much less stressful and much more
effective to break up study time over the course of several days. This decreases stress and helps
them remember the material. Students should plan their week out in advance, and prioritize their
tasks, doing the most important ones first. Students who begin each week with a clear plan achieve
greater success than those who do not.
Another way students can better manage their time is to understand the distractions, and limit
them. The average student spends more than six hours a week on social media. Students who stay
away from their social media accounts in the morning can start their day with some exercise and a
quick study session instead. They save distractions for after they have completed their tasks. The key
to success here is not to completely remove distractions, but to simply limit them.

____________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

H. Analyze the question below, and focus on the details given.

INFLUENCE OF HUMAN BEINGS ON THE WORLD'S ECOSYSTEM IS LEADING TO THE EXTINCTION OF

SPECIES AND LOSS OF BIO-DIVERSITY. WHAT SOLUTIONS CAN YOU SUGGEST?

Before writing your essay, it’s a good idea to brainstorm for 2 or 3 minutes. This way you’ll know
what to write about, and your essay will be more structured.
 Problem & Causes of this problem
 Solutions to this problem
The problem is already given: loss of bio-diversity (in other words, some animals and plants are dying
out).

34
PROBLEM SOLUTION ESSAY
Let’s think about its causes and solutions. Don’t be afraid of simple ideas!
Causes
 change of the natural habitats
When humans artificially transform the environment (build roads, houses etc.), they
destroy animals’ natural habitat.
 pollution
Pollution negatively changes the flow of energy, the chemical constitution of the
environment and the climate in general, so a lot of species cannot live under such
conditions and die out.
 overexploitation of resources
When the activities connected with capturing and harvesting a natural resource are
too intense in a particular area, the resource becomes exhausted.
Example: *too intense farming exhausts the soil;
* too frequent fishing, which doesn’t leave enough time for
fish to reproduce, makes fish disappear.

After you have thought of the possible causes, you can use them in your writing. You can find more
reasons of this problem, but usually, it’s enough to give 1-2 causes in your writing.
Possible solutions:
 protect areas
Protecting areas where human activity is limited and avoiding overexploitation of resources
are the best ways to save the environment and prevent species from dying out.
 promote awareness
Informing the general population about the disadvantages of loss of biodiversity will
encourage people to be more conscious of the environment.

Now, it is your turn to write a problem–solution essay based on the information provided above.
You can add tour own ideas as well.

35
PROBLEM SOLUTION ESSAY
SAMPLE ESSAYS

The world faces a critical challenge with the ongoing food shortage crisis. Discuss and propose solutions to the
world's food shortage crisis. Examine the underlying causes of this pressing global issue and suggest effective
strategies that can be implemented at different scales. Support your recommendations with relevant evidence.

Solving the World's Food Shortage Crisis

The food shortage crisis is a global problem that has a significant impact on people's lives. One
of the main causes of the food crisis is population growth, as the increasing number of people on
the planet puts pressure on food production and distribution systems. Another major factor is
climate change, which can lead to droughts, floods, and other extreme weather events. Climate
change and extreme weather can affect food production and distribution. Additionally, poverty can
also contribute to the food crisis, as people in need may not have the financial resources to access
sufficient food. In order to prevent food crisis from growing worse, it is crucial that we put
sensible solutions into practice.
Firstly, increasing food production is an important step in meeting the needs of a growing
population. Thus, companies all around the world invest in research to discover new ways to grow
and produce food, and researchers work really hard to improve crop quality and farming
techniques. Governments also promote sustainable agriculture practices. For example,
modern farming techniques, irrigation and fertilization can help farmers to use resources more
efficiently and increase crop yields.
Secondly, reducing food waste can also help to ease the food crisis. It is estimated
that approximately one third of all food that is produced worldwide is wasted. By reducing food
waste, we can solve the food crisis the problem, and protect the environment. This can be
achieved through initiatives such as food waste reduction programs in schools and workplaces. In
addition, consumers should be encouraged to plan their meals and shop wisely, and surplus food
should be donated to those in need.
In conclusion, the food crisis is a worldwide issue that must be dealt with immediately. By
increasing food production, and reducing food waste, we can help to solve the problem of food crisis
and improve the lives of people around the world. (312 words)

With the ever-growing demand for energy and the environmental concerns associated with conventional
sources, the world faces a pressing dilemma in energy sources. Explore and propose effective solutions to
address this global energy challenge.

Energy Sources: A Dilemma for the Twenty-First Century

Everyone uses energy sources carelessly, and thinks that reliable energy sources will be
available forever. However, in most of the world, energy is created by burning fossil fuels -coal,
natural gas, and oil. The problem is that these resources are finite. In order to have sufficient energy
resources in the future, several solutions should be provided.
The first solution to this dangerous energy problem is to increase the efficiency of electrical
appliances and vehicles. This is something that manufacturers have worked on for three decades.
For instance, televisions now use 65 to 75 percent less electricity than they did in the 1970s,
refrigerators use 20 to 30 percent less electricity, and cars need less gas to travel more miles.
Unfortunately, there are so many more televisions, refrigerators, and cars in the world now that
overall consumption continues to rise.
Another solution is to improve our conservation efforts. All of us must get in the habit of

36
PROBLEM SOLUTION ESSAY
recycling whatever we can. For example, we have to install high-efficiency light bulbs in our homes
and offices, and turn off the lights in rooms that we are not using. It would also help if we biked,
walked, or used public transportation more.
The best solution is to find alternative sources of energy to meet our future needs. The
current alternatives to fossil fuels are fusion and solar energy. Fusion is a nuclear reaction that
results in an enormous release of energy. It is practically pollution-free and is probably our best long-
range option. Unfortunately, it will not be available for at least twenty years. The other possible
energy source is solar power. When people think of solar energy, they generally think of the many
ways that individual homeowners can utilize the power of the sun for heating water and buildings.
However, solar energy can also be utilized to generate electricity and to purify fuels for automobiles.
It is clear that for us to have sufficient energy resources for the twenty-first century, it will be
necessary to pursue the development and encourage the use of alternative energy sources worldwide.
(344 words)
The internet has transformed the way information is shared and consumed,
but it has also created problems that did not exist before. What are the most
serious problems associated with the internet and what solutions can you
suggest?
THE INTERNET DILEMMA: Problems of Digital Life
The enormous growth in the use of the internet over the last decade has led to radical changes to
the way that people consume and share information. These changes have led to serious problems
such as children’s easy access to potentially dangerous sites, and cybercrimes. Although these seem
to be serious problems, there are several solutions.
With the widespread use of the internet, children can easily have access to potentially dangerous
sites, which can negatively affect their thoughts. The solution to this problem is that governments
should ensure adequate legislation and restrictions to prevent young people from accessing such sites.
Parents also have a part to play in the solution. They need to closely monitor the activities of their
children and restrict their access to certain sites through various computer programs.
Another major problem is the growth of cybercrimes such as online fraud and hacking. In order
to solve this problem, companies must check their current systems for weaknesses, and improve their
IT security systems. This will make fraud and hacking much more difficult, and sensitive information
do not fall into the wrong hands. What is more, governments should launch a publicity campaigns in
the media to educate people about the dangers of cybercrimes. Thus, people will be more informed
about various cybercrimes and the ways to avoid them.
To conclude, the internet is an amazing technological innovation that has transformed people’s
lives, but not without negative impacts. However, with the right action by individuals, governments
and businesses, it can be made a safe place for everyone.

(257 words)

37
PROBLEM SOLUTION ESSAY
PRACTICE

Choose one of the problems given below, and write a well-developed problem solution essay.

1. Stress at work or school can be a serious problem. A person suffering from too much stress
usually finds it difficult to be productive or happy. What are some ways to reduce the amount
of stress in someone's life?

2. The population of the world keeps growing. Every fifteen seconds, approximately 100 babies
are born. Experts predict that by the end of the century, the population could reach 10 billion
people. The problem is that there probably will not be enough food to feed everyone. What
solutions can you come up with to help solve this problem?

3. Many of the Earth's resources are nonrenewable and will eventually run out. In order to
make our valuable natural resources last longer, we need to conserve materials and recycle
them as much as possible. Unfortunately, it is not always easy to convince people of the
necessity of recycling. What ideas do you have about getting people to recycle?

38
APPENDIX

39
WRITING WITH SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

WHAT DO YOU KNOW?

