Edge Supported Two way Solid Slabs

Performance of Two-Way Slabs

If the ratio Ll/ Ls < 2, the slab bends under load into a dished surface which means that the
loads are transmitted to the supporting beams in both directions and consequently bending
moments are created also in the both directions.

Two-way solid slab supported on beams (Ll/Ls < 2)

The easiest way to visualize the performance of a two-way simple (slab) subjected to a
uniform load (w/m2) is to think of it as consisting of two sets of parallel strips intersecting
each other as shown in the figure.

Simply supports all four sides

Deflected shape of two-way slab

Considering the middle 1 meter wide strips, of each direction, their defection at the point
of intersection will be the same. If the load transmitted to the short direction is ws and the
load transmitted to the long direction is wL. Then we should have:

(1)

(2)

Equations 1 and 2 give:

It is clear that the larger part of the load is carried in the short direction and the smaller part
is carried in the long direction. This result is approximate because the actual behavior of a
slab is more complex than that of the two intersecting strips.

The theory of elastic plate shows that, the total load on the slab is carried not only by the
bending moments in two directions but also by the twisting moments. For this reason,
bending moments in elastic slabs are smaller than would be computed for sets of
unconnected strips loaded by ws and wL.

As shown is figure, the largest moment in the slab occurs at mid span of the short span S1.
It is evident that the curvature, hence the moment, in the short strip S2 is less than at the
corresponding location of strip S1.
Analysis By Coefficient Method: (Method 2, ACI code-1963)
Coefficient method is a method to find moments in a two-way slab supported by all edges
using moment coefficients for a variety of boundary conditions. The moments in the two
directions are computed from:

Where: = tabulated moment coefficients.

wu= uniform factored load ( KN/m2)

As the shown table of moment coefficients, five cases are described with different
conditions and different Ls/LL ratios. The moments given in the table are for positive and
negative moments at mid span and supports.

Bending moments coefficients for the design of edge supported two-way slabs
according to ACI-Code (method 2-1963)

ls Moment
for ratio of short span to long span ls /ll coefficient

Case span (ls)

for all
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
span
rations
Case 1: Interior Panels
Negative Moment at:
Continuous edge 0.033 0.040 0.048 0.055 0.063 0.083 0.033
Discontinuous edge - - - - - - -
Positive Moment at mid-span 0.025 0.030 0.036 0.041 0.047 0.062 0.025
Case 2: One edge discontinuous
Negative Moment at:
Continuous edge 0.041 0.048 0.055 0.062 0.069 0.085 0.041
Discontinuous edge 0.021 0.024 0.027 0.031 0.035 0.042 0.021
Positive Moment at mid-span 0.031 0.036 0.041 0.047 0.052 0.064 0.031
Case 3: Two edges discontinuous
Negative Moment at:
Continuous edge 0.049 0.057 0.064 0.071 0.078 0.090 0.049
Discontinuous edge 0.025 0.028 0.032 0.036 0.039 0.045 0.025
Positive Moment at mid-span 0.037 0.043 0.048 0.054 0.059 0.068 0.037
Case 4: Three edges discontinuous
Negative Moment at:
Continuous edge 0.058 0.066 0.074 0.082 0.090 0.098 0.058
Discontinuous edge 0.029 0.033 0.037 0.041 0.045 0.049 0.029
Positive Moment at mid-span 0.044 0.050 0.056 0.062 0.068 0.074 0.044
 Case 5: Four edges discontinuous
Negative Moment at:
Continuous edge
- - - - - - -
Discontinuous edge
0.033 0.038 0.043 0.047 0.053 0.055 0.033
Positive Moment at mid-span
0.050 0.057 0.064 0.072 0.080 0.083 0.050

2
Note: Mu u ls for both short and long spans.

Minimum Slab Thickness for Deflection Control

Because the calculation of deflections in two-way slabs is complicated and to avoid
excessive deflections, the ACI code limits the thickness of these slab by adopting the
following three empirical limitations, which are based on experimental research.

But not less than 125 mm

m > 2:

But not less than 90 mm

Where:
Ln= clear span in the long direction.

Design Considerations of Two-Way Slab

Concrete cover in slabs shall be not less than 2 cm (3/4 inches).

Minimum reinforcement (As,min) in the span should be not less than 0.002bt for fy
less than 420 MPa or 0.0018bt for fy =420 MPa for shrinkage and temperature.
Maximum spacing between reinforcement bars is two times slab thickness (2h)
which should be not more than 45 cm.
When two adjacent slabs have different negative moments at the same edge, larger
negative moment should be used to design the reinforcement.
 In case of adjacent unequal spans where small span is located between two larger
spans, top reinforcements should be extended as shown in the figure below.

Design Procedure of Two-Way Slab Supported On Beams

Check the ratio of LL/Ls< 2 two way slab.

Calculate the depth of the slab using minimum depth equations. To obtain , the
portion of slab to be included with the beam are shown below in the figure to
determine the beam stiffness (L or T section).
Calculate the factored load (Wu).
Calculated the design moments in the two directions, Mms, at middle strip (MS)
for short direction
for long direction
Calculate moment, Mcs, for column strip (CS): Mcs= 2/3 Mm.s
Calculate the necessary reinforcements in both directions.
The calculations can be arranged in tables as shown in the example.
 h

Shear Strength of Two-Way Slab Supported On Beams

The shearing force at a distance d from the face of the beam (Vud) must be equal to:

Vud Vc =

Where
-d)
Example

Design the slabs shown in the figure if:

f 'c = 28 MPa
fy = 350 MPa
Finishing load 1.9 KN/m2
LL = 3.5 KN/m2
Size of all beams 300 * 500 mm
Solution

Check the slab system

LL/Ls = 6/5.5 = 1.09 < 2 two way slab.

