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Tutorial Stat 415e

The document discusses biometry methods and statistical analysis techniques used in studies. It provides examples of data from epidemiological studies and asks questions about defining terms, performing statistical tests and analyses, calculating measures of effect like relative risk and odds ratios, and considering ethical principles of research.

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24 views

Tutorial Stat 415e

The document discusses biometry methods and statistical analysis techniques used in studies. It provides examples of data from epidemiological studies and asks questions about defining terms, performing statistical tests and analyses, calculating measures of effect like relative risk and odds ratios, and considering ethical principles of research.

Uploaded by

peterciira16
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TUTORIAL STAT 415E: BIOMETRY METHODS

Question One
a) Define the following terms as used in Biometry:
i) Double blind
ii) Placebo
iii) Crossover
iv) Retrospective
v) Case Control study
b) Ninety-eight heterosexual couples, at least one of whom was HIV infected, were enrolled
in an HIV transmission study and interviewed about sexual behaviour. The table below
provides a summary of condom use reported by heterosexual partners. Test to compare
the men versus the women; state clearly your null and alternative hypotheses and choice
of test size (alpha level).

Woman Man
Ever Never
Ever 45 6
Never 7 40

c) Highlight the steps to be followed when performing a study.

Question Two
a) Explain four items that should be considered when designing forms to be used for
data collection.
b) Describe the checks that should be performed on data that has been collected before
performing any analysis.
c) A study was carried out to investigate the relationship between obesity and cardio-
vascular disease (CVD). It was hypothesized that the relationship between obesity
and CVD was confounded by age. The data below summarizes the findings

Age Obesity CVD No CVD Total


< 18 Obese 13 39 256
Not obese 11 193
18-35 Obese 12 78 308
Not obese 6 212
36-60 Obese 41 123 425
Not obese 26 235
Obese 28 65 183
>60
Not obese 7 83

i) Obtain estimates of the relative risk and odds ratio using the crude method.
ii) Obtain estimates of the relative risk and odds ratio using the Cochran-Mantel–
Haenszel procedure.
iii) Compare the estimates obtained in a) and b) above.
d) Explain the three basic ethical principles for research involving human subjects

Question three
a) Postmenopausal women who develop endometrial cancer are on the whole heavier than
women who do not develop the disease. One possible explanation is that heavy women are
more exposed to endogenous estrogens, which are produced in postmenopausal women by
conversion of steroid precursors to active estrogens in peripheral fat. In the face of varying
levels of endogenous estrogen production, one might ask whether the carcinogenic potential
of exogenous estrogens would be the peripheral fat. In the face of varying levels of
endogenous estrogen production, one might ask whether the carcinogenic potential of
exogenous estrogens would be the same in all women. A study has been conducted to
examine the relation between weight, replacement estrogen therapy, and endometrial cancer
in a case–control study. For the data given below:

Weight (kg) Estrogen Replacement


Yes No
< 57 Cases 20 12
Controls 61 183
57 - 75 Cases 37 45
Controls 113 378
> 75 Cases 9 42
Controls 23 140
i. Calculate separately for the three weight groups the odds ratio associated with estrogen
replacement. 3marks
ii. Compare the three odds ratios in part (i). When the difference is confirmed properly, we
have an effect modification. 3marks
iii. Assuming that the odds ratios for the three weight groups are equal (in other words, weight
is not an effect modifier), calculate the Mantel–Haenszel estimate of this common odds
ratio(4marks_)
iv. State the null and alternative hypothesis 2marks
v. Perform the appropriate test of significance 2marks

b) A study on deaths of men aged over 50 yields the data shown below. Perform a Fisher’s
exact test on the association between salt intake and cause of death.

Cause of death Type of Diet Total


High Salt Low Salt
Non - CVD 2 23 25
CVD 5 30 35
7 53 60
(5 marks)
Question four
Consider the data taken from a study that attempts to determine whether the use of electronic
fetal monitoring (EFM) during labor affects the frequency of cesarean section deliveries. Of the
5824 infants included in the study, 2850 were electronically monitored and 2974 were not. The
outcomes are listed in table below.

Cause of death EFM Exposure Total


YES NO
YES 358 229 587
NO 2492 2745 5237
2850 2974 5824

a) Compute and compare the proportions of cesarean delivery for the two exposure groups.
What would be your conclusion?
b) Calculate the odds ratio associated with EFM exposure. Does this result support your
conclusion in part (a)?
c) Use the data from the group without EFM exposure, calculate the

95% confidence interval for the proportion of cesarean delivery.

d) Calculate the 95% confidence interval for the odds ratio obtained in part(b) representing
the relationship between EFM exposure and cesarean delivery.

Question Five
In August 1976, tuberculosis was diagnosed in a high school student (index case) in Corinth,
Mississippi. Subsequently, laboratory studies revealed that the student’s disease was caused by
drug-resistant tubercule bacilli. An epidemiologic investigation was conducted at the high
school. Table below gives the rate of positive tuberculin reactions, determined for various groups
of students according to degree of exposure to the index case.

Exposure Level Number Number Total


tested positive
High 129 63 192
Low 325 36 361
Total 454 99 553

a) Compute and compare the proportions of positive cases for the two exposure levels. What
would be your conclusion?
b) Calculate the odds ratio associated with high exposure. Does this result support your
conclusion in part (a)?
c) Use the odds Ratio obtained in part(b) to calculate the 95% CI for the odds Ratio.
d) Question six
a) Explain the three basic ethical principles for research involving human subjects
b) Explain the following concepts as applications of the general principles to the conduct of
research.
i. Informed consent
ii. Risk/benefit assessment
iii. Selection of subjects of research

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