DISCUSS

Look at the photo and read the caption.

Discuss the questions.

1.Why is this a special event for the

people in the photo?
2.What other special natural events do
people enjoy watching?

Visitors dig for clams as they make their way across the land
bridge that appears twice a year between the islands in South
Korea.

FIND THE ERRORS This paragraph contains two errors with subject-verb agreement.

Find the errors and correct them. Explain your corrections to a partner.

The Amazing Jindo-Modo Land Bridge

1
Twice a year, something very interesting happens with the water of the Myeongryang Strait in
South Korea. 2Between the months of April and June, extremely low ocean tides occur between the
islands of Jindo and Modo. 3When this happens, a land bridge that is 1.3 miles long appear between
the two islands, and this allows the residents to walk from one island to the other. 4During this time,
people dig for clams in the mud of the temporary path and visit with friends. 5However, this land
remains dry for only one hour, so their time together is very short. 6High tide soon covers the path,
and all the people in the area looks forward to the next time that they can walk on the bottom of the
sea.

40
WRITING WITH SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

Common Uses
USING SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
1.a. A singular verb in simple present ends in- Winter lasts a long time in Alaska.
s.
b. For the negative, use does+not+verb. A goldfish does not require much care.
c. Uncountable nouns always use a singular Pollution damages the environment in significant
verb. ways.

d. A subject with the words EVERY or EACH is Every survey participant is going to receive the
singular. same set of questions.
2.A gerund (verb +-ing) is always singular. Visiting Norway costs a lot of money.
• In academic writing, it is very common
to use a gerund as the subject of a Visiting Norway and Sweden costs a lot of
sentence. money.
3. A phrase or a clause between the subject The REASON for these recent changes is difficult to
and verb does not usually change subject- explain.
verb agreement. The REASONS for these recent changes are difficult to
explain.
A player who has more than 30 points plays a second
time.
Players who have a high score play a second time.
4.In there sentences, the subject comes after There is a problem with the new plan.
the verb. The verb must agree with the There are three reasons for this decision.
subject. · There was no evidence of cheating.
• The word there is not a subject. There were five speakers at the conference.
The words fiesta and siesta come from Spanish,
5.A compound subject uses a plural verb.
but they are common in English now.
6.A modal and its verb never change for A job interview should last about 30 minutes.
singular or plural. Printers can break for many reasons.
Modals include can, will, should, may, must,
might.

ACTIVITY 1
Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
1.Hawaii and Mexico________________________ (export) papayas.
2.Experts believe that certain types of music________________________ (increase) a person's ability
to concentrate on a task.
3.Lava________________________ (flow) from Guatemala's Fuego volcano on a regular basis.
4.There________________________ (be) a very thin line between success and failure.
5.Running a business________________________ (require) a significant amount of time and effort.
6.Every animal________________________ (have) a scientific name and classification.
7.One Hundred Years of Solitude________________________ (be)a novel by the famous Colombian
author Gabriel Garcia Márquez.

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WRITING WITH SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
8. The problems that seem to be the most difficult often________________________ (have) the
easiest solutions.
9.Math homework________________________ (help) students strengthen new skills that they learn
in school.
10. Going from 0 to 62 miles per hour (100 kph) in two seconds________________________ (explain)
the thrill of professional car racing.

Subjects That Are Separated From the Verb

You may find it more difficult to see the connection between the subject and the verb if there is extra
information between them. The extra information can be a prepositional phrase, an adjective clause,
or a reduced clause. In general, this intervening information does not affect the verb.

The little girl in the light blue jumper and matching tennis shoes is crying.

(prepositional phrase)

The new board members who decided to vote down the proposed stock split are renegotiating
their positions. (adjective clause)

The thundershowers pounding the coastline have caused some damage to the sand dunes.
(reduced adjective clause)

ACTIVITY 2

Read the following paragraph. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice.

Business Management-The Subway Story

In 1965, when Fred DeLuca, age seventeen, borrowed $1,000 from Dr. Peter Buck to open a sandwich

shop, he did not realize that the two of them were launching an immensely successful global business.

At the time, DeLuca and thousands of other college students were thinking about earing money to pay

for college. The surprising result was a franchised organization with its name on 16,000 restaurants in

seventy-four countries. Today Subway has more U.S. restaurants than McDonald's, and it is second

only to McDonald's in the number of outlets worldwide. Nearly four decades after Subway's founding,

its growth and enthusiastic customer acceptance around the globe have made DeLuca a billionaire.

Adapted from: W. Pride, Hughes, R., and Kapoor, J. (2005). Business, 8th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,

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WRITING WITH SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Indefinite Pronouns as Subjects
The list below shows common indefinite pronouns. Though these pronouns often refer to more than
one person or thing, they take a singular verb when they act as the subject

Is anyone coming to the party tomorrow night?

Something has to be done about the increasing crime rate!
If you believe in yourself, nothing is impossible.

ACTIVITY 3

As you read the following paragraph, fill in each blank with the correct form of the verb in
parentheses. Be sure the verbs agree with their subjects. The first one has been done for you.

Expressions of Quantity
Quantity expressions can be troublesome when it comes to subject-verb agreement. The rules below
govern quantity expressions with both singular and plural verbs.
When a quantity word is followed by a prepositional phrase, the verb usually agrees with the quantity
word.
One of the presidential candidates is in town today.
Three of my classes were canceled yesterday!

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WRITING WITH SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Some expressions of quantity can take either a singular or a plural verb depending on whether the
noun in the prepositional phrase is singular or plural.

The quantity word NONE takes a singular verb. Remember that none means “not one"(and “one" is
singular)

I looked at all the paintings. None is interesting to me.

None of the paintings is interesting to me. (formal)
In spoken English, most people use a plural verb when a plural noun follows none. Never use a plural
verb with none in formal academic writing.
Informal use only: None of the paintings are interesting to me.

ACTIVITY 4

Look around your classroom as you complete these sentences. Be sure to consider quantity when
choosing a verb. The first one has been done for you.

1. One of my classmates is sleeping in class.

2. None of my friends
3. Some of the people in class
4. Everyone
5. One-half of the students When
you use the following quantity words alone as subjects, without objects of prepositions after them,
they take the verbs indicated below.

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WRITING WITH SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
ACTIVITY 5
As you read the paragraph, underline the correct form of the verb twice in parentheses.

Connecting Words and Phrases and Subject-Verb Agreement

The next two sections show some common connecting words and phrases. The agreement of the verb
depends on the particular connecting word or phrase.

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WRITING WITH SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

ACTIVITY 6

The phrases in the first column are subjects, and the phrases in the second column are verbs plus
objects or prepositional phrases. Match the second column of verb phrases with their corresponding
subjects. One answer will not be used. The first one has been done or you.

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WRITING WITH SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
A number of Versus the number of
The phrases a number of and the number of have different subject-verb agreement rules:
• A NUMBER OF always takes the plural form of the verb.
A number of consulting firm addresses were left to me by my old boss.
• THE NUMBER OF takes the singular verb ending.
The number of consulting firm addresses in the directory is extremely short.
• A number of literally means “quite a few” or “many,” while the number of refers to the actual
number or quantity of items, so a number ofis plural and the number of is singular.

Some Nouns That Look Plural But But Take A Singular Verb
Some nouns seem to be plural because they end in -s (mathematics) or because they have a number
in them (fifty dollars). However, nouns like these take a singular verb.
1. Names of areas of study usually take a singular verb even when the noun has an -s ending.
Mathematics is not an easy subject for many people, including myself.
2.Country names with the plural -s ending take the singular verb form.
The Netherlands is also known as Holland.
3. Expressions of money, time, and distance take the singular verb form.
Fifty dollars for a dinner for one person seems like a lot of money to me.

ACTIVITY 7 EDITING
The following paragraph contains six errors in subject-verb agreement. Read the paragraph and
correct the errors. The first one has been done for you
Setting Budgets
Kim, along with three of her friends, are IS going to move to New York City next summer. They are all

very excited about the move, but they are having some Money problems. One of the biggest

problems are the amount of money that they have to spend on rent. There are four of them, and a

two-room apartment in Manhattan cost almost $3,000. Three thousand dollars are a lot of money to

spend every month. Because of this, the friends has been saving money for the past three years.

Kim's money, together with the others' funds, is probably going to be enough to pay for half a year.