Calculation of minimum thickness of the slabs

To calculate relative stiffness of the beams and slabs ( m), we have to assume a
preliminary thickness of the slabs (hs).

Assume we have stiff beams and m >2

Ln= 6000 300 = 5700 mm,

Use hs = 130 mm

Moment of inertia of beams (Ib)

For interior beams:

Af = 1040 * 130 = 135200mm2

Aw = 370 * 300 = 111000 mm2

At = 24 6200 mm2

For exterior beams:

Af = 670 * 130 = 87100mm2

Aw = 300 * 370 = 111000 mm2

At = 87100 + 111000= 198100 mm 2

Moment of inertia of slabs (Is):

For short direction:

Interior slab

Exterior slab

For Long direction:

Interior slab

Exterior slab

Relative stiffens of slabs and m:-

For panel (1), m = 1/4 (5.73 * 2+ 4.79 * 2) = 5.01

For panel (2), m = 1/4 (8.24 +4.79 + 5.23 + 4.79) = 5.76
For panel (3), m = 1/4 (5.23 + 4.79 + 5.23 + 7.7) = 5.74
For panel (4), m = 1/4 (8.24 +4.79 + 5.23 + 7.7) = 6.49
 m >2

Use hs = 140 mm for all panels

Loads

Own weight of slab = 0.14 * 25 = 3.5 KN/m2

Finishing load = 1.9 KN/m2 , L.L = 3.5 KN/m2

Wu = 1.2 (3.5 + 1.9) + 1.6 * 3.5 = 12.1 KN/m2

Structural analysis

Moment calculations

Middle strip (MS):

 Column Strip (CS): Mu =2/3 Mu at Middle strip

Wu L2s = 12.1*(5.5)2 = 366.03 KN.m,

So for strip of one-meter width; Wu L2s = 366.03 kN.m/m

Panel (S1): case 1 in the table:- Ls / LL = 0.9

Short direction:

Middle strip (KN m/m) Column strip (KN. m/m)

Cont. ve M 0.040 * 366.03 = 14.64 2/3*14.64 = 9.76

Disc. ve M --- ---
Mid span +ve M 0.030 * 366.03 = 10.98 2/3*10.98 = 7.32

Long direction:

Middle strip (KN m/m) Column strip (KN. m/m)

Cont. ve M 0.033 * 366.03 = 12.08 2/3*12.08 = 8.05

Disc. ve M --- ---
Mid span +ve M 0.025 * 366.03 = 9.15 2/3*9.15 = 6.1

Check of thickness for bending

b = 10 mm will be used and d = 140-20-10/2 = 115 mm

Mu max = 14.64 KN. m/m

Ru = Mu max /bd2 = 14.64* 106/ (1000*115 2)

= 1.11 MPa < Ru max OK

Reinforcement

Calculate the necessary reinforcements for each panel in the short and long
direction as shown in the table below. The tables should be arranged for all panels
(S1, S2, S3, and S4). Calculation of reinforcement of S1 can be arranged as the
following table:
 Short direction Long direction
Panel S1
Middle strip Column strip Middle strip Column strip
Case (-ve) M (+ve) (-ve) M (+ve) (-ve) M (+ve) (-ve) M (+ve)
1 Cont. Disc. M Cont. Disc. M Cont. Disc. M Cont. Disc. M

0.040 -- 0.030 0.027 -- 0.020 0.033 -- 0.025 0.022 -- 0.017

Mu (KN.m/m) 14.64 -- 10.98 9.76 -- 7.32 12.08 -- 9.15 8.05 -- 6.10

d (mm) 115 -- 115 115 -- 115 105 -- 105 105 -- 105

Ru = Mu /bd2 (Mpa) 1.11 -- 0.83 0.74 -- 0.55 1.10 -- 0.83 0.73 -- 0.55
0.35 -- 0.26 0.23 -- 0.18 0.35 -- 0.26 0.23 -- 0.18
As (mm2) 405 -- 304 270 -- 202 366 -- 277 244 -- 185
As min (mm2) 280 -- 280 280 -- 280 280 -- 280 280 -- 280
6 -- 4 4 -- 4 5 -- 4 4 -- 4
Spacing ( mm) 167 -- 250 250 -- 250 200 -- 250 250 -- 250
width of strip (m) 3.25 -- 3.25 2.75 -- 2.75 2.75 -- 2.75 2.75 -- 2.75

Check of Shear

The shearing force at a distance d from the face of the beam (Vud) must be ;

Vud Vc =

Where

-d) = 12.1* (5.5/2 - 0.3/2 - 0.115) = 30.07 KN

V c= > 30.07 KN OK

Drawing and detailing

 6.00

1.3750

2.7500

1.3750

1.3750 3.2500 1.3750

Reinforcement in short direction

6.00

1.3750

2.7500

1.3750

1.3750 3.2500 1.3750

Reinforcement in long direction