Assignment no 2

Course code: 8606

Question no 1 Discuss the influence of agencies of social
change on the society. What does Social Change mean?
The term social change literally refers to a shift in the morals and values of a society. Social
change is a revolution that has developed humanity into what it is today. Change is a universal
phenomenon and a natural law, and human civilization is not an exception to any law established
by nature, given that a static society is unimaginable.
Culture is influenced by different variables (such as demographics, ideas, etc.). In some areas,
change is rapid, in others, it may be gradual. Change is happening faster now than in the past
due to industrialization and urbanization. Societal change affects all other elements of culture –
economic, social and religious.
What leads to social change?
As we discussed above, change is a natural law, and humanity is no exception to it. In fact, we
are who we are today because of social changes. Imagine a world where sati is still in practice,
where LGBTQ communities are still deprived of their basic rights, and where females are still
oppressed and restricted to the kitchen. It looks irregular, doesn't it? Social changes are the
reason we are freed from these curses, and it is the social changes led by reforms and revolutions
that have abolished powerful practices and will continue to abolish them whenever necessary.
Societies undergo change for many reasons, including but not limited to technological
advances, social institutions, social conflict, or environmental factors. These elements can be
considered agents of social change, let us understand them further.

Agents of social change

The phrase agents of social change was first used in 1965 at the annual Reverse Conference in
Calgary. Since then, the whole world has been searching for different factors that can bring
about social change. Some of them are as follows:

technology
 Since the late nineteenth century, technology has become an integral part of society, and
mankind is increasingly dependent on technological progress. It is no surprise that technology is
an agent of social change and can be seen as the bridge that allows us to exist in this connected
world. Technology has been the driving force behind globalization.

Social institutions
Social institutions play a very vital role in changing the ideals of any individual through the
power of education. Education has been an important tool, and it is often said that education is
the light that overshadows all darkness. For example, it has been observed in many states that in
villages where people are more educated, the incidence of child marriages was much lower
compared to villages with low literacy rate.
Modernization
According to Irwin, modernization refers to the processes that enhance specialization and
structural differences in civilizations, resulting in the transition from an underdeveloped to a
developed, technologically oriented society. A society’s level of modernity is determined by the
sophistication of its technology, particularly as it pertains to infrastructure, industry, and the like.
It is an important agent of social change because it increases accessibility to resources and drives
humanity forward to innovation.

Environment
In terms of human ecology, we understand that people and the environment interact. We witness
a rise in the number of people impacted by natural disasters when human populations migrate
into more susceptible places, and we find that human involvement with the environment worsens
the effect of those disasters.

Conclusion
As we saw in the article above, Social Changes have played a vital part in the development as
well as evolution of human beings. We studied various agents of social changes which have
helped us towards a world with enhanced Emotional Quotient. And as the EQ keeps increasing,
the world will notice many more changes which will gradually drive us to be a better society
each day. We have evolved through millions of years, and the current social framework results
from numerous social changes. To drive change on a societal level, one must use the agents
discussed above. Change is inevitable and is constant in our evolution.
Question no 2 Explain the relationship between school and
society. How they strengthen one another? Discuss.
Answer: Schools play a critical role in society by serving many functions and maintaining
diverse relationships with the wider community. These functions and relationships are integral to
the development of individuals and the well-being of society as a whole.
Let's look at the different aspects:
1. Education and skills development:
Primary Function: The primary function of schools is to provide education and facilitate
students’ acquisition of knowledge and skills.
Societal impact: Education provides individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to
become productive members of society. An educated population can contribute to economic
growth, innovation and social progress.
2. Socialization and personality development:
Primary Function: Schools also serve as social institutions where students learn societal norms,
values, and moral behavior.
Community Impact: Schools help shape students’ personality and social skills, preparing them
to interact positively in society and uphold shared values.
3. Cultural transfer:
Primary function: Schools transmit cultural heritage, language and traditions to younger
generations.
Community impact: This helps maintain and transmit cultural identity, enhancing a sense of
continuity and belonging within the community.
4. Community Center:
Primary function: Schools often serve as community centers, providing space for meetings,
events, and activities outside of regular school hours.
Community Impact: Schools contribute to the social fabric of the community, foster a sense of
togetherness and are a platform for community engagement.
5. Social mobility:
Primary function: Schools can act as equalizers by providing opportunities for social mobility
and advancement through education.
 Societal impact: Education can reduce social inequality and provide individuals with the
opportunity to improve their social and economic status, which in turn benefits the wider
community.
6. Research and innovation:
Primary function: Many educational institutions, especially universities, are involved in
research and innovation, which contributes to progress in various fields.
Societal impact: Research conducted in educational institutions can lead to technological
advances, scientific discoveries, and solutions to societal challenges.
7. Civic participation and citizenship:
Primary Function: Schools educate students about their rights and responsibilities as citizens
and encourage civic participation.
Societal Impact: Informed and engaged citizens are essential to a functioning democracy, as
they participate in the decision-making process and contribute to the well-being of their
communities and nations.
8. Economic impact:

Primary Function: Schools produce a skilled workforce that contributes to economic

development.
Societal Impact: An educated workforce enhances a nation's competitiveness, productivity, and
economic growth.
9. Social cohesion:
Primary function: Schools can promote social cohesion by bringing together students from
diverse backgrounds and promoting tolerance and understanding.
Community Impact: This contributes to building a more harmonious and integrated society by
reducing bias and promoting inclusivity.

Question no 3 Write note on:

a. Motivation
b. Effective classroom
Answer : Here are notes on both motivation and creating an effective classroom:
 incentivize:
Definition: Motivation refers to the internal drive, desire, or energy that directs and
maintains an individual's behavior toward achieving a specific goal or meeting a need.
Main aspects of motivation:
1. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: Intrinsic motivation stems from the personal
enjoyment or satisfaction inherent in performing a task, while extrinsic motivation arises
from external rewards or consequences.
2. Types of motivational factors: Motivation can be affected by various factors such as
achievement, recognition, belonging, independence, power, and material rewards.
3. Role in learning and performance: Motivation greatly affects learning, performance
and behavior. It affects perseverance, effort, and participation in activities.
Ways to boost motivation:
• Setting clear goals: Setting clear, achievable goals helps individuals focus their efforts
and stay motivated.
• Provide feedback: Constructive feedback acknowledges progress, encourages
improvement, and maintains motivation.
• Create a supportive environment: A positive and supportive atmosphere fuels
motivation by enhancing a sense of belonging and encouragement.
• Provide incentives: Rewards, recognition, or incentives can enhance motivation,
especially for tasks that lack inherent interest.
• Encouraging intrinsic motivation: Encouraging independence, curiosity, and personal
interest in tasks enhances intrinsic motivation and long-term engagement.
Effective classroom:
Definition: An effective classroom is a learning environment that maximizes students'
opportunities to learn, engage, and grow.
Characteristics of an effective classroom:
1. Positive learning environment: Promotes respect, trust, and inclusion, and enhances a
sense of safety and belonging among students.
2. Clear Expectations and Procedures: Clear rules, procedures, and guidelines help
maintain order, minimize disruption, and create an orderly learning environment.
3. Engaging Instructional Strategies: Diverse, interactive, and student-centered teaching
methods cater to diverse learning styles and promote active engagement and
understanding.
4. Effective classroom management: Strategies for managing behavior, handling
conflicts, and maintaining discipline contribute to creating an appropriate educational
atmosphere.
5. Differentiated Instruction: Tailoring instruction to suit students' diverse needs,
abilities, and interests supports individualized learning and success.
6. Use of technology and resources: Integrating technology and using appropriate
resources enhances teaching and learning experiences.
 7. Cooperative Learning: Encouraging cooperation, teamwork, and peer interaction
enhances communication skills, teamwork, and deeper understanding.
Strategies for creating an effective classroom:
• Establish a positive relationship: Build positive relationships with students and promote trust
and open communication.
• Plan engaging lessons: Prepare lessons that are interactive, relevant, and aligned with learning
objectives.
• Implement effective classroom management: Use proactive strategies to manage behavior,
establish routines, and address disruptions promptly.
• Support and differentiation: Provide support for diverse learners, adapting instruction to meet
individual needs.
• Encourage participation: Create an inclusive environment where all students feel comfortable
participating and contributing.
Motivation drives learning and performance, while an effective classroom provides a
supportive, engaging and structured environment conducive to learning and growth. Both
elements are integral to promoting academic success and creating a positive learning experience
for students.