In this way, they don't have to worry too much about finding jobs right away. Kim and her friends

wants to be stage performers on Broadway, but they will have to work hard to make it. They have to

make a reasonable budget for themselves and stick to it.

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WRITING WITH SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
COMMON ERRORS
COMMON ERROR 1 Is the verb form correct?
control
Traffic lights controls the flow of automobiles during rush hour.

was
The candidate were presenting her points very effectively.

breaks
Glass break very easily.

requires
Swimming competitively require a great deal of determination.
REMEMBER: A subject and verb must agree in number (singular or plural). Uncountable nouns and
gerunds require singular verbs

ACTIVITY 8 Common Error 1

In each set of sentences, use the words in parentheses to fill in the blanks with the correct form for
subject-verb agreement. Use not when it is there.
1.Last year, investors__________________ (be) planning to build a new shopping mall north of the
town However, __________________ (there, be) several problems with the location, so they canceled
the project.
2.Alaska and the mainland of the United States __________________ (not, share) a common border.
Every driver who wants to drive from Washington to Alaska__________________ (must, cross) into
Canada and then__________________ (have) to drive for 37 hours to reach the Alaskan border.
3. Alligators and crocodiles__________________ (appear) quite similar. However,
_____________________ (there, be) significant differences between the two animals. For example,
alligators__________________ (have) U-shaped noses, but the nose of a crocodile
__________________(be)V-shaped. Additionally, only the crocodile__________________(be) able to
lift its body completely off the ground.
4.In the U.S. legal system, judges__________________ (not, create) laws. Instead, a
judge__________________ (interpret) laws and __________________ (use) them to make decisions
in court.
5.Many people__________________ (believe) that the Sydney Opera House__________________
(be) one giant building, but it actually __________________(contain) eight smaller performance areas.
This amazing building __________________ (can, hold) 5,700 people at one time.

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WRITING WITH SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
6.American football players__________________ (must, wear) a lot of protective equipment.
However, in the equally violent sport of rugby, players __________________ (not, wear) much
protective equipment.
7.In the United States, voting for a new president and other high officials __________________ (be)
traditionally on the first Tuesday in November. The newly elected officials then__________________
(take) office in January.
8.The process is relatively simple. When the
metal__________________ (reach)2,500 degrees Fahrenheit,
it__________________ (become)a liquid. Then
workers__________________ (pour) it into a mold.

COMMON ERROR 2 Does the verb agree with the subject?

is
The purpose of the lessons are to teach the police dog to open the door.
seem
Animals that perform in a theme park sometimes seems depressed.

REMEMBER: ·*A noun after a preposition cannot be the subject. Look for the noun before the
preposition.
*A subject can be followed by an adjective clause. This clause gives more information about the
subject. An adjective clause often starts with who, that, or which. The noun before the clause is the
subject.

ACTIVITY 9 Common Error 2

Underline the subject. Then fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb or modal in
parentheses. Use not when it is there.
1.According to a recent report, one of the most popular college majors __________________________
(be) nursing.
2.For health reasons, a patient with a history of diabetes __________________________ (should,
meet) regularly with a doctor.
3.During the winter months in Japan, groups of snow monkeys __________________________
(spend) a great deal of time in hot springs.
4.Each year the overall winner of the Tour de France cycling race __________________________
(receive) about $576,000.
5.Until 1950, the two tallest buildings in the world__________________________ (be)the Empire
State Building in New York and the Eiffel Tower in Paris.
6.Plants that grow in the desert __________________________ (not, need) very much water to live.
7.The record for most tennis games in a tiebreaker at Wimbledon __________________________ (be)
still 70-68. John Isner and Nicolas Mahut set this record in 2010.
8.A job candidate who has strong technology skills__________________________ (have)an advantage
over others.

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WRITING WITH SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
REVIEW QUIZ
MULTIPLE CHOICE
A. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1.The paintings of the painter Georgia O'Keefe frequently___________ bright gigantic flowers.
a. features b. feature c.is featuring d. are featuring
2.Whales ___________the largest brains of any animal on the planet, and they can live for more than
60 years.
a. possesses b.possess c.is possessing d.are possessing
3. States often___________ tax benefits to encourage film companies to film in their cities.
a.is creating b.arecreating c.creates d.create
4.There___________many benefits to earning a college degree.
a.is b.are c.does d.do
5.Doing several exercises every morning ___________you lose weight.
a.helps b.help c.is d.are

B. Circle the letter of the correct answer. Be prepared to explain your answers.

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WRITING WITH SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
ERROR CORRECTION
A. One of the five underlined words or phrases is not correct. Find the error and correct it. Be
prepared to explain your answer.

1. During a leap year, Western calendars add one day to February, but the traditional Chinese

calendar add an entire month every three years.

2. After a volunteer rescues an injured bird, he or she must cleans the oil from the bird's entire

body with a gentle soap and water mixture.

3. There are no substitute for hard work and dedication when it comes to completing your college

career.

B. In each sentence, one of the four underlined words or phrases is not correct. Circle the letter of
the error and write the correction above the error.

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USING CONNECTORS FOR BETTER WRITING
WHAT DO YOU KNOW?

DISCUSS the questions.

1.Describe a forest that is near where you live. What kind of animals live there?

2.What types of trees are in your city or town? Are they green all year round?

FIND THE ERRORS This paragraph contains two errors with connectors. Find the errors and correct
them. Explain your corrections to a partner.

FOREST BIOMES
1
A biome is a large area that has a similar climate and similar plants and animals. 2 Biomes can

be categorized in different ways including, for example, deserts, coral reefs, grasslands, and forests.

Within a biome category, there may also be smaller groups or divisions. 4The forest biome is such
3

an example. 5Within the forest biome, there are different types of forests and different kinds of

trees. 6However, a deciduous forest contains trees that lose their leaves in the fall and grow new

ones in the spring. 7 A maple tree is an example of a deciduous tree. 8 In contrast, a coniferous forest

contains trees that have needle-like leaves. 9.These coniferous trees are green all year round, or they

are sometimes called evergreen trees. 10

A pine tree is an example of a coniferous tree. A forest
11

that has both deciduous and coniferous trees is called a mixed forest.

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USING CONNECTORS FOR BETTER WRITING
GRAMMAR FORMS
CONNECTORS
Connectors Example
1.Coordinating conjunctions Some new businesses advertise on social media,
a. Coordinating conjunctions connect words but others prefer to advertise on television and
or phrases. They also connect independent radio.
clauses in compound sentences.
b. Common coordinating conjunctions include
and, but, or, and so.
2.Subordinating conjunctions Although the cost of a college education is high,
a. Subordinating conjunctions connect the benefits outweigh the cost.
dependent clauses with independent clauses in
complex sentences.
b. Common subordinating conjunctions include
after, although, because, before, when, and while.
3.Transitions Occupational therapists help patients improve
a. Transitions connect related ideas between their daily life skills. In addition, they may
sentences and/or paragraphs. recommend special equipment for patients.
b. Common transitions include also, as a result,
finally, first, however, in addition, in contrast,
next, second, then, and therefore.
PUNCTUATION WITH CONNECTORS

Pattern Example
1.Coordinating conjunctions  Many people use antibacterial soap to
Use a comma before the conjunction joining two prevent illness, but some health officials
independent clauses believe plain soap works just as well.
2.Subordinating conjunctions  Although it may lower future health-care
a. Use a comma when the dependent clause costs, many people postpone having an
comes first. annual physical.
b. Do not use a comma when the independent  Many people postpone having an annual
clause comes first. physical although it may lower future health-
care costs.
3.Transitions  Many consumers receive dozens of
a. Use a period (or semi-colon) before a transition telemarketing calls daily. As a result, the
and a comma after the transition. government has established a registry to stop
b. Use a comma: unwanted calls.
 before and after the transition when it  Many consumers receive dozens of
comes between a subject and verb telemarketing calls daily; as a result, the
 before the transition when it is at the end government has established a registry to stop
of the sentence unwanted calls.
 Some people exercise to lower stress;
others, however, prefer to use diet to reduce
stress.
 Some people exercise to lower stress;
others prefer to use diet to reduce stress,
however.
Notes: 1.A comma is not used after the transition then.
2. Commas are also used to connect three or more similar items. A comma is not used to connect two similar
items.
Three endangered species are the black rhino, the mountain gorilla, and the Sumatran tiger.
Two endangered species are the black rhino and the mountain gorilla.

