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The document discusses different statistical methods used to compare means between groups including t-tests, ANOVA, and ANCOVA. It explains the assumptions, types and purposes of one-way and two-way ANOVA as well as ANCOVA and their advantages over multiple t-tests. The document provides steps in hypothesis testing and references for further information.

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Abdulnafiu Ahmad
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10 views

ANOVA Layout

The document discusses different statistical methods used to compare means between groups including t-tests, ANOVA, and ANCOVA. It explains the assumptions, types and purposes of one-way and two-way ANOVA as well as ANCOVA and their advantages over multiple t-tests. The document provides steps in hypothesis testing and references for further information.

Uploaded by

Abdulnafiu Ahmad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GOMBE STATE UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY
COURSE CODE: BCH 414
COURSE TITLE: ADVANCE BIOCHEMICAL METHODS

ASSIGMENT ON STATISTICAL T- TEST AND ANOVA

Group J
UG15/SCBC/1005
UG16/SCBC/1035
UG16/SCBC/1027
UG16/SCBC/1147
UG16/SCBC/1157
INTRODUCTION

Student’s t test (t test), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and analysis of covariance


(ANCOVA) are statistical methods used in the testing of hypothesis for
comparison of means between the groups. For these methods, testing variable
(dependent variable) should be in continuous scale and approximate normally
distributed. Mean is the representative measure for normally distributed continuous
variable and statistical methods used to compare between the means are called
parametric methods. For non – normal continuous variable, median is
representative measure, and in this situation, comparison between the groups is
performed using non-parametric methods. Most parametric test has an alternative
nonparametric test.

There are many statistical tests within Student’s t test (t test), ANOVA and
ANCOVA, and each test has its own assumptions. Although not every method is
popular, some of them can be managed from other available methods.

STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING

 Hypothesis building
 Computational Test statistics
 Finding the Tabulated Value
 Comparison of Tabulated value with Calculated value
 Result and conclusion.
ANOVA (ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE)

A statistical technique used to compare the means between three or more groups is
known as ANOVA or F test. It is important that ANOVA is an omnibus test
statistic. Its significant P value indicates that there is at least one pair in which the
mean difference is statistically significant. There are various ANOVAs test, and
their objectives are varying from one test to another.

Post – hoc test (pair – wise multiple comparisons) used to determine the significant
pair(s) after ANOVA was found significant.

Why ANOVA

When there are three or more means being compared, Statistical significance can
be ascertained by ANOVA or repeated t- test.

WHY ANOVA INSTEAD OF MULTIPLE REPEATED TEST

If you are comparing means between more than two groups, why not just do
several two sample t – test to compare the mean from one group with the mean
from each of the other groups

- The fact is that the problem with the multiple T –test approach is that as the
number of groups increase, the number of two sample t – test increases.
- As the number of t – test increases, the probability of making type 1 error
increases.
TYPES OF ANOVA

There are two main types of ANOVA

1. One – way ANOVA


2. Two – way ANOVA

When used one categorical independent variable called one – way ANOVA,
whereas for two categorical independent variables called two – way ANOVA.
When used at least one covariate to adjust with dependent variable, ANOVA
becomes ANCOVA.

1. ONE – WAY ANOVA

The One – way ANOVA is extension of independent samples t test (In independent
samples t test used to compare the means between two independent groups,
whereas in one – way ANOVA, means are compared among three or more
independent groups).In this test, one continuous dependent variable and one
categorical independent variable are used, where categorical variable has at least
three categories. For example difference in IQ can be assessed by country and
country can have 2, 20 or more different categories to compare.

2. TWO – WAY ANOVA

The TWO - WAY ANOVA (also called Factorial ANOVA) is extension of one -
way ANOVA. In one - way ANOVA, only one independent variable, whereas in
two – way ANOVA, two independent variables are used. The primary purpose of a
two – way ANOVA is to understand whether there is any interrelationship between
two independent variables on a dependent variable. In this test, a continuous
dependent variable (approximately normally distributed) and two categorical
independent variables are used. For example statistical significance differences in
IQ scores by Country and Gender can be ascertained using Two – Way ANOVA.

ANCOVA

A researcher can also use more than two independent variables, and this is N- Way
ANOVA (with n being the number of independent variables you have). For
example, potential differences in IQ scores can be examined by country, age group,
ethnicity, simultaneously.

How can we differentiate between the types of ANOVA?

ANOVA

ONE – WAY ANOVA TWO – WAY ANOVA

- One independent variable - Two independent variables


- Only one (p) value is - Three different one (p)
obtained values are obtained.

ANOVA ASSUMPTIONS

 The observations are from a random sample and they are independent from
each other.
 The observations are normally distributed within each group.
 The variances are approximately equal between groups
 It is not required to have equal sample size in all groups.
References

Prabhaker Mishra, Uttam Singh, Chandra M Pandey, Priyadarshni Mishra , Gaurav


Pandey (2019); Application of Student’s t-test, Analysis of Variance, and
Covariance. Departments of Biostatistics and Health Informatics,
Ophthalmology and Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate
Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Annals of
Cardiac Anaesthesia, Published by Wolters Kluwer – Medknow.
www.annals.in DOI: 10.4103/aca.ACA_94_19.

Antoine Al-Achi, (2019). Research & Reviews: Journal of Hospital and Clinical
Pharmacy. College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Campbell University,
P.O. Box 1090, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA.

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