Question no 4 Describe technological advancement and

discuss how it affects the society .
Answer Impact of technology on society: In the past few decades, technology has spread. The
use of technology has also increased significantly. It impacts people’s lives and changes the way
they learn, think and communicate. It plays a major role in society, and now it has become very
difficult to imagine life without technology. Both technology and society are interconnected,
interconnected, and influence each other. Technology has an impact on society, including the
possibility of society advancing or regressing, whether in a good or bad way. Our society is
shaped by technology, and it is equally beneficial

Impact of technology

Human societies and technology have grown inextricably since technical systems such as
mobile phones, computers, television, etc. were produced by humans and reflect the basis of the
population’s needs and lifestyle. Although technology is improving the lifestyle of humans, it is
also a major concern for future generations. Nowadays, people use technology excessively
which reduces their physical activities and directly affects their health. Also, due to excessive
use of technology, there are a lot of cyber crimes happening every day where someone steals the
victim’s identity or personal information, like Unique ID Number, PAN Number, Debit Card, etc.
and uses it to commit a crime or commit fraud without getting Permission from us. Some other
cybercrimes are:

• Hacking: The effort to manipulate a computer system or a network within a computer is

known as hacking. It is unauthorized control of computer systems to commit a crime.
• Credit/Debit Card Theft: Credit card fraud refers to any type of fraud involving a payment
card, such as a credit or debit card. The goal could be to obtain products or services or transfer
money to an account controlled by criminals.
• Installing malware: Any program or file that poses danger to a computer user is known as
malware. Viruses, worms, Trojans, and spyware are all examples of malware.
• Email threat: Using email to deceive another person for personal gain or to harm another
person.
• Phishing: Depending on the perpetrator, phishing attempts can target a wide range of people.
These are likely generic phishing emails targeting anyone with a PayPal account. They are
frequently identified as phishing attempts.
• Spam: An unsolicited, unwanted digital message sent in large quantities is known as spam.
You can get spam via email, phone calls, text messages, etc.
• ATM card theft: ATM fraud refers to a crime in which a criminal makes payments for criminal
activities via another person’s ATM card using a PIN.
What is community?
Society is defined as a group of human beings who share social relationships. Or in other
words, a community is a group of people living together in a society that includes some form of
government, along with some rules and an economy.
What is technology?
Technology is defined as the body of knowledge that deals with innovation, invention and
application of technical means, as well as its relationship to life, society and the environment. In
other words, technology means using scientific knowledge to achieve a specific goal or create
applications used in industry or in daily life. Therefore, if we use some scientific knowledge to
achieve some goals means that we use technology.
 The impact of technology on society
We use and depend on technology in our daily lives, and our technical requirements and
demands continue to grow. Humans use technology to explore, communicate, study, and do
work. The way we use technology determines whether its effects are beneficial or harmful to
society.
The positive effects of technology on society Technology has a more positive impact on a
person or society than a negative one. It makes our lives easier and rewards us by providing
resources or tools that make our lives much easier. Here are some of the positive changes that
technology brings to our lives:
• Improve communication: Communication is the most important part of society, we build or
convey our ideas to each other with the help of communication. Earlier people used pigeons or
birds to convey their messages to their loved ones. Then technology slowly grows and changes
the means of transmitting information to mobile phones, email, etc. Nowadays, we send
messages to our loved ones or known people via email, social media platforms, etc., which is the
fastest, most efficient and effective. Mediation. People can talk or share information with their
loved ones easily even if they are very far away from them.
• Improving the teaching and learning process: Technology enhances the teaching and learning
process. Nowadays, people can easily enhance their knowledge using the internet. Most of the
data on the Internet is free, and you can access this data anytime and anywhere.
• Mechanized agriculture: Technology changes how farmers work. A lot of technical machines
and tools have been introduced in the agricultural area which makes farming very easy, efficient,
mechanized etc.
• Easy access to information: We can easily access information online anytime and anywhere.
Most of the information on the Internet is free, so you can use it to enhance your knowledge,
skills, etc.
Negative effects of technology on society
As we know that everything existing on this planet has advantages and disadvantages. The
same applies to technology, as it also has negative effects on society. Other negative effects
include:
• Increasing unemployment: Nowadays, large and small companies use technical machinery and
equipment due to their low cost and high efficiency, which makes the unemployment rate
constantly increasing.
• Increased pollution: It is not just humans, technology also affects our environment. Due to
vehicles and machines the rate of pollution is constantly increasing causing global warming etc.
 • Increased health and mental health concerns: Nowadays, technology affects the physical and
mental health of people. It makes people lazy, emotionally weak, has trouble sleeping, reduces
physical activity, and people also spend less time with their family and friends.
• Increase in cybercrime: Due to excessive use of the Internet, the rate of cybercrime has also
increased. Some people (attackers) harm innocent people (victims) or children for money or fun.