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USING CONNECTORS FOR BETTER WRITING
ACTIVITY 1
Read each sentence. Write CC over coordinating conjunctions, SC over subordinating conjunctions,

and T over transitions.

1. Before the mid-1800s, people colored their hair with natural dyes, but an English chemist changed

the world of hair color when he created a permanent dye using coal tar.

2. Many consumers mistakenly believe that all organically grown food is the same; however, there are

differences. Some foods are considered organic, while others are considered 100 percent organic.

3. In the past, a subculture might include hippies, while today, a subculture might include gamers,

people who play interactive video games, for example.

4. Because schools have begun to incorporate technology into classroom learning, children are

becoming independent learners, learning at their own pace, and developing real-world skills.

5. During a jury trial, attorneys for both sides present evidence and call witnesses to testify. Next, the

jury considers the evidence and reaches a verdict of guilty or not guilty. Finally, depending on the

verdict, the judge either releases or sentences the defendant.

6. A recent study showed that consumers enjoyed the ease and convenience of online shopping, but

it also showed that they hated the pop-up ads that cluttered their screens.

7. Although some people might consider Plato the father of Western philosophy, there are several

reasons why Socrates should have this title.

8. In the 1800s, the east coast of the United States began to get crowded, so many pioneers began

migrating west in order to buy land, find better jobs, or search for gold.

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USING CONNECTORS FOR BETTER WRITING
ACTIVITY 2

Read the sentences. Write C if the punctuation is correct and X if it is wrong. Then correct the

incorrect punctuation.

1. Courses in the humanities include art, literature, philosophy, and history.

2. Logging of rainforests continues, although governments are aware of how deforestation

affects the environment.

3. Research shows an increase in the number of colleges encouraging the use of e-books,

however, many students still prefer to read hardcover textbooks.

4. Before becoming President of the United States.

Theodore Roosevelt held numerous political positions,

including that of governor of New York.

5. Some very ill patients enroll in clinical trials,

because they want to contribute to science.

6. Students who cram for tests are often able to

remember enough to pass them. Then, they forget what they

studied because they have not really learned it.

THEODORE ROOSEVELT
7. One advantage of attending a community college is

the low-cost tuition. In addition, class sizes in a community college are generally smaller than in a four-

year institution.

8. Children growing up 50 years ago commonly played with toys and read books, in contrast,

many of today's children play video games and read stories on tablets or e-readers.

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USING CONNECTORS FOR BETTER WRITING
Common Uses
Using Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions show the relationship between words, phrases, or sentences. They are
used:
1. to show addition Plants need air, water, sun, and nutrients to survive.
(and)
2. to show contrast Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address was a short but
(but, yet) powerful speech.
3. to show choice The most popular cruises are to the Caribbean or to Alaska.
(or)
4. to show result During a recession, unemployment rises, so consumers try to
(so) save more and spend less.

Using Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions show the relationship between a dependent clause and an independent
clause. They are used:
1. to show contrast Although the cost of a college education is high, the benefits
(although, even though, while) outweigh the cost.
2. to show reason Protecting one's personal information is important because
(as, because, since) identity theft continues to grow.
3. to show time A good test-taking strategy is to preview the entire test before
(after, as soon as, before, until, answering any questions on it.
when, while)

Using Transitions
Transitions connect related ideas between independent clauses (sentences) or paragraphs. They
show:
1.addition A person found guilty of a crime may be sentenced to prison. In
(in addition, also, furthermore) addition, the person may be required to pay a fine.

2. contrast Cell phones allow users to communicate anytime and anywhere;

(however, in contrast) however, their use often results in less face-to-face interaction.

3. result A person's career may span over 40 years. Therefore, it is

(therefore, as a result, important to find a meaningful career.
consequently, thus)

4. examples A short story includes several literary elements. For example, it

(for example, for instance) has characters, a setting, a theme, and a plot.

5. sequence There are several ways to pay for college. First, apply for available
(first, next, then, finally, last) scholarships and grants. Next, look into getting a private loan.

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USING CONNECTORS FOR BETTER WRITING
ACTIVITY 3

For each sentence, underline the correct connector to show the relationship given in parentheses.

Use he punctuation in the sentence to help you choose the connector.

1.There are several rhetorical styles used in academic writing. (For example/However/As a result),

descriptive writing uses details involving the five senses-sight, taste, smell, touch, and hearing-to

create a picture in the reader's mind. (example)

2. A career in aerospace engineering pays well, (although/but/however) job opportunities are

projected to decrease over the next decade for a number of reasons. (contrast)

3. In some cultures, women are viewed as delicate and fragile, (as a result/so/therefore) their

participation in sports such as soccer or kickboxing may be viewed negatively. (result)

4. (Until/When/Before) natural disasters occur, several worldwide agencies work together to provide

food, water, shelter, and medical care to victims. (time)

5. During difficult economic times, people often look for a sign of hope. The racehorse Seabiscuit was

that sign during the Depression(so/then/because) the small underrated horse won race after race and

became a champion. (reason)

6. Every culture has legends, which explain its customs or its heroes. (And/For example/In addition),

every culture has folktales, which have a moral, and often teach appropriate behavior. (addition)

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USING CONNECTORS FOR BETTER WRITING
COMMON ERRORS
COMMON ERROR 1 Is there an extra connector?
Although people may agree that texting while driving is dangerous, but they cannot agree on how to
prevent it.
People
Although people may agree that texting while driving is dangerous, but they cannot agree on how to
prevent it.

REMEMBER: Use either a subordinating conjunction or a coordinating conjunction to connect a

dependent clause with an independent clause. Do not use both.

ACTIVITY 4 Common Error 1

Each sentence or pair of sentences below contains an unnecessary connector. Cross out the extra
connector, and make any capitalization or punctuation changes needed. There may be more than one
way correct a sentence.

1. Citizens participate in local government by electing city officials. Furthermore, citizens also
have the opportunity to share their views and opinions at city council meetings.
2. While sugar-free foods may help people lose weight, but they may also lead people to eat more
because they think they have "saved" calories.
3. Although many may think Hamlet is Shakespeare's most popular play, yet Romeo and Juliet is,
in fact, the most popular one.
4. Because the honeybee population has steadily declined and bee colonies have collapsed, so
the U.S. Department of Agriculture has taken steps to identify the causes and find a solution.
5. Although researchers have not yet found a cure for HIV, but they are hopeful they will be close
to a cure within the next five years.
6. Because melanoma is one of the most dangerous types of skin cancer, so people need to avoid
the sun during the hottest time of the day, wear sunscreen, and see a dermatologist every year.
7. Although researchers have identified the genes that allow lizards to regrow their tails, but they
are in the beginning stages of applying their knowledge in ways to help people.
8. The decision to start a business is not an easy one to make. Consequently, to make the right
decision, an entrepreneur must, therefore, make the commitment to raise capital, set goals, and work
hard.

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USING CONNECTORS FOR BETTER WRITING
COMMON ERROR 2 Is the connector correct?

Surveys show that most college graduates owe an average of $35,000 in student loans when they
graduate; therefore, tuition and fees continue to rise.
because

REMEMBER: Use the connector that shows the correct relationship.

ACTIVITY 5 Common Error 2

Underline the connectors in each sentence. If all the connectors are correct, write C on the line. If any
connectors are wrong, write X on the line. Then write the correct connector(s) above the sentence.
More than one answer may be possible.

1. When robotic surgery offers several advantages to the patient and the surgeon, the cost of
the system is extremely expensive.

2. Newton was not hit on the head by a falling apple, and it was a falling apple that led him to
develop his law of gravity and later write about this principle.

3. Many students change their career paths but they take college classes. A professor may
inspire them, for example, to consider a new field.

4. An example of self-motivating behavior is making New Year's resolutions. People often

resolve to exercise daily although they want to lose weight.

5. People enroll in college for a variety of reasons. Some enroll because they enjoy learning,
while others enroll to earn a degree and begin a career.

6. If the president of the United States is unable to perform the duties of the office, the line of
succession begins with the vice president, then moves to the Speaker of the House of Representatives,
is followed by the president pro tempore of the Senate, and next, is followed by cabinet members.

7. Type 1 diabetes cannot be prevented and often starts in early childhood; in addition, type 2
diabetes can be prevented by eating healthy food or exercising.

8. There are two factors that contribute to changes in an ecosystem. First, there are direct
factors. For example, climate change and pollution are direct factors.

