Statistics

TUT 5
Agenda

1 2 3 4 5
Relationships Range, Variance Grouped vs Mean for Variance and
among the ,and standard Ungrouped data grouped data Standard
Mean, Median, deviation Deviation for
and Mode Grouped Data

2
Relationships
among the 1. Symmetric Distribution
Mean, 2. Skewed Distributions
Median, and
Mode

3
Symmetric Distribution
• In a symmetric distribution
(e.g., normal distribution),
the mean, median, and
mode coincide at the center
of the distribution. For
example, in a perfectly
symmetrical bell curve, the
mean, median, and mode are
all equal.

4
Skewed Distributions
• In skewed distributions, where the data is clustered more
towards one side, the relationship between mean, median,
and mode changes:

5
Skewed Distributions
• Positive Skew (Right-
skewed): In a positively
skewed distribution, where
the tail of the distribution
extends towards higher
values.
• mean > median> mode.

6
Skewed Distributions
• Negative Skew (Left-
skewed): In a negatively
skewed distribution, where
the tail extends towards
lower values.
• mean < median< mode.

7
 Range, Variance
Standard deviation
Range
• Range for Ungrouped Data=Largest value – Smallest Value
• Find the Range

9
Sol.
• Range for Ungrouped Data=Largest value – Smallest Value
• Find the Range
• Sol. :
Range= 267,277 – 49,651
= 217,626 square miles

10
Range
Disadvantages
• The range, like the mean has the disadvantage of being influenced
by outliers, since Its calculation is based on two values only: the
“largest” and the “smallest”.

11
Variance
• Variance is a measure of how
much the values in a dataset
vary from the mean
• 𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐 /𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
• 𝒙𝒙 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ( ∑ x ) 2
(∑ x)
2

∑ x2 −
N
∑x − n
2

• 𝒏𝒏 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 σ2 = and s 2 =

N n −1

(note 𝜎𝜎 is for population and 𝑠𝑠 is for sample)

12
Standard deviation

• Standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation or

dispersion in a set of values.

• 𝑺𝑺 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

• 𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉

13
Example
• The following table gives the 2008 market values (rounded
to billions of dollars) of five international companies. Find
the variance and standard deviation for these data.

14
Sol.

𝒙𝒙 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐

PepsiCo 75 5625

Google 107 11,449

PetroChina 271 74,441 (∑ x )

2
(662)2
∑x 2
−
n
114,600 −
5 114,600 − 87,648.80
= s2 = = = 6737.80
J&J 138 19,044 n −1 5 −1 4
=s = 82.0841
6737.80 = $82.08 billion
Intel 71 5041

� 𝑥𝑥 = 662 � 𝑥𝑥 2 = 114,600

15
 Grouped vs
Ungrouped data
Types of Data
• In statistics, data can be categorized into two main types:
grouped data and ungrouped data. These categories
refer to how the data is organized or presented.

17
Ungrouped Data:

Ungrouped data, also known as raw data or individual

data, consists of individual observations or measurements.
Each data point in ungrouped data is distinct and
represents a single value or response.
Ungrouped data is typically presented in a simple list or
table format.

18
Grouped Data:
Grouped data involves organizing individual data points
into intervals or groups.
Instead of listing each individual value, grouped data
represents ranges of values and the frequency or count of
observations falling within each range.
Grouped data is often used when dealing with large
datasets or continuous variables with a wide range of
values.

19
Mean for grouped
data
Mean for Grouped Data
Calculating Mean for Grouped Data

Mean for population data: µ= ∑ mf

N

x=
∑ mf
Mean for sample data:
n
where m is the midpoint and f is the frequency of a class.

21
Example
The following table gives the
frequency distribution of the
daily commuting times (in
minutes) from home to work
for all 25 employees of a
company. Calculate the mean
of the daily commuting times.

22
Sol.

µ= ∑ mf
=
535
= 21.40 minutes
N 25

23
 Variance and
Standard Deviation
for Grouped Data
Variance and Standard Deviation for
Grouped Data
Calculating Variance for Grouped Data

(∑ mf ) 2
(∑ mf )
2

∑ m f− 2

N
∑m f − n
2

σ2 = and s 2 =
N n −1
where σ² is the population variance, s² is the sample variance, and m is the midpoint of a class.

25
Example
The following table gives the
frequency distribution of the
daily commuting times (in
minutes) from home to work
for all 25 employees of a
company. Calculate the
variance and standard
deviation.

26
Sol.

27
Sol.
∑ m 2
f−
( ∑ mf ) 2

14,825 −
(535) 2

N 25 3376
σ =
2
= = = 135.04
N 25 25

σ = σ 2 = 135.04 = 11 .62 minutes

the standard deviation of the daily commuting times for these

employees is 11.62 minutes.

28
Example
The following table gives the
frequency distribution of the
number of orders received
each day during the past 50
days at the office of a mail-
order company. Calculate the
variance and standard
deviation.

29
Sol.

30
Sol.
∑ m 2
f −
( ∑ mf ) 2

14,216 −
(832 ) 2

s2 = n = 50 = 7.5820
n −1 50 − 1

s = s 2 = 7.5820 = 2.75 orders

the standard deviation of the number of orders

received at the office of this mail-order company during
the past 50 days in 2.75

31
Thank you

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