Question no 5 Elucidate the norms in a community and how

these norms shape the society? Discuss.
Answer:
Norms are a fundamental concept in the social sciences. They are often defined as rules or
expectations that are imposed on society. Rules may be instructive (encouraging good
behavior, e.g., “honesty”) or impulsive (discouraging immorality, e.g., “do not cheat”).

The importance of rules

Society without standards is impossible: Standards are very important in society. It is

impossible to imagine an alien society, because without moral rules morality is
unpredictable. The ethical standards in the Code give the impression that social cohesion
works well when people follow group norms. The normative order makes the true order of
human society possible.
If there was no organized system, there would be no human society. Humans need a
common system to survive in society because the human body is not perfect or integrated to
provide automatic responses that function well enough in society.
Man cannot exist alone. His dependence on society stems not from innate responses that
stimulate society but from learned responses to purposeful stimulation. Therefore, its
dependence on society ultimately depends on the normative system.
Norms give cohesion to society: We can never think of a group of people without norms. In
order for the human body to sustain itself, it must live in a well-organized social system. The
normative order of society provides unity otherwise social health is impossible. These
groups can change the standard order and maintain natural control over their members who
fail to survive due to lack of internal cooperation.
Norms influence a person's attitudes: Norms influence a person's attitudes and motivations.
They directly affect a person's self-esteem. These are specific demands on his team. It is
very stable. They have the ability to silence any previously accepted abstract feelings that
they may oppose. They will take precedence over invisible feelings. Being a member of a
group means building attitudes toward group norms. A person becomes a good member to
the extent that he maintains norms.
Rules determine and direct his fair judgment of others and his correct judgment of himself.
They lead to experiences of conscience, feelings of direction, joy, and depression. Becoming a
guilty member means internalizing the group's norms. By integrating them, they become a part
of him that is automatically reflected in his behavior.
Conformity of norms: Rules are not set by all parties regarding all types of behavior and all
possible situations. It is based on news produced by a particular group. What matters is the
impact on the group depending on the group's main goals and objectives, the group's
relationship with other groups, and the context in which it operates.
Likewise, the range of behavior that is normally controlled varies greatly from one group to
another. For example, the customs of some groups may focus on moral issues, while the
practices of some groups may cover a broader range of life including dress, leisure,
education, etc. In addition, a social factor that is normal in one social system may not
function in another social system. Therefore, Mohammedan societies tolerate polygamy, but
Christians do not. Likewise, practices do not apply equally to all members of society or in all
circumstances.
People adapt to the position they occupy in society and the jobs they perform. Thus what is
appropriate for a woman is not always appropriate for a man, or what is appropriate for a
doctor may not be appropriate for a teacher. Compliance with customs is therefore always
appropriate in light of the circumstances described in the society in which they operate.
A rule by definition means a feeling of obligation. It sets the standard of behavior that a
person must follow. Many problems of personality as well as society are mostly problems of
non-compliance with standards. Compliance with standards is normal.