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USING CONNECTORS FOR BETTER WRITING
COMMON ERROR 3 Is a connector missing?
but

Many people immigrate for political reasons, others immigrate for economic reasons.

REMEMBER: Use a connector (a coordinating conjunction, a subordinating conjunction or a transition)

to join clauses and show relationships between clauses.

ACTIVITY 6 Common Error 3

For each sentence, fill in the blank with the correct connector. Use the punctuation in the sentence to
help you. For some sentences, more than one answer may be possible.

1. College libraries offer many valuable services online, ____________________many students are
unaware of these resources.

2.In 1955, ____________________Rosa Parks was arrested for not giving up her seat on the bus to a
white man, African-Americans boycotted the Montgomery, Alabama, bus system for over a year.

3.Many Native American languages are becoming extinct. ____________________one Native

American tribe, the Ojibwe, has created podcasts of language lessons to encourage young tribal
members to learn and retain the language.

4. Most experts recommend smartphone users leave their phones on ____________________ they
have finished using them.

5.Allergists offer helpful advice to people who suffer when pollen counts are high.
____________________, they suggest keeping windows and doors closed and using the car air
conditioner while driving.

6. A recent survey showed that most adults consider it acceptable to use a cell phone while walking
outside. ____________________, only a small number consider it acceptable to do so during a
meeting.

7. ____________________the teaching profession does not pay as well as other professions, schools
are facing teacher shortages.

8.Students who enroll in a culinary arts school learn the techniques and theories of cooking,
____________________they often learn hotel and restaurant management skills as well.

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USING CONNECTORS FOR BETTER WRITING
COMMON ERROR 4 Is punctuation missing or incorrect?

People are retiring at an older age, because they need the money.

Studies show learning a foreign language as a child results in near-native pronunciation; in contrast,
learning a foreign language as an adult does not.

The gray wolf was once endangered, but its population is now stable.

REMEMBER:
 Do not use a comma with subordinating conjunctions when the independent clause is before the

dependent clause.

 A semi-colon can be used before a transition.

 Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction when connecting two independent clauses.

 Use a comma after the transition when two independent clauses form one

ACTIVITY 7 Common Error 4

Find and correct the punctuation error in each sentence or group of sentences. Make any capitalization
changes needed. More than one answer may be possible.

1.Although Pierre-Auguste Renoir, the French impressionist painter, had severe arthritis he continued
to paint until his death in 1919.
2. In 1988, the United Nations peacekeepers received the Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts as a result
they gained the trust of many nations.
3. Classroom teachers may take one of two approaches in the classroom. One is to encourage
cooperative behavior, in which students work together to meet a goal or objective, in contrast,
encouraging competitive behavior is an approach in which students work alone and may even compete
against each other for grades.
4.While foreign particles in the atmosphere are not necessary for a blue sky they are needed for the
deep red sunrises and sunsets people enjoy.
5.Critical thinkers distinguish fact from opinion. For example, "Ottawa is the capital of Canada" is a fact
but "Ottawa is the best place to go on vacation" is an opinion.
6.Although, many businesses offer health benefits to their employees, some large employers have
reduced their employees' hours to avoid having to offer benefits.

61
USING CONNECTORS FOR BETTER WRITING
7.Earth and Mars are two very different planets, but they still share some similarities. Both planets
have days that are about 24 hours long, in addition, both planets have seasons and similar axis tilts.
8.Each country has a favorite national or regional dish, one which is made with local ingredients and
which reflects the country's culture. For example Hungary is known for its goulash, Spain for its paella,
and Saudi Arabia for its Kabsa

REVIEW QUIZ
MULTIPLE CHOICE Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1.When asked what they would try if they knew they could not fail, many survey respondents said they
would quit their jobs. ____________they said they would start their own businesses.
a. In contrast, b. And c. However, d. In addition,

2. According to a Federal Reserve Board survey, about 47 percent of respondents would either borrow
money ______________ they would sell something if they needed $400 for an emergency.
a. or b. and c. next, d. , also

3._____________many electronic devices consume energy 24 hours a day, consumers should unplug
their devices whenever they are not being used.
a. After b. While c. Because d. Although

4. Research indicates that approximately 40 percent of adults have been on a cruise and another 40
percent plan to go on one.___________20 percent of adults say they will never go on a cruise.
a. In addition, b. In contrast, c. Although d. Therefore,

5.President Theodore Roosevelt designated public land as national forests and established wildlife
refuges .__________________Roosevelt is often referred to as "the conservationist president."
a. Because b. As a result, c. In addition, d. In contrast,

ERROR CORRECTION One of the five underlined words or phrases is not correct. Find the error
and correct it. Be prepared to explain your answer.
6.Because they commonly live among the people while they are studying them, anthropologists can
observe people's habits and traits. However, they can identify which habits are common and which
habits are not.
7.Working for a relief organization offers the opportunity to save lives and change the future, because
it also requires patience and physical stamina. As a result, before accepting a position with a relief
organization, preparation is essential.
8.Consumers can order most things online, including, for example, food or prescriptions. Therefore,
ordering prescriptions online may save time and money, there are risks. When an online pharmacy has
no contact information, it is probably unreliable

62
Sentence Connectors I
1. Overpopulation is becoming an increasingly serious problem. ___________ Many
families continue to have large numbers of children.

a) Therefore b) Nonetheless c) Moreover d) Similarly

2. She is very fat ___________, she wants to go on a diet.

a) Yet b) Likewise c) Also d) Therefore

3. Dorothy felt rather tired. ___________, she went to bed early.

a) Also b) Therefore c) Indeed d) Besides

4. John was here yesterday. ___________ I didn’t talk to him.

a) Furthermore b) However c) Besides d) Consequently

5. The workers’ wages weren’t high enough; ___________, they decided to go on strike.

a) yet b) as a result c)also d) still

6. Many students have negative reactions to exams. ___________, some students can’t sleep
or eat when they have an exam.

a) Nevertheless b) For example c) Likewise d) In addition

7. A society which values excellence in sports will turn out good athletes. ___________, a
society that holds education in high esteem will produce outstanding educators.

a) In contrast b) On the other hand c) Similarly d) In fact

8. He did not object to the plan ___________, he wholeheartedly supported it.

a) Moreover b) On the contrary c) However d) Hence

9. Most people were opposed to the scheme on the grounds that it was expensive.
___________, it is now being re-examined to see if costs can be reduced.

a) Besides b) Correspondingly c) Still d) Accordingly

10. Agriculture will have to undergo a drastic change to meet the needs of the new situation.
___________, the country will starve.

a) Otherwise b) As a matter of fact c)Yet d) So

11. “Are you going abroad again this summer?”

“We might go to Spain. ___________, we might stay at home.”

a) Also b) On the other hand c) Meanwhile d) similarly

63
12. The price of this car seems to be reasonable. ___________, it is small for our family.

a) However b) Also c) Actually d) Otherwise

13. Learning a new language is difficult. ___________, the student must work hard.

a) Also b) However c) Yet d) Therefore

14. Insects do not speak. ___________, certain insects, like bees, can communicate by doing
a special dance which shows where nectar is.

a) However b) Consequently c) Similarly d) Furthermore

15. The language laboratory helps in listening. ___________, it gives listeners opportunity to
practice speaking.

a) Still b) Nevertheless c) Moreover d) Nonetheless

16. Pronunciation of a new language is difficult at first. ___________, it becomes easier in

time.

a) However b) As a result c) Thus d) In addition

17. He has learned French. ___________, he can speak English.

a) Also b) On the other hand c) Still d) Conversely

18. Spanish and Italian are similar languages; ___________, Italian has more vowel sounds.

a) moreover b) however c) hence d) also

19. He studies hard; ___________, he finds English easy.

a) yet b) therefore c) besides d) likewise

20. San Francisco has cool, windy summers. ___________, New Orleans’s summers are hot
and humid.

a) Nevertheless b) In contrast c) Furthermore d) In fact

64
Sentence Connectors II
1. Jack is a successful businessman. ______________ he is the best businessmen in this
country now.

a) In fact b) Correspondingly c) Nonetheless d) Likewise

2. His achievements in the sport of tennis are truly impressive. ______________, he won
Wimbledon six times in succession.

a) For example b) What is more c) By the way d) Consequently

3. We must reinforce the river banks. ______________, there is bound to be flooding in the
winter.

a) As a result b) Otherwise c) In fact d) Besides

4. With all the optional extras, the price of the car is £ 80,000. ______________, it costs
more than the average price for most houses.

a) In other words b) After all c) Conversely d) Furthermore

5. He is undoubtedly the best player in the team. ______________, he is very unpopular

with the other members.

a) In contrast b) On the other hand c) Moreover d) Likewise

6. Many people think that New Orleans is a large city. ______________, it has quite a small
population.

a) On the contrary b) On the other hand c) Conversely d) Likewise

7. Tim completed the race in 4 minutes 32, 5 seconds, the slowest time for several years.
______________, it was enough to win him the gold medal.

a) In any case b) Nevertheless c) Besides d) In contrast

8. “We’ll set off at 5 P. m., and the coach will reach the hotel at 10 p.m. ______________,
it’s a three-star hotel, not a two-star hotel as it says on your booking form.”

a) Anyway b) On the other hand c) Also d) By the way

9. “The helicopter will arrive to evacuate the wounded in the morning,” said the doctor.
“______________, we must make them as comfortable as possible.”

a) Meanwhile b) Now c) After all d) Therefore

10. “I know he is old and rather difficult,” said Mary,” but he should be treated with more
respect. ______________, “he was once regarded as a hero and decorated by the King.”

a) Moreover b) After all c) In fact d) All the same

65
11. We could put the car on the train and just drive the last hundred kilometers to the cottage.
______________, we could drive all the way.

a) Alternatively b) On the contrary c) Nevertheless d) Similarly

12. The striking workers want higher wages. ______________, they want better working
conditions.

a) In fact b) In addition c) Consequently d) Nonetheless

13. The time available for discussion was very limited. ______________, it was possible to
produce interesting arguments.

a) As a result b) Nevertheless c) Likewise d) Actually

14. A good knowledge of a foreign language enhances one’s chances of getting a well-paid
job. ______________, many people want to learn at least one foreign language.

a) Therefore b) On the other hand c)Yet d) Moreover

15. Denmark is a constitutional monarchy. ______________, Finland is a republic.

a) Besides b) In contrast c) In spite of this d) Thus

16. The cost of living in big cities is very high. ______________, many civil servants take
part time jobs.

a) Furthermore b) As a consequence c) Yet d) Indeed

17. Australia doesn’t import wheat. ______________, it exports a considerable amount of

wheat every year.

a) Likewise b) On the contrary c) Hence d) On the other hand

18. Germans always shake hands when they are introduced to strangers, whereas the
Japanese give a little bow. Americans, ______________, nod their heads and say ‘Hi’.

a) nevertheless b) on the other hand c) On the contrary d) similarly

19. He has a lot of experience in teaching; ______________, he is unlikely to be hired.

a) even so b) in contrast c) also d) therefore

20. ______________, Helen thought Bill was Jane’s husband but later she realized he wasn’t.

a) First b) At first c) Firstly d) First of all

66
USING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
WHAT DO YOU KNOW?
DISCUSS the questions.

1.Do you think public art is important? Why, or why not?

2. Describe a mural, statue, or other piece of public art in your home city or town.

FIND THE ERRORS This paragraph contains two errors with adjective clauses. Find the errors and
correct them. Explain your corrections to a partner.

Eduardo Kobra
1
Eduardo Kobra is a famous Brazilian street artist which paints enormous murals on buildings.

Kobra is famous for his sense of very bright colors. 3 He is also known for repeated patterns that make
2

his paintings resemble giant kaleidoscopes. 4 His patterns often use geometric shapes such as squares,
circles, and triangles. 5 In addition, some of Kobra's murals are three-dimensional. 6 Many of Kobra's

murals are portraits of famous people from different time periods and parts of the world. 7 Kobra also
paints scenes make statements about topics such as war, pollution, deforestation, and other important
social issues. 8In addition to Brazil, his colorful murals are on city walls in the United States, Russia,

Japan, and many European countries.

Eduardo Kobra's mural on the wall of the UN Headquarters, in New York

67
USING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
GRAMMAR FORMS
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
An adjective clause (also called a relative clause) has a subject and a verb. The clause can begin with
the relative pronoun who, which, that, or whom. An adjective clause follows the noun, noun phrase,
or pronoun it describes.

1.The relative pronoun can be a subject.

a. who or that for Middle-aged people who exercise tend to have fewer severe health
people problems later in life.

b. that or which for More consumers are buying vehicles that use electricity.
things

c. which for things

in a non-defining The Nissan Leaf, which was introduced in 2010, is an all-electric car.
clause
Nelson Mandela, who died in 2013, was president of South Africa from
d. who for people in
1994 to 1999.
a non-defining
clause
2.The relative pronoun can be an object of a verb.
This is the man whom officials believe stole the information.
Scientists are developing a vitamin that people will take only once a week.

3.The relative pronoun can be an object of a preposition.

a. preposition+ In some cultures, you should make eye contact with the person to whom you
whom for people are talking.
b. preposition + They conducted a study in which they surveyed young coffee drinkers.
which for things

Notes

1. The subject pronoun that is more commonly used than which.

2. An adjective clause with nonessential information (also called a non-defining adjective clause) is
separated from the independent clause with commas. You can delete the information from the
sentence and still have the main idea.
Tallahassee, which is in north Florida, is the state's capital.
3.An adjective clause with essential information (also called a defining adjective clause) cannot be
deleted without losing important meaning.
The city that we studied was ancient.
4.The object pronoun is often omitted in academic writing.
Scientists are developing a vitamin (that) people will take only once a week.
Surprisingly, the person (whom) most voters preferred did not win the election.
5.Whom refers to the object of the main clause, not the subject. The use of whom is optional in most
writing, but it is preferred in academic writing.

68
USING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
ACTIVITY 1
Underline each adjective clause. Some sentences have more than one adjective clause.
1.In 1986, the United States Congress passed the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, which made
computer hacking a crime.
2. The main purpose of this paper is to present key information from a recent study that showed that
infants see colors differently from older people.
3.The Taj Mahal, which the Emperor Shah Jahan built in 1632 for his dead wife, is one of the best
examples of Mughal architecture.
4.The planet Venus is the only planet which has days that are longer than its years.
5. Sea turtles are reptiles that marine biologists are fighting to protect.
6.Astronaut Scott Kelley, who has a twin brother who is also an astronaut, spent 340 days on the
International Space Station.
7.There is a famous memorial in Berlin for the 96 German politicians who tried to stop Hitler in
1933.
8. Some doctors are prescribing meditation along with prescription medications for their patients for
whom high blood pressure is a problem.
9.Rashomon, for which film director Akira Kurosawa is perhaps most famous, premiered in Tokyo in
August of 1950.
10. The state of Louisiana includes 2,482 islands that cover nearly 1.3 million acres.

ACTIVITY 2
Underline the correct relative pronoun.
1. The students in the classes (that/who) had teacher's aides all passed the final exam.
2.Rosa Parks is the woman (who/whom) some call "the first lady of civil rights."
3. In 1961, the German Democratic Republic built a wall (that/whom) divided the city of Berlin into
two cities.
4.The new lecturer was not aware that the person (with whom/with who) he shared an office was a
concert pianist.
5.Some people (whom/who) get migraines started getting them when they were very young children.
6. DNA studies have proved that giraffes, (that/which) used to be considered one species, actually
consist of four different species.
7.Italian, German, and French are the three languages (in which/that) most operas are written.
8. Modern techniques of recording brain activity are helping scientists to answer questions (to
whom/that) people have been asking for hundreds of years.

69
USING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Common Uses
Using Adjective Clauses
Adjective clauses are commonly used in academic writing. They describe, define, identify, or give
additional details about nouns or pronouns. Use them:

1.to combine short Redwood trees grow mainly on the Pacific coast from Oregon to California.
sentences into one +
sentence Redwood trees are the tallest trees in the world.
=
Redwood trees, which are the tallest trees in the world, grow mainly on

the Pacific coast from Oregon to California.

2. to add information The bark of the redwood tree contains chemicals that protect the tree
about a noun from insects.

3.to add extra The coast redwood tree, which is the same height as a 37-story
information building, is the tallest type of redwood tree.

Note
Use who, that, or which for essential information. Use which or who with nonessential information
and separate the adjective clause from the rest of the sentence with commas.

ACTIVITY 3
Underline the adjective clauses. Write E on the line if the information is essential and NE if it is
nonessential. There may be more than one adjective clause in a sentence.

1. Chlorophyll, which makes plants green, is a biomolecule that allows plants to absorb energy
from light.
2.Linguists are working with native tribes that have languages that are disappearing.
3.There are now various genealogy Web sites that help people discover family members and
ancestors of whom they have no knowledge.
4.Abraham Lincoln, who had a wife from a slave-owning family, was the U.S. president who
was responsible for making slavery illegal.
5.People who are irrationally afraid of spiders have a phobia that is called arachnophobia.
6.Genetics is the field of biology which may hold important answers to questions about
hereditary diseases and their cures.
7.Social media Web sites are particularly useful for finding old friends with whom people have
not had any contact in many years.
8.Professor Denke, who is one of the authors of our history textbook, makes the subject
interesting and important by connecting the past with the present and the future.

70
USING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
COMMON ERRORS
COMMON ERROR 1 Do you use which, who, or that?

Because of housing shortages in Shanghai, single Chinese people which WHO / THAT are from other
cities in China are not allowed to buy property there.
Amphibians, that WHICH are animals that can breathe on land and in the water, are cold-blooded.

REMEMBER: ·In defining adjective clauses, use who or that to refer to people. Use that or which for
things. In non-defining adjective clauses, use who for people and which for things.

ACTIVITY 4 Common Error 1

Fill in the blanks with which, who, or that. More than one answer may be possible.

1.The Athabascans, ________________ are the original Alaskans, are not considered Eskimos like the
Inupiat and Yup'ik.

2.Most dried fruits contain the same vitamins and nutrients as their nondried counterparts, with the
exception of raisins, ________________ are lower in vitamin C than grapes.

3.Great managers are people ________________can delegate, encourage, and give credit to those
employees________________ deserve it.

4.Many people believe the myth________________ people only use 10 percent of their brains.

5.Vitamin D, _______________ people need for healthy bones and teeth, comes from exposure to
sunlight.

6.Forest kindergartens are schools________________ are outside in nature, usually in forests.

7. Clouds are simply a gathering of very small droplets of water or crystals of ice ________________
are so light they can float in the air.

8. It is important to drink lots of water, ________________ comprises almost two-thirds of the body.

71
USING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
COMMON ERROR 2 Does the adjective clause need a comma?

Abraham Lincoln, who was the 16th president, was the first U.S. president to be assassinated.

Abraham Lincoln was the president who made owning slaves illegal.

REMEMBER: Use commas around adjective clauses with additional, non-essential details. Do not use
commas around essential information. To determine if the information is essential, take it out of the
sentence. Then check if the sentence still makes sense.

ACTIVITY 5 Common Error 2

Read each paragraph. Underline the adjective clauses. Then add commas before and after the non-
defining adjective clauses.

1. Alcatraz Island which consists mainly of rock is a very small island in the middle of San Francisco
Bay. It is just a little over one mile from the San Francisco shore. At first, Alcatraz was a lighthouse,
but for 30 years it was a federal prison from which escape was almost impossible. To escape,
prisoners needed to be very good swimmers. This is because the water around Alcatraz Island which
is very cold and has very strong currents has Great White sharks in it. Now Alcatraz is a popular park
which people can reach by ferry.

2. Computer Network Engineering is a relatively new field of Information Technology. Computer

network engineers who are also referred to as network architects are the people who design and
plan computer networks. They are not the network administrators whom people call if they have
computer problems. A computer network engineer often has a specialized certificate in addition to
an undergraduate degree in network administration or computer science.

3. The first woman to travel into space, Valentina Tereshkova, was a Russian cosmonaut. Tereshkova
who was a factory worker when she applied to be a cosmonaut was hired as a cosmonaut partly
because she was also an expert skydiver. Tereshkova's trip into space was in the Vostok 6 which
launched June 16,1963.

72
USING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
REVIEW QUIZ
MULTIPLE CHOICE Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1.The Great Wall of China, ______________was built for defense, was not very effective for that
purpose.

a. whom b. which c. that

d.it

2.Niagara Falls, ______________really three separate waterfalls, is in two different countries -Canada
and the United States.

a. which b. that is c. that were

d. which is

3.People______________allergies are worse in the spring could have hay fever.

a.to whom b. who c. for whom

d. for who

4.There is new brain wave research______________ how people actually remember their dreams.

a. that explains b. which explains it c.is explains d. who explains

5.People______________need only four hours of sleep each night are called short sleepers.

a. for whom b. which c. that

d. whom

Error Correction One of the five underlined words or phrases is not correct. Find the error and correct
it. Be prepared to explain your answer.

6. Many islands that have volcanoes on them have some very beautiful black sand beaches, that often
become uncomfortably hot in the summer sun.

7.Ninety-five percent of the cables, which connect countries to the Internet are at the bottom of the
ocean.

8.Although gardening can be hard physical work, many people say that it is a hobby who they find very
relaxing mentally.

73
WRITING WITH ADVERB CLAUSES
WHAT DO YOU KNOW?
DISCUSS the questions below.

1 Can people safely use their cell phones while driving? Explain your answer.

2 When do you multitask, or do more than one thing at the same time?

FIND THE ERRORS This paragraph contains two errors with adverb clauses. Find the errors and correct

them. Explain your corrections to a partner.

Multitasking

1
Can people really multitask, and is it even a good thing to do?2 Recent research indicates

the answer to both those questions could be no. 3According to research, when people multitask, they

are not actually focusing on more than one thing at once even though think that they are.4 Instead,

they are moving their attention between the tasks they are doing. 5 Moving their focus between

tasks can be very tiring, and this is a problem. 6 Because people are less likely to perform tasks well

when they are tired.7 For these reasons, the next time you try to accomplish more than one

challenging task at a time, you might think about just completing one task and then moving on to the

next. 8You might find that you complete both your tasks better and faster that way.

74
WRITING WITH ADVERB CLAUSES
An adverb clause is a kind of dependent clause. It has a subordinating conjunction, a subject, and a
verb. It must be joined to an independent clause.

Pattern Example

1.Adverb clause Many people feel a lot hungrier when they do

subordinating conjunction +subject + verb not get enough sleep.

2 Adverb clauses within sentences

a. independent clause + adverb clause a. There have been fewer accidents on the road
since the speed limits were reduced.
b. adverb clause +comma + independent b. Since the speed limits were reduced,
clause
there have been fewer accidents on the road.

Notes
1. When the adverb clause is first, a comma separates the clauses.
2. In writing. adverb clauses that begin with because or although usually go at the beginning of the
sentence.
Although Orcas are called killer whales, they are not a threat to humans in the wild.
3. An adverb clause by itself is an incomplete sentence, or a fragment.
4. Common subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as soon as, because, before. even
though, once, since, so that, though, until, when, whereas, whenever, and while. They are also called
connectors.

ACTIVITY 1
Read each sentence. Underline the adverb clauses and label the subordinating conjunctions with SG
in the sentences. Some of the sentences have more than one adverb clause.

1. Although many children play on sports teams these days, parents should be aware that sports
injuries in children can be serious and take a while to heal.
2. The number of cigarette smokers did not decrease until the middle of the twentieth century
when people started to become aware of tobacco's health risks.
3. Dermatologists believe that everyone should put sunscreen on their faces to protect their skin
whenever they go outside.
4. After cell phone cameras improved, digital camera sales dropped significantly.
5. When people watch a solar eclipse, it is important for them to use special glasses to avoid

eye injuries

75
WRITING WITH ADVERB CLAUSES
Common Uses
Using ADVERB CLAUSES
Adverb clauses are commonly used in academic writing to express relationships between ideas in a
sentence. They often indicate when, where, how, or why something happened. Adverb clauses are
used to express:

1.a reason or cause (with because, since, or as) Some people overeat because they are

depressed.

2. a contrast between ideas (with while, While it is well-known that musical training

Although, though, even though, or whereas) develops children's motor skills, recent research

shows it also helps children mature emotionally.

3. a concession; an opposing idea that is Although autism is considered a mental

surprising (with although, though, even disability, some autistic people are highly
though, or while) skilled in art, music, or math.

Some people move to big cities so (that) they

4. a purpose (with so or so that)
do not have to waste time commuting to work.

5. a time relationship (with after, as soon as. Sleep doctors say that it is better for people to

before, when, while. until, whenever, as, once. go to sleep as soon as they feel tired.
or since)

ACTIVITY 2

Underline the adverb clause in each sentence. Then write the letter of the purpose of the adverb
clause given below.
a. a reason or cause d. a purpose
b. a contrast between ideas e. a time relationship
c. a concession

1. Some people believe they sleep badly whenever there is a full moon.
2. Though most meteorologists predicted heavy rainstorms, very little rain fell.
3. The World Wildlife Fund is raising money so that it can help endangered species.
4. Some people use turmeric for muscle pain since it can decrease inflammation.
5. Although few animal species can speak, most animals communicate in some way.

76
WRITING WITH ADVERB CLAUSES
COMMON ERRORS
COMMON ERROR 1 Is there a comma missing?
When babies are first born ^ they cry without shedding tears.

REMEMBER: If the adverb clause begins the sentence, use a comma.

ACTIVITY 4 Common Error 1

Some of the following sentences are missing commas. Underline the subordinating conjunctions.
Then write C if the sentence is correct and X if it is missing a comma. Finally, add commas where
needed.
1. Although meditating for 15 minutes or longer is better even a few minutes of meditation can
reduce stress.
2. In Nepal, communities are working with wildlife authorities so that they can eliminate the killing
of tigers.
3. Because it has a strict outdoor lighting policy Flagstaff, Arizona, was declared the first
International Dark Sky Community in 2001.
4. Though many people thought it was too dangerous Laura Dekker sailed around the world alone
at the age of 16.
5. In 2012, over 75 percent of the world's population was already using cell phones even though
they only came into common use in the late 1990s.
6. Because the monsoon rains in India started late farmers are concerned that they may have fewer
crops this year.
7. In many cultures, parents pick up their babies as soon as they start to cry.
8. Once the Titanic hit the iceberg it only took two hours and forty minutes to sink.

COMMON ERROR 2 Is it a fragment?

Although scientists researched the problem for many years. They were not able to find
a solution.

Although scientists researched the problem for many years, they were not able to find
a solution.

REMEMBER: An adverb clause must be joined to an independent clause to form a sentence. An

adverb clause that is not joined to an independent clause is an incomplete sentence, or a fragment.

77
WRITING WITH ADVERB CLAUSES
ACTIVITY 5 Common Error 2
Read the following sentences and underline the subordinating conjunctions. Write S if it is a
complete sentence. Write F if it is a fragment. Be prepared to explain how you would correct the
fragment.

1. Some people call a doctor whenever they feel sick, while others prefer to wait a day or two.
2. Because raccoons have been able to adjust to life in urban centers very well in many parts of the
U.S.
3. While some people say they never forget a face.
4. After there is lightning, there is always thunder.
5. Although in the past American young people typically moved out of their parents’ homes after
they graduated from high school.
6. A rooster crows so that other roosters will know to keep away.
7. The Sagrada Familia Church in Barcelona is still not finished even though.
8. People sweat from certain glands when they get hot and from different glands when they are
anxious.

COMMON ERROR 3 Does each clause have a subject and a verb?

they
They began planning for the building of the memorial after ^ agreed on the design.

received
Although everyone is familiar with the yellow smiley face, its designer ^ only $45 for it because he
never obtained a patent.

REMEMBER: Both the adverb clause and the independent clause need a subject and a verb.

ACTIVITY 6 Common Error 3

In each paragraph below, some subjects and verbs are missing from the adverb clauses and
independent clauses. Fill in the blanks with the missing words or phrases from the box above the
paragraph.

are has most people the empty space is

1.While the human body______________several billion atoms, it also contains a vast amount of
empty space. In fact, there is so much empty space that once all______________ removed, the
remaining atoms______________no bigger than a sugar cube. Another interesting fact about these

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WRITING WITH ADVERB CLAUSES
atoms is that they are present in everything on the planet. However, there are different types of atoms
although ______________are only familiar with a few of them.
obtain rubs the bees they cannot obtain they can produce the pollen

2. Plants and bees need each other to survive. The bees eat the plant pollen, and the plants need the
bees to transfer the pollen from plant to plant. When______________eat the pollen,
______________coats their bodies and their faces. Then the bees fly to other plants because
______________enough pollen from just one plant. When the bees land on the next flower, the pollen
from the other plant______________onto the new plant. Plants need this new pollen so that
______________new fruit.

is is not It scientists that is these problems

3. Light pollution is a problem because______________prevents people from seeing the night skies
clearly. Although______________a problem, it______________the only problem light pollution
causes. Light pollution also causes some health problems. For example, light pollution prevents people
from creating enough melatonin. While melatonin______________necessary for healthy sleep cycles,
it may also be important for other things. For example, ______________ is possible that melatonin
helps to strengthen immune systems since______________ have found links between health
problems such as obesity, depression, and certain cancers and too much artificial light at night.
Although ______________ might be a result of unhealthy sleep patterns, scientists are studying
melatonin's other effects on the body.

means noticed people this is were

4. At one time, millions of years ago, the seven continents______________all one continent: the
continent of Pangea. Although______________well-known now, ______________were not aware of
it until 1912 when a meteorologist______________that continents were like pieces of a puzzle. Alfred
Wegener,the meteorologist, named the continent with the Greek word Pangea because
it______________all lands in Greek.

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WRITING WITH ADVERB CLAUSES
COMMON ERROR 4 Is there an extra connector?

Although many people think dogs and cats do not like each other, but that is not always the case.

REMEMBER: An adverb clause begins with a subordinating conjunction. Do not add an extra

connector to the independent clause.

ACTIVITY 7 Common Error 4

Read each sentence. Underline the subordinating conjunctions. Write C if the sentence is correct
and X if there is an extra subordinating conjunction. Then cross out the extra subordinating
conjunction and write any corrections above it. In some cases, more than one answer may be
possible.

1.Babies do not develop kneecaps until they are about six months old.

2. While Queen Victoria became the queen of an empire consisting of more than 400 million people
when she was only 18 years old.

3. Although recent research on teens and video games has concerned many people because it appears
that video games can be addictive for some teens.

4. It is important for people to study the geology of other planets so that they can better understand
the history of the solar system.

5. Turtles and many other sea animals return to the beach of their birth when it is time for them to lay
their own eggs or give birth to their young.

6. Although it may soon be possible to build an emotion detector similar to a lie detector, whereas the
question is whether this new technology would be a good thing or not.

7. Because the Atacama Desert in Chile is one of the driest places on Earth, sorts soil has been
compared to that on Mars.

8. When the Museum of Islamic Art in Qatar opened, I. M. Pei. the famous architect who designed the
building, was already 91 years old.

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WRITING WITH ADVERB CLAUSES
REVIEW QUIZ
MULTIPLE CHOICE
A. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. The water temperature in the ocean was approximately four degrees below freezing___________
the Titanic sank.
a. since b. when c. although d. as soon as
2 Orville and Wilbur Wright did not invent the first airplane___________ , but they did invent the
aircraft controls that made pilots able to operate the airplanes.
a. as many people think b. since thought c. while people thinking d. because thought
3.The Woodstock music festival in 1969 was a critical moment in musical history___________ the way
people thought about music concerts.
a.so that changed b. although c. while changed d. because it changed
4.The Hoover Dam, which was built in 1935, was the tallest dam m the world for 33 years___________
a taller dam was built in Northern California.
a. until b. because c. since d. while
5.With more powerful telescopes. scientists can now see about 300 new galaxies that they were
previously unable to see___________ they were hidden by the Milky Way.
a. because as b.as since c. since d. since because
B. Circle the letter of the correct answer. Be prepared to explain your answers.

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WRITING WITH ADVERB CLAUSES
ERROR CORRECTION
A. One of the five underlined words or phrases is not correct. Find the error and correct it. Be
prepared to explain your answer.
1. Neil Armstrong, the first man to walk on the moon, joined NASA immediately after he left the

U.S. Navy in 1952 although did not become an astronaut for 10 more years.

2. After 24 years of both women and men advocating for change, in 1893. New Zealand was the

first country to change its laws so then women could vote in national elections.

3. According to recent research. when our eyes moved during the REM (rapid eye movement)

period of sleep, we see changing images. which might be why our dreams move from place to place.

B. In each sentence, one of the four underlined words or phrases is not correct. Circle the letter of
the error and write the correction above the error.

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